Miranda Cosgrove

Miranda Cosgrove

Cosgrove at the Despicable Me 2 red carpet premiere in June 2013.
Born Miranda Taylor Cosgrove
(1993-05-14) May 14, 1993
Los Angeles, California, U.S.[1]
Education University of Southern California[2]
Occupation
  • Actress
  • singer
  • songwriter
Years active 2001–present
Musical career
Genres
Instruments
  • Vocals
  • guitar
Labels Columbia
Associated acts

Miranda Taylor Cosgrove (born May 14, 1993)[5] is an American actress, singer and songwriter. Her career began at the age of 3 with several television commercial appearances. Cosgrove's film debut came in 2003, when she appeared as Summer Hathaway in School of Rock. She appeared in a number of minor television roles over several years before coming to prominence as Megan Parker on the Nickelodeon television series Drake & Josh. In 2007, she landed the role of Carly Shay, the lead character on the Nickelodeon teen sitcom iCarly, on which she starred until 2012. As of May 2010, Cosgrove earned $180,000 per episode of iCarly, making her the second-highest-paid child star on television, and in 2012 was listed in the Guinness World Records as the highest paid child actress.[6][7] Cosgrove also voiced Margo in the animated film Despicable Me (2010) and its sequels. That year, Cosgrove was cast in an NBC television pilot titled Girlfriend in a Coma, which didn't materialize after Christina Ricci left the production. In 2016, she starred on the short-lived NBC sitcom Crowded.[8]

In music, Cosgrove debuted with iCarly (2008), a soundtrack album for the series in which she performs four songs. In 2009, she released her debut extended play, About You Now.[9] Cosgrove's debut studio album, Sparks Fly, was released in April 2010, followed by her second extended play, High Maintenance, the following year. The EP's lead single, "Dancing Crazy", written by Avril Lavigne, debuted at number 40 on the US Billboard Adult Pop Songs and peaked at number 100 on the Billboard Hot 100.[10]

Early life

Cosgrove was born in Los Angeles, California, to Tom, who owns a dry-cleaning business,[11] and Chris (née Casey), a homemaker.[11] She has stated that she is of English, Irish, and French descent.[12] At the age of three, she was discovered by a talent agent[11] while singing and dancing at the Los Angeles restaurant Taste of L.A.[13] Cosgrove stated that when the agent approached her and her mother for modeling, she had "never really thought of being an actress" and "was lucky".[14] After choosing to take the offer, she appeared in television commercials for McDonald's[15] and Mello Yello,[15] and also modeled.[16] At the age of seven, she decided that she "loved doing it" and auditioned for theater and television roles.[14]

Career

2001–2006: Breakthrough with Drake & Josh

Cosgrove's first television appearance (aside from commercials) was in 2001 as the voice of 5-year-old Lana Lang in the pilot episode of Smallville. Cosgrove then made her film debut with the 2003 film School of Rock. In the movie, she played Summer Hathaway, a young girl with great ambition and discipline who finds herself adjusting to the free-spirited nature of the new teacher by becoming band manager of the classroom's rock band. School of Rock was both a box office hit, grossing over $131,282,949 worldwide,[17] and critical success, receiving a 91 percent score on Rotten Tomatoes.[18] Cosgrove's acting on the film was praised, with David Ansen of Newsweek describing it as "spot on".[19] She said of the experience of working with Jack Black: "The first week it was like, 'Oh, my God, that's Jack Black,' but two weeks later it was fine. He's really funny. Sometimes the director would say, 'Jack, you can't make them laugh so much.'"[20] She cited the scene of trying to sing badly as very difficult. Cosgrove stated that "I got a 45-minute lesson from Jim O'Rourke of Sonic Youth on how to sing badly. I've been taking singing lessons for about five years, so getting to sing badly was new. The director kept saying, 'Try to sing even worse, Miranda,' so it was weird."[15]

