Molokai

Molokai

Nickname: The Friendly Isle
Satellite image of Molokaʻi
Location in the state of Hawaiʻi
Geography
Coordinates	21°08′N 157°02′W / 21.133°N 157.033°W / 21.133; -157.033Coordinates: 21°08′N 157°02′W / 21.133°N 157.033°W / 21.133; -157.033
Area	260 sq mi (670 km2)
Area rank	5th largest Hawaiian Island
Highest elevation	4,961 ft (1,512.1 m)
Highest point	Kamakou
Administration
United States
Symbols
Flower	Kukui
Color	ʻŌmaʻomaʻo (green)
Demographics
Population	7,345 [1] (2010)
Pop. density	28 /sq mi (10.8 /km2)

Molokai or Moloka'i (/ˈmɒləkaɪ/; Hawaiian: [ˈmoloˈkɐʔi]), nicknamed “The Friendly Isle” is the fifth largest island of eight major islands that make up the Hawaiian Island Chain in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. It is 38 by 10 miles (61 by 16 km) in size at its extreme length and width with a usable land area of 260 square miles (673.40 km²), making it the fifth-largest of the main Hawaiian Islands and the 27th largest island in the United States.^[2] It lies east of Oahu across the 25-mile (40 km) wide Kaiwi Channel and north of Lānai, separated from it by the Kalohi Channel.

The island has been known both for developments by Molokai Ranch on much of the island, for pineapple production, cattle ranching and tourism. Residents or visitors to the west end of Molokai can see the lights of Honolulu on Oahu at night; they can view nearby Lānai and Maui from anywhere along the south shore of the island. In Kalawao County, on the Kalaupapa Peninsula on the north coast, settlements were established in 1866 for quarantined treatment of persons with leprosy; these operated until 1969. The Kalaupapa National Historical Park now preserves this entire county and area.

Geography

Eastern Molokai with a portion of Kamakou and Molokai Forest Reserve

Molokai developed from two distinct shield volcanoes known as East Molokai and the much smaller West Molokai. The highest point is Kamakou^[3] on East Molokai, at 4,970 feet (1,510 m). Today, East Molokai volcano, like the Koolau Range on Oahu, is what remains of the southern half of the original mountain. The northern half suffered a catastrophic collapse about 1.5 million years ago and now lies as a debris field scattered northward across the bottom of the Pacific Ocean.^[4] What remains of the volcano on the island include the highest sea cliffs in the world.^[5] The south shore of Molokai boasts the longest fringing reef in the U.S. and its holdings—nearly 25 miles (40 km) long.^[6]

Molokaʻi is part of the state of Hawaii and located in Maui County, except for the Kalaupapa Peninsula, which is separately administered as Kalawao County. Maui County encompasses Maui, Lānai, and Kahowe in addition to Molokai. The largest town on the island is Kaunakakai, which is one of two small ports on the island. Molokai Airport is located on West Molokai. The United States Census Bureau divides the island into three census tracts: Census Tract 317 and Census Tract 318 of Maui County, Hawaii, and Census Tract 319 of Kalawao County, Hawaii. The total 2010 census population of these was 7,345,^[7] living on a land area of 260.02 square miles (673.45 km²).^[8] Molokai is separated from Oahu on the west by the Kaiwi Channel, from Maui on the southeast by the Pailolo Channel, and from Lānai on the south by the Kalohi Channel.

Ecology

Halawa Bay Beach Park, located at the extreme east end of Molokai

Molokai is split into two main geographical areas. The low western half is very dry and the soil is heavily denuded due to poor land management practices, which allowed over-grazing by goats. It lacks significant ground cover and virtually the entire section is covered in non-native kiawe (Prosopis pallida) trees. One of the few natural areas remaining almost intact are the coastal dunes of Moomomi, which are part of a Nature Conservancy preserve.

