Minor-planet moon
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A minor-planet moon is an astronomical object that orbits a minor planet as its natural satellite. It is thought that many asteroids and Kuiper belt objects may possess moons, in some cases quite substantial in size. Discoveries of minor-planet moons (and binary objects, in general) are important because the determination of their orbits provides estimates on the mass and density of the primary, allowing insights of their physical properties that is generally not otherwise possible.[1]
The first modern era mention of the possibility of an asteroid satellite was in connection with an occultation of the bright star Gamma Ceti by the minor planet (6) Hebe in 1977. The observer, amateur astronomer Paul D. Maley, detected an unmistakable 0.5 second disappearance of this naked eye star from a site near Victoria, Texas. Many hours later, several observations were reported in Mexico attributed to the occultation by (6) Hebe itself. Although not confirmed this documents the first formally documented case of a suspected companion of an asteroid.[2] As of October 2016, there are over 300 minor planets known to have moons.[3]
Terminology
In addition to the terms satellite and moon, the term "binary" (binary minor planet) is sometimes used for minor planets with moons, and "triple" for minor planets with two moons. If one object is much bigger it can be referred to as the primary and its companion as secondary. The term double asteroid is sometimes used for systems in which the asteroid and its moon are roughly the same size, while binary tends to be used independently from the relative sizes of the components. When binary minor planets are similar in size, the Minor Planet Center (MPC) refers to them as "binary companions" instead of referring to the smaller body as a satellite.[4] A good example of a true binary is the 90 Antiope system, identified in August 2000.[5] Small satellites are often referred to as moonlets.[1][6]
Discovery milestones
As of February 2017, over 330 moons of minor planets have been discovered.[3] These consist of:
- 63 around near-Earth objects,
- Two with two satellites: (136617) 1994 CC and (153591) 2001 SN263
- 23 orbiting Mars-crossing asteroids,
- One with two satellites: 2577 Litva
- 143 in the asteroid belt,
- Eight with two satellites: 45 Eugenia, 87 Sylvia, 93 Minerva, 107 Camilla, 130 Elektra, 216 Kleopatra, and 3749 Balam
- 18 around Jupiter trojans,
- 2 around centaurs (both in the form of ring systems that are likely contained by shepherd moons), and
- 87 moons of trans-Neptunian objects
- Two with two satellites: (47171) 1999 TC36 and 136108 Haumea
- One with five satellites: 134340 Pluto[3][7]
Prior to the era of the Hubble Space Telescope and space probes reaching the outer Solar System, attempts to detect satellites around asteroids were limited to optical observations from Earth. For example, in 1978, stellar occultation observations were claimed as evidence of a satellite for the asteroid 532 Herculina.[8] However, later more-detailed imaging by the Hubble Telescope did not reveal a satellite, and the current consensus is that Herculina does not have a significant satellite.[9] There were other similar reports of asteroids having companions (usually referred to as satellites) in the following years. Also, a letter in Sky & Telescope magazine at this time pointed to apparently simultaneous impact craters on Earth (for example, the Clearwater Lakes in Quebec), suggesting that these craters were caused by pairs of gravitationally-bound objects.
In 1993, the first asteroid moon was confirmed when the Galileo probe discovered the small Dactyl orbiting 243 Ida in the asteroid belt. The second was discovered around 45 Eugenia in 1998.[10] In 2001, 617 Patroclus and its same-sized companion Menoetius became the first known binary asteroids in the Jupiter trojans.[11] The first trans-Neptunian binary after Pluto–Charon, 1998 WW31, was optically resolved in 2002.[12]
Triple systems
Triple asteroids, or trinary asteroids, are known since 2005, when the asteroid 87 Sylvia was discovered to have two satellites, making it the first known triple system.[13] This was followed by the discovery of a second moon orbiting 45 Eugenia.[14] Also in 2005, the Kuiper belt object (KBO) Haumea was discovered to have two moons, making it the second KBO after Pluto known to have more than one moon.[15]
Additionally, 216 Kleopatra[16] and 93 Minerva[17] were discovered to be trinary asteroids in 2008 and 2009 respectively. Since the first few trinary asteroids were discovered, more continue to be discovered at a rate of about one a year. Most recently discovered was a third moon orbiting the belt asteroid 130 Elektra, bringing the number of known trinary asteroids in the asteroid belt up to 6.