In 2004 Cosgrove soon landed her first major role in a television series when she was awarded a main role in the Nickelodeon series Drake & Josh, alongside Drake Bell and Josh Peck. In the series, she portrayed Megan Parker, the mischievous younger sister of the title characters. Also in 2004, Cosgrove guest-starred in a special episode of the animated series What's New, Scooby-Doo?, as well as guest-starring in a season five episode of Grounded For Life, portraying the character of Jessica.[21] In 2005, Cosgrove was awarded the role of 'Munch' in the Disney Channel film Here Comes Peter Cottontail: The Movie. In the film, Cosgrove portrays a female mouse who is rescued from a hawk by Junior and Flutter, and subsequently comes along for the adventure that the characters must take.[22] Cosgrove also guest-starred on two episodes of the animated comedy, Lilo & Stitch: The Series. The television series, which aired on Disney, is a spin-off of the original film, Lilo & Stitch. Cosgrove was also rewarded her second major role in a theatrical film, when she cast alongside Drake & Josh co-star Drake Bell in the comedy film Yours, Mine and Ours, in which she portrayed the character Joni;[23][24] the film performed mildly at the box office. Yours, Mine and Ours opened at number three, with an opening weekend of $17,461,108 in the US.[25] Cosgrove later starred in her third theatrical release, Keeping Up with the Steins, which was released to generally negative reviews from critics. The film was also a failure at the box office.[26][27][28]

2007–2012: iCarly and music

Cosgrove at the 2010 MuchMusic Video Awards.

She also earned a role in the straight-to-DVD film The Wild Stallion and appearing in several Nickelodeon television series. The first of these appearances was in Zoey 101. Cosgrove later guest starred on an episode of Unfabulous, which starred Emma Roberts. In the episode, Cosgrove guest starred as a sweet girl named Cosmina. However, Cosgrove was already in the works of starring in her own sitcom, titled iCarly, released on September 8, 2007. Schneider tailored iCarly around the interest young people have in the internet. A unique part of this show is the fact that viewers may submit their own videos and also be included in the show. Cosgrove said of the audience participation aspect, "When I first heard about the idea, I thought it was so cool. If I were home and watching TV, I'd want to send in a video."[29] By the summer of 2008, the show was the third highest rated in the 9–14 demographic. The "iCarly Saves TV" special extended episode, became the most-viewed entertainment show on cable TV in June 2008.[15] The Drake & Josh final episode was aired on September 16, 2007. Cosgrove's debut as a recording artist began with the iCarly theme song "Leave It All to Me",.[30] features Drake Bell and released as a single on December 2, 2007.[31] In June 2008, Columbia Records released the iCarly soundtrack, which featured four songs performed by Cosgrove, that debuted at number one on the Billboard Kid Albums chart.[32][33] The following single "Stay My Baby" failed to reach the charts, but the third release, "About You Now", reached number 47 on the Hot 100.[34]

In December 2008, a cover of the holiday song "Christmas Wrapping" was released to promote the hour-long special Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh.[35] On February 3, 2009, Cosgrove released her first solo recording, the extended play About You Now with five songs.[36] To promote the 2009 animated film Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, Columbia Records released a single entitled "Raining Sunshine" with an accompanying music video in August 2009.[37][38] Cosgrove became one of MTV's Female Pop Rookies of 2009.[39] In 2010 Cosgrove worked with songwriters The Matrix, Dr. Luke, Max Martin,[38] Leah Haywood, and Daniel James, for her debut studio album. She said that "most of the songs are fun, pop, rock-girl empowerment".[38] The first single from her album, "Kissin' U", was premiered on Ryan Seacrest's radio show on March 12, 2010.[40] The album, titled Sparks Fly, was released in April 2010,[41] and peaked at number 8 on the US Billboard 200 chart. She signed with skin care and cosmetics company Neutrogena on February 12, 2010, as an ambassador.[42] On March 17, 2010, it was reported that Cosgrove had signed a deal, reportedly in the "low- to mid-seven-figure range" to do 26 additional episodes of iCarly.[43] Also in 2010 Cosgrove voiced Margo in Universal Studios' 3-D computer animated feature Despicable Me, released in July 2010.