The eastern half of the island is a high plateau rising up to an elevation of 4,900 ft (1,500 m) on Kamakou peak and includes the 2,774 acres (11.23 km²; 4.334 sq mi) Molokai Forest Reserve.^[9] The eastern half is covered with lush wet forests that get more than 300 in (7,600 mm) of rain per year. The high-elevation forests are populated by native ʻōhiʻa lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) trees and an extremely diverse endemic flora and fauna in the understory. Much of the summit area is protected by the Nature Conservancy's Kamakou and Pelekunu valley preserves. Below 4,000 feet (1,200 m), the vegetation is dominated by exotic flora, including strawberry guava (Psidium littorale), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.), and cypress (Cupressus spp.). Introduced axis deer (Axis axis) and feral pigs (Sus scrofa) roam native forests, destroying native plants, expanding exotic plants through disturbance and distribution of their seeds, and threatening endemic insects. Near the summit of Kamakou is the unique Pepepae bog, where dwarf ʻōhiʻa and other plants cover the soggy ground.

Molokai is home to a great number of endemic plant and animal species. However, many of its species, including the olomaʻo (Myadestes lanaiensis), kākāwahie (Paroreomyza flammea), and the Moloka}}i }ōō (Moho bishopi) have become extinct. Molokai is home to a wingless fly among many other endemic insects.

History

It used to be thought that Molokai was first settled around AD 650 by indigenous peoples most likely from the Marquesas Islands. However, a 2010 study using revised, high-precision radiocarbon dating based on more reliable samples has established that the period of eastern Polynesian colonization of the Marquesas Islands took place much later, in a shorter time frame of two waves: the "earliest in the Society Islands c. 1025–1120, four centuries later than previously assumed; then after 70–265 years, dispersal continued in one major pulse to all remaining islands c. 1190–1290."^[10] Later migrants likely came from Tahiti and other south Pacific islands. Although Captain James Cook recorded sighting Molokaʻi in 1778, the first European sailor to visit the island was Captain George Dixon of the British Royal Navy in 1786.^[11] The first significant European influence came in 1832 when a Protestant mission was established at Kaluaʻaha on the East End of the island by Reverend Harvey Hitchcock. The first farmer on Molokaʻi to grow, produce and mill sugar and coffee commercially was Rudolph Wilhelm Meyer, an immigrant from Germany who arrived in 1850. He built the first and only sugar mill on the island in 1878, which is now a museum. Ranching began on Molokai in the first half of the 19th-century when King Kamehameha V set up a country estate on the island, which was managed by Meyer and became what is now the Molokai Ranch.^[12] In the late 1800s, Kamehameha V built a vacation home in Kaunakakai and ordered the planting of over 1,000 coconut trees in Kapuaiwa Coconut Grove.^[13]

Leper colony

Leprosy (later known as Hansen's disease) was among Eurasian diseases introduced to the Hawaiian islands by traders, sailors, workers and others who lived in societies where these diseases were endemic. Because of the islanders' lack of immunity to the new diseases, they suffered high rates of infection and death from smallpox, cholera and whooping cough, as well as leprosy. Sugar planters were worried about the effects on their labor force and pressured the government to take action to control the spread of leprosy.

The legislature passed a control act requiring quarantine of people with leprosy. The government established Kalawao located on the isolated Kalaupapa peninsula on the northern side of Molokai, followed by Kalaupapa as the sites of a leper colony that operated from 1866 to 1969. Because Kalaupapa had a better climate and sea access, it developed as the main community. A research hospital was developed at Kalawao. The population of these settlements reached a peak of 1100 shortly after the turn of the 20th century.