List of multiple minor planets:
| Parent body | Parent body orbit | Satellite name | Discovery date | Announcement date | Announcement of trinary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 134340 Pluto | TNO | Charon | 1978/06/22 | 1978/07/07 | 2005/10/31 |
| 45 Eugenia | Asteroid belt | Petit-Prince | 1998/11/01 | 1999/03/20 | 2007/03/07 |
| 87 Sylvia | Asteroid belt | Romulus | 2001/02/18 | 2005/08/11 | 2005/08/11 |
| 107 Camilla | Asteroid belt | S/2001 (107) 1 | 2001/03/01 | 2001/03/19 | 2016/08/07 |
| (47171) 1999 TC36 | TNO | S/2001 (47171) 1 | 2001/12/08 | 2002/01/10 | 2009/10/?? |
| 3749 Balam | Asteroid belt | S/2002 (3749) 1 | 2002/02/08 | 2002/02/13 | 2008/03/12 |
| 130 Elektra | Asteroid belt | S/2003 (130) 1 | 2003/08/15 | 2003/08/17 | 2014/12/16 |
| 45 Eugenia | Asteroid belt | S/2004 (45) 1 | 2004/02/14 | 2007/03/07 | 2007/03/07 |
| 87 Sylvia | Asteroid belt | Remus | 2004/08/09 | 2005/08/11 | 2005/08/11 |
| 136108 Haumea | TNO | Hi'iaka | 2005/01/26 | 2008/09/17 | 2008/09/17 |
| 134340 Pluto | TNO | Nix | 2005/05/15 | 2005/10/31 | 2005/10/31 |
| 134340 Pluto | TNO | Hydra | 2005/05/15 | 2005/10/31 | 2005/10/31 |
| 136108 Haumea | TNO | Namaka | 2005/06/30 | 2008/09/17 | 2008/09/17 |
| 3749 Balam | Asteroid belt | S/2007 (3749) 1 | 2007/07/15 | 2008/03/12 | 2008/03/12 |
| (153591) 2001 SN263 | Amor | Beta | 2008/02/12 | 2008/02/12 | 2008/02/12 |
| (153591) 2001 SN263 | Amor | Gamma | 2008/02/12 | 2008/02/12 | 2008/02/12 |
| 216 Kleopatra | Asteroid belt | Alexhelios | 2008/09/19 | 2011/02/18 | 2011/02/18 |
| 216 Kleopatra | Asteroid belt | Cleoselene | 2008/09/19 | 2011/02/18 | 2011/02/18 |
| 2577 Litva | Mars-crosser | S/2009 (2577) 1 | 2009/02/28 | 2009/03/11 | 2013/12/22 |
| (136617) 1994 CC | Apollo | Beta | 2009/06/12 | 2009/06/19 | 2009/06/19 |
| (136617) 1994 CC | Apollo | Gamma | 2009/06/12 | 2009/06/19 | 2009/06/19 |
| (47171) 1999 TC36 | TNO | S/2009 (47171) 1 | 2009/10/?? | 2009/10/?? | 2009/10/?? |
| 93 Minerva | Asteroid belt | Aegis | 2009/08/16 | 2013/12/17 | 2013/12/17 |
| 93 Minerva | Asteroid belt | Gorgoneion | 2009/08/16 | 2013/12/17 | 2013/12/17 |
| 134340 Pluto | TNO | Kerberos | 2011/06/28 | 2013/07/02 | 2005/10/31 |
| 2577 Litva | Mars-crosser | S/2012 (2577) 1 | 2012/06/22 | 2013/12/22 | 2013/12/22 |
| 134340 Pluto | TNO | Styx | 2012/06/26 | 2013/07/02 | 2005/10/31 |
| 130 Elektra | Asteroid belt | S/2014 (130) 1 | 2014/12/06 | 2014/12/16 | 2014/12/16 |
| 107 Camilla | Asteroid belt | S/2016 (107) 1 | 2015/05/29 | 2016/08/07 | 2016/08/07 |
Commonality
The data about the populations of binary objects are still patchy. In addition to the inevitable observational bias (dependence on the distance from Earth, size, albedo and separation of the components) the frequency appears to be different among different categories of objects. Among asteroids, an estimated 2% would have satellites. Among trans-Neptunian objects (TNO), an estimated 11% are thought to be binary or multiple objects, and the majority of the large TNOs have at least one satellite, including all four IAU-listed dwarf planets.
More than 50 binaries are known in each of the main groupings: near-Earth asteroids, belt asteroids, and trans-Neptunian objects, not including numerous claims based solely on light-curve variation.
Two binaries have been found so far among centaurs with semi-major axes smaller than Neptune.[18] Both are double ring systems around 2060 Chiron and 10199 Chariklo, discovered in 1994–2011 and 2013 respectively.
Origin
The origin of minor-planet moons is not currently known with certainty, and a variety of theories exist. A widely accepted theory is that minor-planet moons are formed from debris knocked off of the primary by an impact. Other pairings may be formed when a small object is captured by the gravity of a larger one.
Formation by collision is constrained by the angular momentum of the components, i.e. by the masses and their separation. Close binaries fit this model (e.g. Pluto–Charon). Distant binaries however, with components of comparable size, are unlikely to have followed this scenario, unless considerable mass has been lost in the event.
The distances of the components for the known binaries vary from a few hundreds of kilometres (243 Ida, 3749 Balam) to more than 3000 km (379 Huenna) for the asteroids. Among TNOs, the known separations vary from 3,000 to 50,000 km.[18]
Populations
What is "typical" for a binary system tends to depend on its location in the Solar System (presumably because of different modes of origin and lifetimes of such systems in different populations of minor planets).[19]
- Among near-Earth asteroids, satellites tend to orbit at distances of the order of 3–7 primary radii, and have diameters two to several times smaller than the primary. Since these binaries are all inner-planet crossers, it is thought that tidal stresses that occurred when the parent object passed close to a planet may be responsible for the formation of many of them, although collisions are thought to also be a factor in the creation of these satellites.
- Among main-belt asteroids, the satellites are usually much smaller than the primary (a notable exception being 90 Antiope), and orbit around 10 primary radii away. Many of the binary systems here are members of asteroid families, and a good proportion of satellites are expected to be fragments of a parent body whose disruption after an asteroid collision produced both the primary and satellite.
- Among trans-Neptunian objects, it is common for the two orbiting components to be of comparable size, and for the semi-major axis of their orbits to be much larger − about 100 to 1000 primary radii. A significant proportion of these binaries are expected to be primordial.