In January 2011, Cosgrove revealed that her new EP would be titled High Maintenance,[10] and also released the first single from the same. The song, titled "Dancing Crazy", was written by Max Martin, Shellback, and Avril Lavigne, and produced by Martin and Shellback.[44] With three weeks of airplay, the song debuted at number 40 on the US Billboard Adult Pop Songs.[10] On January 24, 2011 she released her debut tour, Dancing Crazy Tour, visiting North America, the trek will support her first studio album, Sparks Fly. The tour began in Missouri and travel throughout the United States and ended in Ohio. Cosgrove continued the tour into the summer to promote her second EP, High Maintenance.[45] On July 15, 2011 the tour continued with a new title, Dancing Crazy Summer Tour, traveled the United States and Canada and performed at music festivals and state fairs. On August 11, 2011, Cosgrove broke her ankle in a tour bus accident on Interstate 70 near Vandalia, Illinois, resulting in the cancellation of her U.S. tour dates.[46][47] On January 24, 2012 Cosgrove released her second iCarly's soundtrack, iSoundtrack II, produced by Dr. Luke.[48] On May 17, 2012, it was announced that the show's seventh season was the last for iCarly.[49] The series finale, "iGoodbye", aired on November 23, 2012.[50]

Cosgrove at the Despicable Me 2 premiere in June 2013.

2013–present: Focus on acting

On February 15, 2013, it was announced that Cosgrove would be starring in Girlfriend in a Coma, a television series written by Liz Brixius for NBC, an adaption of Canadian novel with the same name. Cosgrove was scheduled to play as Evie, the daughter of the mother Karen, who wakes up after a nearly twenty-year-long coma and finds out she has a daughter;[51] On March 19, 2013, it was announced that Christina Ricci left the cast and the project had several problems.[52] The project was later cancelled.[53] Cosgrove again voiced Margo in Despicable Me 2, released on June 5.[54] In 2013, she appeared in the animated short films Training Wheels as Margo and Gru's Girls as Savana. In December, she announced on the Today Show that she was recording a new album.[55][56] In 2014 Cosgrove performed voice work in the animated film A Mouse Tale, which was released on February 10, 2015.[57] Cosgrove also starred in the horror film The Intruders with Austin Butler, portraying the role of Rose.[58]

In May 2015, Cosgrove was cast in the NBC comedy pilot Crowded, created by Suzanne Martin with executive producer Sean Hayes.[59][8] Cosgrove played Shea, an Astrophysics PhD graduate from MIT, who does not know what to do in post-college life, and so decides with her sister to move home to find out, driving her parents crazy.[60] The series debuted on March 15, 2016, but was cancelled after one season.[61] In March 2017, Cosgrove was cast in the NBC comedy pilot Spaced Out from creators Adam Sztykiel and Bill Lawrence.[62] However, it was not ordered to series.[63]

Personal life

Cosgrove is an only child and was homeschooled from sixth grade onwards.[2][64] In 2011, she was accepted at New York University and the University of Southern California (USC).[65] She ultimately started attending USC in fall of 2012, to be able to continue acting and to stay near her family.[66] She has cited her aspirations of majoring in theater or writing.[2][66][67] In a November 2012 interview with Larry King, she stated that she would be majoring in film.[68]

Philanthropy

Cosgrove is an active supporter of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee.[69] She also visits other children's hospitals and considers Education Through Music one of her favorite charities.[70] She is a national spokesperson for Light the Night Walk, an organization that creates awareness for blood cancer and leukemia.[71]

