Mirza

Royal and noble ranks in Iran, Turkey, Caucasus, the Indian subcontinent and Afghanistan
King / Emperor
Padishah
Shah
Sultan
Sultana
Royal Prince
Mirza
Shahzade / Şehzade
Sultanzade
Noble Prince
Sahibzada
Nobleman
Baig
Begzada
Mirza
Nawab
Royal house
Damat
Governmental
Lala
Agha
Atabeg
Hazinedar

Mirza (/ˈmɜːrzə/ or /mɪərˈzɑː/; Persian: میرزا‎‎)[1][lower-alpha 1] is a name of Persian origin. It is commonly used as a surname or prefix to identify patriarchal lineage.

It is derived from a historical title of Persian origin (Mīrzā), denoting the rank of a royal prince, high nobleman, or a military commander equivalent to a nobleman. It is usually defined in English as a Prince.

Specifically, it was used as a title by and today signifies a patriarchal lineage to the various Persian Empires, Turkish Ottoman Empire, Shirvanshahs of Central Asia, Circassians of Eastern Europe, Mughals / Moguls or Muslim Rajputs of the Indian Subcontinent.[2] It was also a title bestowed upon members of the highest aristocracies in Tatar states, such as the Khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan.

Etymology

The word Mīrzā is derived from the Persian term ‘Amīrzāde which literally means "child of the ‘Amīr" or "child of the ruler" in Persian.[3] ‘Amīrzād in turn consists of the Arabic title ‘Amīr (english: Emir), meaning "commander" and "Prince", and the Persian suffix -zād, meaning "birth" or "lineage". Due to vowel harmony in Turkic languages, the alternative pronunciation Morza (plural morzalar; derived from the Persian word) is also used. The word Mirza means royalty in almost every old version of Persian, Arab, Caucasian, Turkish and Indian languages.

Variant spellings in English include mirzya, miriza, mirize, mirze, morsey, mursay, murse, meirsa, mirzey, mursi, murze, murza, mirza, myrza, meerza.[4]

Royal Title

The titles themselves were given by the Kings, Sultans and Emperors (equivalent to the western Fount of honour) to their sons and grandsons, or even distant kins. Noblemen loyal to the kings also received this Title.

The title itself is derived from the title Emir. Emir, meaning "commander" or "Prince", is derived from the Semitic root "Amr", meaning "command". Originally it simply meant "commander" or "leader", usually in reference to a group of people. It came to be used as a title of governors or rulers, typically in smaller states, and usually renders the English word "Prince." The word entered English in 1595, from the French émir.[5]

Persian Empire

Meeting between Babur Mirza and Sultan Ali Mirza near Samarqand
Alqas Mirza meeting Suleiman the Magnificent. Illustration from the Süleymanname.

Safavid Dynasty

Qajar Dynasty

Shirvan Empire

Shirvanshah Dynasty

Three consecutive titular kings of Shirvan, of the Shirvanshah Dynasty (present-day Azerbaijan), adopted the title as well following the death of Gurban Ali.

Circassian Empire

Circassian Dynasty

The hereditary title of Mirza was adopted by the nobility class of the Circassians. Idar of Kabardia, also known as "Mirza Haydar Temruk Bey", was the great-grandson of Prince Inal - Sultan of Egypt the founder of the "Temruk dynasty" of the Kabardian princes, known in Russia as the "Cherkassky" a Circassian princely family.

Circassian nobility with the name Mirza include:

Princely Issues:

Russian Empire

Under Catherine the Great, empress of Russia, the Mirzas gained equal rights with the Russian nobility due to their extreme wealth. In return, the Mirzas financed her Russo-Turkish war against the Ottoman Empire.[6] Abdul Mirza was given the title Prince Yusupov, and his descendant Prince Felix Yusupov married Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia, the only niece of Tsar Nicholas II.