Dwarf planets
Among the dwarf planets, it is 90 percent certain that Ceres has no moons larger than 1 km in size, assuming that they would have the same albedo as Ceres itself.[20]
Pluto has five known moons. Its largest moon Charon is more than half the size of Pluto itself, and large enough to orbit a point outside Pluto's surface. In fact, each orbits the common barycenter between them, with Pluto's orbit entirely enclosed by Charon's; thus they form a binary system informally referred to as a double dwarf planet. Pluto's four other moons, Nix, Hydra, Kerberos, and Styx, are far smaller and orbit the Pluto–Charon system.
Haumea has two moons with radii estimated around 155 km (Hiʻiaka) and 85 km (Namaka).
Makemake has one known moon, S/2015 (136472) 1, estimated to be some 160 kilometers (100 mi) in diameter.
Eris has one known moon, Dysnomia. Its radius, based on its brightness, is estimated to be roughly between 150 and 350 km.[21]
List of minor planets with moons
Near-Earth objects
There are 61 known near-Earth asteroids with moons (16 Amor type, 37 Apollo type, 7 Aten type, and 1 Atira type) with a total of 63 moons.
| Name | Type | Diameter (km) (or dimensions) |
Name of moon | Diameter of moon (km) (or dimensions) |
Separation (km) | Orbital period (hours) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1862 Apollo | Apollo | 1.55 ± 0.07 | S/2005 (1862) 1 | 0.08 ± 0.06 | 3.75 ± 0.25 | 27.36 ± 0.24 |
| 1866 Sisyphus | Apollo | 8.48 ± 1.27 | S/1985 (1866) 1 | ? | ? | ? |
| 3671 Dionysus | Amor | 1.43 ± 0.2 | S/1997 (3671) 1 | 0.29 ± 0.05 | 3.4 ± 0.6 | 27.744 ± 0.0096 |
| 5143 Heracles | Apollo | 3.6 ± 1.2 | S/2011 (5143) 1 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 4 | 15.5 ± 1.5 |
| 5381 Sekhmet | Aten | 1 ± 0.05 | S/2003 (5381) 1 | 0.3 ± 0.05 | 1.54 ± 0.12 | 12.5 ± 0.288 |
| (5646) 1990 TR | Amor | 2.68 ± 0.51 | S/2012 (5646) 1 | 0.48 ± 0.11 | 5.1 | 19.4712 ± 0.0096 |
| 7088 Ishtar | Amor | 1.39 | S/2006 (7088) 1 | 0.58 | 2.8 | 20.6496 ± 0.0192 |
| (7888) 1993 UC | Apollo | 2.72 | S/2013 (7888) 1 | ? | ? | ? |
| (31345) 1998 PG | Amor | 0.9 ± 0.2 | S/2001 (31345) 1 | 0.27 | 1.4 | 14.0064 ± 0.00096 |
| (35107) 1991 VH | Apollo | 1.04 ± 0.2 | S/1997 (35107) 1 | 0.42 ± 0.08 | 3.26 ± 0.035 | 32.64 ± 0.0192 |
| (53110) 1999 AR7 | Amor | 1.4 | S/2015 (53110) 1 | >0.6 | 3.8 | 31.32 ± 0.0192 |
| 65803 Didymos | Amor | 0.75 ± 0.1 | S/2003 (65803) 1 | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 1.18 ± 0.03 | 11.8992 ± 0.0048 |
| (66063) 1998 RO1 | Aten | 0.8 ± 0.15 | S/2001 (66063) 1 | 0.38 ± 0.08 | 1.2 ± 0.03 | 14.5392 ± 0.0192 |
| (66391) 1999 KW4 | Aten | 1.317 ± 0.04 | S/2001 (66391) 1 | 0.451 ± 0.027 | 2.548 ± 0.015 | 17.4216 ± 0.036 |
| 69230 Hermes | Apollo | 0.6 ± 0.12 | S/2003 (69230) 1 | 0.54 ± 0.12 | 1.1 | 13.8936 ± 0.00408 |
| (85938) 1999 DJ4 | Apollo | 0.43 ± 0.08 | S/2004 (85938) 1 | 0.21 ± 0.05 | 0.8 | 17.7312 ± 0.0096 |
| (88710) 2001 SL9 | Apollo | 0.96 | S/2001 (88710) 1 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 16.3992 ± 0.0192 |
| (136617) 1994 CC | Apollo | 0.62 ± 0.06 | Beta (S/2009 (136617) 1) |
0.113 ± 0.03 | 1.729 ± 0.0008 | 29.832 ± 0.7896 |
| Gamma (S/2009 (136617) 2) |
0.08 ± 0.03 | 6.130 ± 0.108 | 201.024 ± 9.696 | |||
| (136993) 1998 ST49 | Apollo | 0.69 ± 0.08 | S/2012 (136993) 1 | 0.08 ± 0.04 | ? | ? |
| (137170) 1999 HF1 | Aten | 3.64 ± 0.73 | S/1999 (137170) 1 | 0.84 ± 0.2 | 7.3 ± 1.8 | 14.01696 ± 0.00408 |
| (138095) 2000 DK79 | Amor | 2.18 | S/2013 (138095) 1 | ? | ? | ? |
| (153591) 2001 SN263 | Amor | 2.6 | Gamma (S/2008 (153591) 2) |
0.46 | 3.804 ± 0.002 | 16.464 ± 0.03816 |
| Beta (S/2008 (153591) 1) |
1.06 | 16.633 ± 0.163 | 149.4 ± 2.2872 | |||