Filmography

Film roles
Year Title Role Notes
2003 School of Rock Summer Hathaway
2005 Yours, Mine and Ours Joni North
2006 Greatest Ever Comedy Movies Herself Documentary[72]
2006 Khan Kluay Kon Suay Voice role
2006 Keeping Up with the Steins Karen Sussman
2009 Wild Stallion, TheThe Wild Stallion Hannah Mills
2010 Despicable Me Margo Voice role
2010 Despicable Me: Home Makeover Margo Voice role; short film
2011 Our Deal Night Creepers Short film
2013 Despicable Me 2 Margo Voice role
2013 Despicable Me: Training Wheels Margo Voice role; short film
2013 Gru's Girls Margo Voice role; short film
2015 A Mouse Tale Samantha Voice role
2015 The Intruders Rose Halshford
2017 Despicable Me 3 Margo Voice role[73]
Television roles
Year Title Role Notes
2001 Smallville Young Lana Lang Episode: "Pilot"
2004 Grounded for Life Jessica Episode: "You Better You Bet"
2004 What's New, Scooby-Doo? Miranda Wright Episode: "A Terrifying Round with a Menacing Metallic Clown"; voice role
2004–07 Drake & Josh Megan Parker Main role; 59 episodes
2005 Lilo & Stitch: The Series Sarah Episode: "Morpholomew: Experiment"; voice role
2005 All That Herself Episode: "10th Anniversary Reunion Special"
2005 Here Comes Peter Cottontail: The Movie Munch Voice role; television film
2006 Drake & Josh Go Hollywood Megan Parker Television film
2007 Zoey 101 Paige Howard Episode: "Paige at PCA"
2007 Just Jordan Lindsey Chandler Episode: "Piano Stressin"
2007 Unfabulous Cosmina Episode: "The Talent Show"
2007–12 iCarly Carly Shay Main role; 109 episodes
2008 Mystery Girl Herself Television film
2008 Merry Christmas Drake & Josh Megan Parker Television film
2010 7 Secrets with Miranda Cosgrove Herself Television documentary[74]
2010 The Good Wife Sloan Burchfield Episode: "Bad Girls"
2010 Big Time Christmas Herself Television film
2016 Hollywood Game Night Herself Celebrity guest (Season 4, Episode 3)
2016 Crowded Shea Moore Main role; 13 episodes
2017 Spaced Out Casey Unsold NBC Pilot