Mughal Empire

Babur Mirza (born Mirza Zahiruddin), first emperor of Mughal Dynasty.[7]
Akbar Mirza (born Mirza Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad), one of the most popular Mughal kings of India, known as "Akbar the Great".
Mirzas of the Mughal imperial family, c. 1878.[8]

In the Indian Subcontinent (modern day Pakistan, India, Bangladesh), the title Mirza was borne by an imperial prince. It was adopted as part of ones name, implying relationship to the Turk dynasties like the Mughal Dynasty (the Imperial House of Timur).[9] In the traditional naming sequence of the Indian royal families, the title can be placed both before the name and after it, such as Prince Mirza Mughal or Prince Kamran Mirza. Prince Khusrau Mirza was the grandson of Emperor Babur (Babur Mirza), son of Emperor Jahangir and a brother of Emperor Shah Jahan. Emperor Akbar Shah II was known as Prince Mirza Akbar before his coronation. Emperor Babur took the imperial title of Padishah on 6 March 1508, before which he used the title Mirza.[10]

Mughal Dynasty of Northern India

Royal Family of Bengal

Imperial Families of Central India and Bengal Because the Bengali language has no phoneme /z/, Mirza has the local form Mridha (from Mirdhjah) in Bengal and Bihar.[11]

Royal Family of Awadh

Rajput Dynasty

Rajputs of Northern India

Originally being adversaries and opponents to the Mughal Emperors of Northern India, the title Mirza was also adopted by the Muslim Rajputs of Northern India.[12] The Rajput imperial families were descendants of ancient Indo-Aryan warriors who strategically formed blood alliances with Mughal aristocracy. The Rajputs were rulers of princely states comprising vast territories of Northern India, including the Punjab Region, Kashmir and Gujarat. Inter-marriage between Mughal aristocracy and Rajput aristocracy became very common and various factions of Rajput kingdoms embraced the Islamic faith, giving rise to the term "Muslim Rajputs".[13] Rajput rulers were also granted the title Mirza on account of being high-ranked commanders in the Mughal military.[14] The meaning of Mirza (Persian origin)[15] is a literal translation to the meaning of Rajput (Sanskrit Origin).[16]

Notable Mirzas

Academics and literature

Entertainment

Arts

Government

Judges and Advocates

Journalist

Military

Nobility

Sport

Movies

See also

Further reading

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Persian: میرزا; Azeri: Mirzə; Tajik: Мирзо; Uzbek: Mirzo; Russian: мурза; Bashkir: mïrða; Circassian: мырзэ (common variance in Tatar nobility as Morza); Urdu: مرزا; Punjabi: مرزا

References

Notes
  1. ↑ "Mirza Definition". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  2. ↑ "History: Muslim Rajputs". Rana M. Ahsan Khan. Retrieved 2015-12-21.
  3. ↑ mirza. CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved 2 October 2012
  4. ↑ OED: http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/119129?redirectedFrom=mirza#eid Accessed June 17, 2013
  5. ↑ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=amir&searchmode=none EtymologyOnLine
  6. ↑ Life in Samarkand Caucasus and Central Asia vis-à-vis Russia, the West, and Islam, Madina Tlostanova: Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge (ISSN 1540-5699)]
  7. ↑ World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 4th Edition Outlines - Chapter 21: The Muslim Empires. Longman. 2003.
  8. ↑ A photo from 'The People of India', published from 1868 to the early 1870s by WH Allen, for the India Office
  9. ↑ http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/hali/majalis/10glossary.html
  10. ↑ pg 24. The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture
  11. ↑ The Khan Mohammad Mridha Mosque is named for a man known in Mughal records as Khan Muhammad Mirza; see https://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=4450 Mughal dynasty (the Imperial House of Timur "Sarai Mulk Khanam Qutubuddunniya wa Deen Amir Qutubuddin Taimur Baig Sahib-e-kiran").
  12. ↑ "History: Muslim Rajputs". Rana M. Ahsan Khan. Retrieved 2015-12-21.
  13. ↑ Lord Lawrence and the Reconstruction of India Under The Crown by Sir Charles Aitcheson, K.C.S.I., M.A., LL.D., Rulers of India series, Clarendon Press 1897, V p117
  14. ↑ 30. Ra´jah Ma´n Singh, son of Bhagwán Dás - Biography Ain-i-Akbari, Vol. I.
  15. ↑ "Mirza Definition". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  16. ↑ "Rajput Definition". Britannica. n.d. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  17. ↑ "British & Native Officers of Hodson's Horse, 1858". Felix Beato. Retrieved 2015-07-22.
  18. ↑ "Hakimpur Village, Gurdaspur District, India". Unknown. Retrieved 2015-07-22.
Sources
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