| (153958) 2002 AM31 | Apollo | 0.45 ± 0.05 | S/2012 (153958) 1 | 0.11 | 1.5 | 26.304 |
| (162000) 1990 OS | Apollo | 0.3 ± 0.02 | S/2003 (162000) 1 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.6 | 21 ± 3 |
| (162483) 2000 PJ5 | Aten | 0.55 | S/2005 (162483) 1 | 0.28 | 1.05 ± 0.1 | 14.16 ± 0.0408 |
| 163693 Atira | Atira | 4.8 | S/2017 (163693) 1 | 1 | ? | ? |
| (164121) 2003 YT1 | Apollo | 1.1 ± 0.2 | S/2004 (164121) 1 | 0.21 ± 0.06 | 3.93 ± 0.8 | 36.696 ± 1.8 |
| (175706) 1996 FG3 | Apollo | 1.69 ± 0.22 | S/1998 (175706) 1 | 0.49 ± 0.08 | 3 ± 0.6 | 16.1508 ± 0.000192 |
| (185851) 2000 DP107 | Apollo | 0.8 ± 0.16 | S/2000 (185851) 1 | 0.3 ± 0.15 | 2.62 ± 0.16 | 42.192 ± 0.0048 |
| (190208) 2006 AQ | Amor | 1.06 | S/2015 (190208) 1 | ? | ? | ? |
| (226514) 2003 UX34 | Apollo | 0.25 | S/2017 (226514) 1 | 0.1 | ? | ? |
| (276049) 2002 CE26 | Apollo | 3.46 ± 0.35 | S/2004 (276049) 1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 4.7 ± 0.2 | 15.6 ± 0.096 |
| (285263) 1998 QE2 | Amor | 3.2 ± 0.3 | S/2013 (285263) 1 | 0.8 ± 0.08 | 6.212 ± 0.1 | 31.3104 ± 0.0096 |
| (311066) 2004 DC | Apollo | 0.36 | S/2006 (311066) 1 | 0.07 | 0.75 ± 0.045 | 23.04 |
| (348400) 2005 JF21 | Amor | 1.2 | S/2015 (348400) 1 | ? | ? | ? |
| (357439) 2004 BL86 | Apollo | 0.32 | S/2015 (357439) 1 | 0.07 | 0.5 | 14.4 |
| (363027) 1998 ST27 | Aten | 0.8 | S/2001 (363027) 1 | 0.12 | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 98.4 |
| (363067) 2000 CO101 | Apollo | 0.62 | S/2009 (363067) 1 | 0.04 | 0.61 | 7.2 |
| (363599) 2004 FG11 | Apollo | 0.15 ± 0.03 | S/2012 (363599) 1 | <0.08 | 0.25 ± 0.05 | 20 ± 0.408 |
| (374851) 2006 VV2 | Apollo | 1.06 ± 0.05 | S/2007 (374851) 1 | >0.3 | 1.5 | 5.52 |
| (385186) 1994 AW1 | Amor | 0.94 | S/1994 (385186) 1 | 0.46 | 2 | 22.3296 ± 0.096 |
| (399307) 1991 RJ2 | Amor | 0.5 | S/2014 (399307) 1 | 0.24 | 0.86 | 15.91704 ± 0.00096 |
| (399774) 2005 NB7 | Apollo | 0.5 ± 0.1 | S/2008 (399774) 1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.6 | 15.2808 ± 0.0096 |
| (410777) 2009 FD | Apollo | 0.15 ± 0.03 | S/2015 (410777) 1 | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.25 | 14.4 |
| (450894) 2008 BT18 | Apollo | 0.6 | S/2008 (450894) 1 | >0.2 | 1.5 | 28.8 |
| (452561) 2005 AB | Amor | >1.9 | S/2005 (2005 AB) 1 | 0.46 | 3.4 | 17.9304 ± 0.0096 |
| (461852) 2006 GY2 | Apollo | 0.4 | S/2006 (2006 GY2) 1 | 0.08 | 0.5 | 11.7 ± 0.192 |
| 1994 CJ1 | Apollo | <0.15 | S/2014 (1999 CJ1) 1 | <0.15 | 0.525 | 30 |
| 1994 XD | Apollo | 0.6 ± 0.15 | S/2005 (1994 JD) 1 | >0.15 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 17.976 ± 0.006 |
| 2000 UG11 | Apollo | 0.26 ± 0.03 | S/2000 (2000 UG11) 1 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.426 ± 0.027 | 18.4 ± 0.144 |
| 2002 BM26 | Amor | 0.6 ± 0.0.3 | S/2002 (2002 BM26) 1 | 0.1 ± 0.03 | 1.4 | 25.8 ± 0.288 |
| 2002 KK8 | Amor | 0.5 ± 0.02 | S/2002 (2002 KK8) 1 | 0.1 ± 0.02 | ? | ? |
| 2003 SS84 | Apollo | 0.12 ± 0.02 | S/2003 (2003 SS83) 1 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.27 | 24 |
| 2005 YQ96 | Aten | 0.27 | S/2014 (2005 YQ96) 1 | ? | ? | ? |
| 2007 DT103 | Apollo | 0.3 | S/2007 (2007 DT103) 1 | >0.08 | 0.45 | 13.44 |
| 2007 LE | Apollo | 0.5 | S/2012 (2007 LE) 1 | 0.18 | 1.4 | 33.504 ± 0.48 |
| 2008 DG17 | Apollo | 0.38 | S/2013 (2008 DG17) 1 | ? | ? | ? |
| 2013 WT44 | Apollo | 1 ± 0.1 | S/2014 (2013 WT44) 1 | ? | ? | ? |
| 2014 WZ120 | Apollo | 0.34 | S/2014 (2014 WZ120) 1 | 0.11 | ? | 13.66512 ± 0.006 |
| 2014 YB35 | Apollo | 0.73 | S/2015 (2014 YB35) 1 | ? | ? | ? |
| 2015 TD144 | Apollo | 0.1 | S/2015 (2015 TD144) 1 | ? | ? | ? |
Mars crossers
There are 22 Mars-crossing asteroids with moons with a total of 23 moons.