In total over the decades, more than 8500 men, women and children living throughout the Hawaiian islands and diagnosed with leprosy were exiled to the colony by the Hawaiian government and legally declared dead. This public health measure was continued after the Kingdom became a U.S. territory. Patients were not allowed to leave the settlement nor have visitors and had to live out their days here. In the 21st century, there are no persons on the island with active cases of leprosy, which has been controlled through medication, but some former patients chose to continue to live in the settlement after its official closure.^[14][15]

Father Damien de Veuster, a Belgian priest of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary served as a missionary for 16 years in the communities of sufferers of leprosy. Joseph Dutton, who served in the 13th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War, and who converted to Roman Catholicism in 1883, came to Molokai in 1886 to help Father Damien and the rest of the population who suffered from leprosy. He stayed there until his own death in 1931. Mother Marianne Cope of the Sisters of Saint Francis of Syracuse, New York, brought six of her Sisters from to work in Hawaii with leprosy sufferers in the late 19th century, also serving on Molokai. Both Father Damien and Mother Marianne have been canonized as saints by the Roman Catholic Church for their charitable work and devotion to sufferers of leprosy. In December 2015, the cause of Joseph Dutton was formally opened, obtaining him the title as Servant of God.

Economy

Beginning in 1897 much of the western end of the island was purchased from Hawaiians by Molokai Ranch to operate a cattle ranch. From 1923 to 1985, they leased thousands of acres of their land to pineapple producers, and the pineapple industry thrived on the island, continuing to attract Japanese and Filipino immigrants as low-paid laborers. Since the late 20th century, the pineapple industry has suffered across Hawaii.

Over the years the Ranch company has also acted as a developer, establishing hotels and related amenities for resort tourists on their property. In 2007 community residents organized the "Save La'au Point" movement to oppose Molokai Ranch's attempt to expand its resort operation.^[16] As a result, on March 24, 2008, Molokai Ranch, then the island's largest employer, decided to shut down all resort operations, including hotels, movie theater, restaurants, and golf course, and dismiss 120 workers.^[17]

Because of its rural, agricultural nature, Molokai has Hawaii's highest unemployment rate. One third of its residents use food stamps.^[18] As of 2014, the largest industry on the island is seed production for Monsanto and Mycogen seeds, including GMO seeds.^[18]

Tourism

Sign greeting visitors to Molokai at exit to Molokai Airport

The tourism industry on Molokai is relatively small, compared to the other islands in Hawaii. Merely 64,767 tourists visited Molokai in 2015.^[19] For years, residents of Molokai have resisted private developers' attempts to dramatically increase tourism. Accommodations are limited; as 2014, only one hotel was open on the island. Most tourists find lodgings at rental condos and houses.

National Geographic Traveler magazine and the National Geographic Center for Sustainable Destinations conduct annual Destination Scorecard surveys, aided by George Washington University. In 2007, a panel of 522 experts in sustainable tourism and destination stewardship reviewed 111 selected human-inhabited islands and archipelagos around the world. Molokai ranked 10th among the 111 destination locales. The survey cited Molokaʻi's pristine, breathtaking tropical landscape; environmental stewardship; rich and deep Hawaiian traditions (the island's mana); and visitor-friendly culture. The neighbor islands of Hawaii, Kauai, Maui and Oahu, ranked 50, 61, 81 and 104, respectively.^[20]

Molokai is believed to be the birthplace of the hula. The annual Molokai Ka Hula Piko festival is held on this island.^[21]

Molokai can be reached by plane. Planes fly into Molokai daily from other Hawaiian islands including Oahu (Honolulu and Kalaeloa), Maui (Kahului) and Hawaii (Kona) on Mokulele Airlines, Makani Kai Air, Paragon Air and Hawaiian Airlines.^[22][23][24]

A ferry that formerly sailed between Molokai and Lahaina Harbor, Maui closed operations on October 27, 2016. Sea Link President and Senior Capt. DaveJung attributed the closure to competition from federally subsidized commuter air travel and declining ridership.^[25][26]

Infrastructure

Health care

The island of Molokai is served by Molokai General Hospital, which operates all day, every day.

Education

The island public school system includes 4 elementary schools, one middle school and one high school. There is also a community college.^[27] The island has one private middle school.^[28]

Highways

The island can be traversed by a single land highway running east to west (highways 450 and 460). Highway 470 is a spur up to the barrier mountains of Kalawao County and the Kalaupapa peninsula. By land this area (Kalaupapa) can only be reached by mule and hiking trails. Most access to the Kalaupapa peninsula is by sea.