Discography

Concert tours

Awards and nominations

References

  1. ↑ "Miranda Cosgrove". TV Guide. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 "Miranda Cosgrove goes from 'iCarly' to college". USA Today. November 25, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
  3. ↑ "Miranda Cosgrove". AllMusic.
  4. ↑ ""Dancing Crazy" (CD single) by Miranda Cosgrove - Music Review "". Commonsensemedia.org. 2010-12-21. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
  5. ↑ "Miranda Cosgrove Bio". AllMusic.
  6. ↑ Starr, Michael (May 10, 2010). "Miley Cyrus, Miranda Cosgrove, Selena Gomez among TV's richest kids". New York Post. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
  7. ↑ Erenza, Jen (September 14, 2011). "Justin Bieber, Miranda Cosgrove, & Lady Gaga Are Welcomed Into 2012 Guinness World Records". RyanSeacrest.com. Archived from the original on September 25, 2011. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
  8. 1 2 Andreeva, Nellie (May 7, 2015). "Suzanne Martin Comedy ‘Crowded’, Justin Spitzer’s ‘Superstore’ Get NBC Pickups". Deadline. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
  9. ↑ Beavers, Danielle (July 28, 2008). "Miranda Cosgrove Plans Solo Album After Conquering TV And Web With 'iCarly'". MTV News. Viacom. Retrieved October 19, 2009.
  10. 1 2 3 "Miranda Cosgrove – High Maintenance". Female First. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
  11. 1 2 3 Ingrassia, Lisa (July 28, 2008). "Miranda Cosgrove – Nickelodeon, iCarly: Music From and Inspired by the Hit TV Show, iCarly, Miranda Cosgrove". People. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
  12. ↑ "Twitter status: "Im Irish, English, and French. People always think im a lot of different nationalities though which I think is pretty cool :)"". Mobile.twitter.com. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
  13. ↑ Chau, Thomas. "An interview with the kids of School of Rock". Cinema Confidential. UGO. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved October 19, 2009.
  14. 1 2 Cosgrove, Miranda. "Interview with The Star Scoop". Los Angeles, California. Retrieved October 19, 2009.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Biography Today. Detroit, Michigan: Omnigraphics. 2009. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-7808-1050-1.
  16. ↑ Franks, Katie (2008). Miranda Cosgrove. PowerKids Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4042-4466-5.
  17. ↑ "School of Rock (2003)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
  18. ↑ "School of Rock Movie Reviews, Pictures". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
  19. ↑ Ansen, David. "A Is for Awesome". Newsweek. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
  20. ↑ Biography Today. Detroit, Michigan: Omnigraphics. 2009. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-7808-1050-1.
  21. ↑ Miranda Cosgrove on IMDb
  22. ↑ Here Comes Peter Cottontail: The Movie on IMDb
  23. ↑ Yours, Mine and Ours at AllMovie
  24. ↑ Yours, Mine and Ours on IMDb
  25. ↑ "Yours, Mine and Ours (2005) – Weekend Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  26. ↑ Keeping Up with the Steins on IMDb
  27. ↑ "Keeping Up with the Steins (2006) – Weekend Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  28. ↑ "Keeping Up with the Steins Movie Reviews, Pictures". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
  29. ↑ Biography Today. Detroit, Michigan: Omnigraphics. 2009. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7808-1050-1.
  30. ↑ "iTunes – Leave It All to Me (Theme from iCarly) – Single". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. December 18, 2007. Retrieved October 19, 2009.
  31. ↑ "Miranda Cosgrove – Leave It All To Me (iCarly Theme Song) – Music Charts". aCharts.us. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
  32. ↑ Biography Today. Detroit, Michigan: Omnigraphics. 2009. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7808-1050-1.
  33. ↑ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "iCarly: Music from and Inspired by the Hit TV Show > Review". Macrovision Corporation. Retrieved October 19, 2009.
  34. ↑ "Miranda Cosgrove Album & Song Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved October 19, 2009.
  35. ↑ "iTunes – Christmas Wrapping – Single". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved October 19, 2009.
  36. ↑ "iTunes – About You Now – EP". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. February 3, 2009. Retrieved October 19, 2009.
  37. ↑ "Raining Sunshine – Single". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved October 19, 2009.
  38. 1 2 3 Vena, Jocelyn (January 28, 2009). "Miranda Cosgrove Talks New EP About You Now". MTV News. Viacom. Retrieved October 19, 2009.
  39. ↑ "The Female Pop Rookies Of 2009". MTV. January 12, 2009. Retrieved October 19, 2009.
  40. ↑ "Twitter / Miranda Cosgrove: I just found out that my single "Kissin U" comes out on iTunes March 23rd!!!". Twitter. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