| Name | Diameter (km) (or dimensions) |
Name of moon | Diameter of moon (km) (or dimensions) |
Separation (km) | Orbital period (hours) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1139 Atami | 6 | S/2005 (1139) 1 | 5 | >15 | 26.736 |
| 1727 Mette | 10.18 | S/2013 (1727) 1 | 2.14 | 21 | 20.9904 ± 0.0192 |
| 2044 Wirt | 6.46 ± 0.58 | S/2006 (2044) 1 | 1.62 ± 0.19 | 12 | 18.9696 ± 0.0096 |
| 2449 Kenos | 6.2 | S/2015 (2449) 1 | ? | ? | ? |
| 2577 Litva | 4 | S/2009 (2577) 1 | 1.4 | 21 | 35.88 ± 0.0096 |
| S/2012 (2577) 1 | 1.2 | 378 | 5136 | ||
| 3873 Roddy | 7.25 ± 0.24 | S/2012 (3873) 1 | 1.96 ± 0.16 | 14 | 19.2408 ± 0.0192 |
| 5261 Eureka | 1.19 | S/2011 (5261) 1 | 0.46 | 2.1 | 16.9296 ± 0.0096 |
| (5407) 1992 AX | 3.9 ± 1 | S/2001 (5407) 1 | 0.78 ± 0.21 | 5.8 | 13.5192 ± 0.00096 |
| 7369 Gavrilin | 7.54 | S/2007 (7369) 1 | 2.41 | 27 | 49.128 ± 0.0192 |
| 8373 Stephengould | 5.29 | S/2010 (8373) 1 | 1.43 | 15 | 34.152 ± 0.096 |
| 12008 Kandrup | 3.4 ± 0.4 | S/2016 (12008) 1 | 2.6 ± 0.4 | ? | 32.904 |
| (15700) 1987 QD | 4.15 | S/2010 (15700) 1 | ? | ? | ? |
| (16635) 1993 QO | 4.61 | S/2007 (16635) 1 | 1.24 | 12 | 32.256 ± 0.0288 |
| 26074 Carlwirtz | 3.62 | S/2013 (26074) 1 | ? | 6.1 | 16.1112 ± 0.0192 |
| 26471 Tracybecker | 5.61 ± 0.41 | S/2009 (26471) 1 | 2.05 ± 0.19 | 18 | 39.288 ± 0.0004 |
| (32039) 2000 JO23 | 3.96 | S/2007 (32039) 1 | 1.27 | 53 | 360 |
| (34706) 2001 OP83 | 3.48 | S/2005 (34706) 1 | 0.98 | 7 | 20.76 ± 0.0096 |
| (51356) 2000 RY76 | 3.23 | S/2012 (51356) 1 | 0.68 | 13 | 62.04 ± 0.048 |
| (53432) 1999 UT55 | 2.55 | S/2013 (53432) 1 | 0.59 | 4 | 14.1 ± 0.0096 |
| (99913) 1997 CZ5 | 6.77 | S/2010 (99913) | 1.29 | 11 | 14.6808 |
| (114319) 2002 XD58 | 2.62 | S/2005 (114319) 1 | ? | ? | ? |
| (218144) 2002 RL66 | 3.46 | S/2010 (218144) 1 | ? | ? | ? |
Asteroid belt
There are 136 asteroids with 143 moons in the asteroid belt. Asteroids with light blue backgrounds are double asteroids, with similarly-sized components, and a Barycenter outside of the larger object. very light blue asteroids might be double asteroids, but due to errors in their size and orbit, it is uncertain.