Parks

The island contains many parks and other protected areas, including Palaau State Park, Kiowea Beach Park, Kakahaia National Wildlife Refuge, Molokai Forest Reserve, Pelekunu Preserve, George Murphy Beach Park, Halawa Beach Park, and Papohaku Beach Park (3 miles of pristine beach) in the portion within Maui County. Today Kalawao County is preserved by the Kalaupapa National Historical Park (accessible by guided mule or hiking tour).^[29][30]

Notable people

• Mother Marianne Cope, 19th-century nun and saint
• Father Damien de Veuster, 19th-century Catholic priest and saint
• Joseph Dutton, Catholic missionary who worked with Father Damien
• Harvey Rexford Hitchcock, Protestant missionary
• Peter Johnson Gulick, Protestant missionary
• Linda Lingle, 6th Governor of Hawaii
• William Ragsdale, popular Hawaiian attorney and politician, who served as superintendent at Kalaupapa for four years (1874-1878)^[31]
• Scott D. Whiting, President and CEO of Molokai Ranch
• Rudolph Wilhelm Meyer, politician and agricultural businessman in Hawaii
• Lois-Ann Yamanaka, poet and novelist
• Harvey Rexford Hitchcock, Jr., 1913 College Football All-America Team
• Melveen Leed, singer
• Keith Luuloa, professional baseball player (Anaheim Angels)

Royalty

• Nuakea, High Chieftess of Molokaʻi
• Hualani, High Chieftess of Molokaʻi in 9th century
• Keoloewaakamauaua, 2nd Alii Aimoku (High Chief) of Molokaʻi
• Kapauanuakea, 3rd Alii Aimoku (High Chief) of Molokaʻi
• Kamauliwahine, 4th Alii Aimoku (High Chief) of Molokaʻi
• Kanipahu, High Chief of Molokaʻi in the 11th century
• Kamauaua, High Chief of Molokaʻi in the 11th or 13th century
• Kaupeepeenuikauila, Prince of Molokaʻi in the 12th century
• Kahokuohua, High Chief of Molokaʻi in the 15th century
• Kalanipehu, High Chief of Molokaʻi in the 17th century
• Kanealai, High Chieftess and Queen Regent of Molokaʻi in the 18th century

Towns and villages

• Hoʻolehua
• Kalaupapa
• Kalawao
• Kaunakakai
• Kualapuu
• Maunaloa

See also

• Alii Aimoku of Molokai
• Father Damien of Molokai
• Ke `Aupuni Lokahi
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii#Molokai
• Koolau the Leper, a short story by Jack London

Notes

References

• Coffman, Tom (2003). The Island Edge of America: A Political History of Hawai'i. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2662-0. 
• Engledow, Jill (March 2007). "Where Tradition Holds Sway". Maui Nō Ka ʻOi Magazine. 11 (2).  Article about traditional hula halau on Molokaʻi
• Farber, Joseph M (1997) Ancient Hawaiian fishponds: can restoration succeed on Molokaʻi? Cornell University. ISBN 978-0-9659782-0-0.
• Lee, Pali Jae, and Koko Willis (1987). Tales from the Night Rainbow: The Story of a Woman, a People, and an Island. Night Rainbow Publishing. ISBN 0-9628030-0-6. 
• Lo, Catharine. "On the Rocks". Hana Hou!. 9 (6).  Article about Hawaiian limpets, a traditional delicacy known locally as ʻopihi.
• Tayman, John (2006). The Colony: The Harrowing True Story of the Exiles of Molokai. Scribners. ISBN 0-7432-3300-X. 

Further reading

• Starbird, Ethel A. (August 1981). "Molokai—Forgotten Hawaii". National Geographic. Vol. 160 no. 2. pp. 188–219. ISSN 0027-9358. OCLC 643483454. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Molokaʻi.

• Molokai travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Official Molokaʻi Visitors Association website
• The Molokaʻi Dispatch, weekly print community newspaper