  41. ↑ Martin, Denise (January 15, 2010). "TCA Press Tour: 'iCarly' meets 'Victorious'? Nickelodeon says it will happen". Los Angeles Times. Latimesblogs.latimes.com. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
  42. ↑ "Neutrogena Signs Actress & Musician Miranda Cosgrove". PR Newswire. February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  43. ↑ Andreeva, Nellie and Matthew Belloni. The Hollywood Reporter, March 17, 2010, "Miranda Cosgrove signs on for more 'iCarly'".
  44. ↑ "Miranda Cosgrove is 'Dancing Crazy' on her Avril Lavigne-Written Track". Idolator. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
  45. ↑ Pittman, Sarah Marie (April 20, 2011). "Miranda Cosgrove Dances Into Summer". Pollstar. Associated Press. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
  46. ↑ "Miranda Cosgrove Suffers Broken Ankle in Tour Bus Crash". Billboard.com. September 14, 2009. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
  47. ↑ "Miranda Cosgrove Will Not Reschedule Summer Tour Dates". mirandacosgroveofficial.com.
  48. ↑ "iCarly: iSoundtrack II- Music From And Inspired By The Hit TV Show: iCarly: Music". Amazon.com. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
  49. ↑ "Exclusive: iCarly Is Coming to an End, Cast to Film Together for Final Time in June – Today's News: Our Take". TVGuide.com. October 1, 2008. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
  50. ↑ http://hollywoodlife.com/2012/11/24/icarly-series-finale-igoodbye-miranda-cosgrove/
  51. ↑ Nellie Andreeva (January 22, 2013). "2ND UPDATE: NBC Orders Four Drama & Three Comedy Pilots". Deadline.com. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
  52. ↑ Nellie Andreeva (2013-03-19). "Christina Ricci Exits NBC Pilot ‘Girlfriend In A Coma’". Deadline.com. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
  53. ↑ Nellie Andreeva (February 15, 2013). "Miranda Cosgrove Joins NBC’s 'Girlfriend In A Coma'; 'Holding Patterns' & 'Hostages' Also Add To Casts". Deadline.com. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
  54. ↑ Kit, Borys (May 1, 2012). "Steve Coogan Joining Voice Cast for 'Despicable Me 2' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
  55. ↑ "Miranda Cosgrove confirma estar gravando novo álbum e fará novo filme". Febre Teen. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
  56. ↑ "Miranda Cosgrove Is Releasing New Music". J-14 Magazine. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
  57. ↑ "A MOUSE TALE Official Trailer (2015) -- Miranda Cosgrove, Drake Bell Movie HD". Youtube. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
  58. ↑ Lindstrand, Courtney (February 26, 2015). "Miranda Cosgrove's Latest Project is WAY Different Than 'iCarly'…and It Might Give You Nightmares". Teen Vogue. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
  59. ↑ Day, Patrick (May 7, 2015). "NBC picks up two comedy series, 'Crowded' and 'Superstore'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
  60. ↑ "About The Show". nbc.com/crowded. NBC. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  61. ↑ Andreeva, Nellie (May 13, 2016). "'Crowded’ Canceled By NBC After One Season". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  62. ↑ Andreeva, Nellie (March 6, 2017). "‘Spaced Out’: Miranda Cosgrove Cast In NBC Comedy Pilot". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
  63. ↑ Andreeva, Nellie (May 9, 2017). "NBC Narrows Down Pilot Field With Several Projects Not Going Forward". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  64. ↑ "Miranda Cosgrove: Lets Loose!". People. October 14, 2009. Retrieved December 9, 2013.
  65. ↑ Oldenburg, Ann (April 12, 2011). "Where will Miranda Cosgrove go to college?". USA Today. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
  66. 1 2 "Miranda Cosgrove: From 'iCarly' Starlet To USC Student". MTV. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
  67. ↑ "Miranda Cosgrove Is 'Excited' to Meet New People in College This Fall". People. July 4, 2012. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
  68. ↑ "iCarly's Miranda Cosgrove tells Larry King about meeting Michelle Obama, Nickelodeon, & acting with Jack Black". ora.tv. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
  69. ↑ "Miranda Cosgrove: 'Everybody Can Make a Difference'". Parade. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
  70. ↑ "Miranda Cosgrove - Area Codes: (310) Miranda Cosgrove". YouTube. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
  71. ↑ "Check out our PSA featuring our National Spokesperson, Miranda Cosgrove - Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  72. ↑ "Greatest Ever Comedy Movies (2006)". Cinemagia. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
  73. ↑ "Despicable Me 3 and Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas Set for 2017". ComingSoon.net. January 15, 2014. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  74. ↑ "7 Secrets with Miranda Cosgrove - The documentary". Vimeo. Retrieved September 20, 2014.


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