| Name | Diameter (km) (or dimensions) |
Name of moon | Diameter of moon (km) (or dimensions) |
Separation (km) | Orbital period (hours) | Barycenter (m from center of primary) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 22 Kalliope | (215×180×150) | Linus | 28 ± 2 | 1,095 ± 11 | 86.304 ± 0.024 | 5211 ± 1435 |
| 41 Daphne | (239x183x153) | S/2008 (41) 1 | <2 | 443 | 26.4 | 0.6727 ± 0.1378 |
| 45 Eugenia | (305×220×145) | S/2004 (45) 1 (Eugenia II) |
5 ± 1 | 610.59 ± 0.06 | 43.032 ± 0.0192 | 8.713 ± 6.213 |
| Petit-Prince (Eugenia I) |
7 ± 2 | 1,164.42 ± 0.03 | 110.808 ± 0.0168 | 45.59 ± 45.52 | ||
| 87 Sylvia | (385×265×230) | Remus (Sylvia II) |
10.6 ± 1.6 | 701.64 ± 0.02 | 32.952 ± 0.24 | 35.72 ± 20.87 |
| Romulus (Sylvia I) |
10.8 ± 5.6 | 1,351.35 ± 0.01 | 87.696 ± 0.576 | 72.76 ± 139.7 | ||
| 90 Antiope | 110±16 | S/2000 (90) 1 | 87.8 ± 1 | 171 ± 1 | 16.5048 ± 0.000096 | 79530 ± 3441 |
| 93 Minerva | 140 | Gorgoneion (Minerva II) |
3.2 ± 0.9 | 375 ± 16 | 26.7528 ± 0.0144 | 4.328 ± 4.464 |
| Aegis (Minerva I) |
3.6 ± 1.0 | 623.5 ± 10 | 57.744 ± 0.048 | 10.25 ± 10.09 | ||
| 107 Camilla | (285×205×170) ± 20 | S/2016 (107) 1 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 340 | 12 | 1.381 ± 0.7178 |
| S/2001 (107) 1 | 16 ± 6 | 1,250 ± 10 | 89.328 ± 0.072 | 484.8 ± 635.0 | ||
| 115 Thyra[22] | 75 ± 6 | S/2016 (115) 1 | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 121 Hermione | (254×125) | S/2002 (121) 1 | 32 | 747 ± 11 | 61.512 ± 0.0504 | 3724 ± 413.1 |
| 130 Elektra | (215×155) | S/2014 (130) 1 | 5.2 ±1.2 | 460 | 26.4 | 8.216 ± 6.395 |
| S/2003 (130) 1 | 7 ± 3 | 1,318 ± 25 | 126.192 ± 0.1272 | 57.42 ± 85.86 | ||
| 216 Kleopatra | 217×94×81 | Cleoselene (Kleopatra II) |
6.9 ±1.6 | 454 ± 6 | 29.76 ± 0.48 | 60.61 ± 53.53 |
| Alexhelios (Kleopatra I) |
8.9 ± 1.6 | 678 ± 13 | 55.68 ± 0.48 | 194.2 ± 139.0 | ||
| 243 Ida | (59.8×25.4×18.6) | Dactyl (Ida I) | (1.6×1.4×1.2) | 108 | 36.96 | 9.572 ± 0.1064 |
| 283 Emma | 148.1 ± 4.6 | S/2003 (283) 1 | 9 ± 5 | 581 ± 3.6 | 80.472 ± 0.02232 | 173.2 ± 338.4 |
| 317 Roxane | 19 | S/2009 (317) 1 | 5.3 | 257 | 336 | 4793 ± 85.28 |
| 379 Huenna | 92.3 ± 1.7 | S/2003 (379) 1 | 5.8 ± 1.2 | 3,336 ± 54.9 | 2102.4 ± 0.624 | 972.3 ± 722.5 |
| 578 Happelia | 69.29 ± 2.1 | S/2017 (578) 1 | >3.0 | >80 | ? | ?[23] |
| 702 Alauda | 194.73 ± 3.2 | Pichi üñëm | 3.51 ± 0.9 | 1,227 ± 24 | 117.936 ± 0.168 | 6.441 ± 5.770 |
| 762 Pulcova | 137.1 ± 3.2 | S/2000 (762) 1 | 19 ± 7 | 703 ± 14 | 106.512 ± 0.024 | 1690 ± 2071 |
| 809 Lundia | 6.9 ± 2.4 | S/2005 (809) 1 | 6.1 ± 2.1 | 15.8 | 15.4176 ± 0.00096 | 6456 ± 6197 |
| 854 Frostia | 6.35 ± 0.16 | S/2004 (854) 1 | 4.6 | 17 | 37.728 ± 0.00096 | 4682 ± 256.6 |
| 939 Isberga | (14.5×11.8×11.1) | S/2006 (939) 1 | (3.8×3.5×3.5) | 33 ± 4.5 | 26.6304 ± 0.000096 | 788.2 ± 878.9 |
| 1052 Belgica | 9.79 ± 0.08 | S/2012 (1052) 1 | 3.53 | 34 | 47.256 ± 0.0192 | 1522 ± 35.66 |
| 1089 Tama | 10.7 ± 0.5 | S/2003 (1089) 1 | 7.33 | 20.7 ± 1.3 | 16.4448 ± 0.00096 | 5036 ± 853.6 |
| 1313 Berna | 10.6 ± 0.24 | S/2004 (1313) 1 | 8.37 | 25 | 25.464 ± 0.00096 | 8248 ± 375.5 |
| 1333 Cevenola | 17.15 ± 0.24 | S/2008 (1333) 1 | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 1338 Duponta | 7.68 ± 0.06 | S/2007 (1338) 1 | 1.77 ± 0.15 | 14 | 17.5704 ± 0.0096 | 169.3 ± 46.62 |
| 1453 Fennia | 6.96 ± 0.39 | S/2007 (1453) 1 | 1.95 ± 0.18 | 15 | 22.9896 ± 0.0096 | 322.8 ± 143.8 |
| 1509 Esclangona | 7.76 ± 0.57 | S/2003 (1509) 1 | 2.57 | 140 | 552 | 4907 ± 1060 |
| 1717 Arlon | 9.13 ± 0.17 | S/2006 (1717) 1 | ? | 17 | 18.2352 | ? |
| 1798 Watts | 6.64 ± 0.19 | S/2017 (1798) 1 | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 1830 Pogson | 7.89 ± 0.11 | S/2007 (1830) 1 | 2.52 | 18 | 24.24 ± 0.0048 | 568.0 ± 23.19 |
| 2006 Polonskaya | 4.51 ± 0.16 | S/2005 (2006) 1 | 0.99 | 8.5 | 19.1496 ± 0.0192 | 88.97 ± 9.408 |
| 2047 Smetana | 3 ± 0.15 | S/2012 (2047) 1 | 0.63 ± 0.07 | 6.3 | 22.4304 ± 0.0192 | 57.81 ± 28.39 |
| 2121 Sevastopol | 8.62 ± 0.04 | S/2010 (2121) 1 | 3.54 ± 0.17 | 26 | 37.104 | 1684 ± 248.9 |
| 2131 Mayall | 8.28 ± 0.07 | S/2009 (2131) 1 | 2.15 | 18 | 23.4792 ± 0.0096 | 309.7 ± 7.722 |
| 2242 Balaton | 5.85 | S/2015 (2242) 1 | >1.49 | 9 | 12.96 ± 0.0096 | >139.2 |
| 2343 Siding Spring | 5.11 | S/2015 (2343) 1 | >0.97 | 7 | 11.78904 ± 0.00288 | >47.55 |
| 2478 Tokai | 8.1 ± 0.02 | S/2007 (2478) 1 | 5.83 | 21 | 25.896 ± 0.00696 | 5704 ± 30.77 |
| 2486 Metsähovi[24] | 8.42 ± 0.03 | S/2007 (2486) 1 | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 2535 Hameenlinna | 10.2 | S/2016 (2535) 1 | >2.2 | ?[25] | 21.2304 ± 0.0096 | >193.2 |
| 2623 Zech | 7.92 | S/2014 (2623) 1 | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 2691 Sersic | 5 ± 0.11 | S/2011 (2691) 1 | 2.15 ± 0.11 | 12 | 26.808 ± 0.0096 | 883.8 ± 180.2 |
| 2754 Efimov | 6.46 | S/2006 (2754) 1 | 1.29 | 10 | 14.7648 ± 0.0096 | 79.00 |
| 2815 Soma | 6.95 ± 0.09 | S/2011 (2815) 1 | 1.74 ± 0.14 | 13 | 17.916 ± 0.00192 | 200.9 ± 55.7 |
| 2825 Crosby | S/2017 (2825) 1 | ? | ? | ? | ? | |
| 3034 Climenhaga | 9.97 | S/2009 (3034) 1 | ? | 19 | 18.9552 ± 0.00096 | ? |
| 3073 Kursk | 6.69 | S/2007 (3073) 1 | 1.67 | 22 | 44.952 ± 0.0192 | 337.0 |
| 3169 Ostro | (4.4×3.4×3.2) | S/2005 (3169) 1 | (4.8×2.6×2.4) | 5.2 | 6.5088 ± 0.00096 | 2060 ± 134.7 |
| 3309 Brorfelde | 4.88 ± 0.08 | S/2005 (3309) 1 | 1.27 ± 0.1 | 9 | 18.48 ± 0.0096 | 155.9 ± 43.95 |
| 3433 Fehrenbach | 7.4 | S/2015 (3433) 1 | 2.3 | 14 | 19.6656 ± 0.0048 | 408.1 |
| 3673 Levy | 6.17 ± 0.15 | S/2007 (3673) 1 | 1.73 ± 0.19 | 13 | 21.6 | 280.4 ± 111.5 |
| 3703 Volkonskaya | 3.46 ± 0.1 | S/2003 (3703) 1 | 1.39 | 7.8 | 24 | 474.9 ± 38.76 |
| 3749 Balam | 3.95 | S/2008 (3749) 1 | 1.66 | 20 | 33.384 ± 0.00096 | 1382 |
| S/2002 (3749) 1 | 1.84 | 289 ± 13 | 1464 ± 264 | 26530 | ||
| 3782 Celle | 5.44 ± 0.21 | S/2003 (3782) 1 | 2.34 ± 0.11 | 18 ± 1 | 36.576 ± 0.0288 | 1327 ± 393.2 |
| 3792 Preston | 5.16 ± 0.17 | S/2016 (3792) 1 | ? | ? | 46.8 | ? |
| 3841 Dicicco | 6.02 | S/2014 (3841) 1 | >1.67 | 12 | 21.6288 ± 0.0192 | >250.8 |
| 3868 Mendoza | 9.13 ± 0.05 | S/2009 (3868) 1 | 2.01 ± 0.18 | 20 | 24.384 | 211.2 ± 59.77 |
| 3905 Doppler | 6.27 | S/2013 (3905) 1 | 4.83 | 26 | 50.808 ± 0.096 | 8157 |
| 3951 Zichichi | 6.38 ± 0.2 | S/2006 (3951) 1 | 2.11 | 16 | 27.6 ± 0.0096 | 558.6 ± 50.84 |
| 3982 Kastel' | 6.79 ± 0.36 | S/2005 (3982) 1 | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 4029 Bridges | 7.8 ± 0.07 | S/2006 (4029) 1 | 1.87 ± 0.16 | 13 | 16.3104 ± 0.0096 | 176.7 ± 49.63 |
| 4272 Entsuji | 7.56 | S/2015 (4272) 1 | 1.36 | 13 | 15.9456 ± 0.0072 | 75.24 |
| 4296 van Woerkom | 7.3 | S/2016 (4296) 1 | 2.2 | ? | ? | ? |
| 4383 Suruga | 6.33 ± 0.09 | S/2013 (4383) 1 | 1.33 ± 0.13 | 11 | 16.3872 ± 0.00096 | 101.1 ± 33.87 |
| 4440 Tchantches | 2.03 ± 0.57 | S/2005 (4440) 1 | 0.51 ± 0.16 | 3.8 | 18.6912 ± 0.048 | 59.32 ± 162.8 |
| 4492 Debussy | 14.6 ± 0.59 | S/2004 (4492) 1 | 9.39 | 31 | 26.616 ± 0.00096 | 6514 ± 625.0 |
| 4514 Vilen | 6.09 | S/2015 (4514) 1 | >1.58 | 11 | 16.8504 ± 0.0096 | >188.8 |
| 4541 Mizuno | 6.29 ± 1.34 | S/2015 (4541) 1 | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 4607 Seilandfarm | 7.12 ± 0.12 | S/2009 (4607) 1 | 2.06 | 19 | 31.632 ± 0.0192 | 453.0 ± 22.44 |
| 4666 Dietz | 6.83 ± 0.29 | S/2015 (4666) 1 | ? | 12 | 16.632 | ? |
| 4674 Pauling | 4.46 ± 0.05 | S/2004 (4674) 1 | 1.41 | 250 | 3120 | 7657 ± 249.7 |
| 4765 Wasserburg | 1.76 ± 0.48 | S/2013 (4675) 1 | 0.28 ± 0.08 | 2.9 | 15.9696 ± 0.0196 | 11.63 ± 30.53 |
| 4786 Tatianina | 3.22 ± 0.2 | S/2006 (4786) 1 | 0.61 ± 0.1 | 6.6 | 21.6696 ± 0.0096 | 44.57 ± 31.42 |
| 4868 Knushevia | 1.52 ± 0.32 | S/2015 (4868) 1 | >0.2 | 2.1 | 11.922 ± 0.00288 | >4.773 |
| 4951 Iwamoto | 4.39 ± 0.02 | S/2007 (4951) 1 | 3.34 | 31 | 118.008 ± 0.192 | 9478 ± 89.94 |
| 5112 Kusaji | 3.27 ± 0.13 | S/2016 (5112) 1 | 1.01 ± 0.08 | 7 | 20.74 ± 0.01 | 200.4 ± 70.34 |
| 5425 Vojtech | 6.89 ± 0.13 | S/2015 (5425) 1 | 1.52 ± 0.14 | 16 | 25.4304 ± 0.0196 | 170.0 ± 56.42 |
| 5426 Sharp | 2.033 ± 0.34 | S/2014 (5426) 1 | ? | 4.5 | 24.2208 ± 0.0196 | ? |
| 5474 Gingasen | 5.05 ± 0.48 | S/2008 (5474) 1 | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 5477 Holmes | 2.95 ± 0.13 | S/2005 (5477) 1 | 1.09 ± 0.08 | 6.7 | 24.432 ± 0.0192 | 321.7 ± 109.2 |
| 5481 Kiuchi | 7.52 | S/2008 (5481) 1 | 2.48 | 15 | 20.8992 ± 0.0096 | 519.4 |
| 5536 Honeycutt | 9.45 | S/2016 (5536) 1 | 2.7 | 15 | 16.3248 ± 0.0048 | 435.3 |
| 5674 Wolff | 4.72 | S/2015 (5674) 1 | >3.78 | 30 | 93.696 ± 0.192 | >10180 |
| 5872 Sugano | 6.06 | S/2016 (5872) 1 | >1.82 | 11 | 18.84 ± 0.024 | >290.1 |
| 5899 Jedicke | 2.54 ± 0.16 | S/2010 (5899) 1 | 0.81 | 4.4 | 16.6992 ± 0.096 | 138.2 ± 25.60 |
| 5905 Johnson | 4.45 ± 0.07 | S/2005 (5905) 1 | 1.78 ± 0.18 | 9.3 | 21.7848 ±0.00048 | 559.4 ± 184.9 |
| (6016) 1991 PA11 | 3.526 | S/2016 (6016) 1 | 0.69 ± 0.11 | 7 | 21.3312 ± 0.0192 | 55.08 ± 35.39 |
| 6084 Bascom | 5.96 ± 0.21 | S/2006 (6084) 1 | 2.2 ± 0.14 | 20 | 43.512 | 957.7 ± 272.6 |
| 6186 Zenon | 6 | S/2017 (6186) 1 | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 6244 Okamoto | 6.69 | S/2006 (6244) 1 | 1.67 | 13 | 20.3208 ± 0.0096 | 199.1 |
| (6265) 1985 TW3 | 4.81 ± 0.1 | S/2007 (6265) 1 | 1.16 ± 0.1 | 8 | 15.8592 ± 0.0096 | 110.7 ± 35.29 |
| (6369) 1983 UC | 4.9 | S/2013 (6369) 1 | 1.7 | 15? | 39.84 | 601.3? |
| 6615 Plutarchos | 3.14 ± 0.04 | S/2007 (6615) 1 | ? | 9.7 | 40.032 ± 0.096 | ? |
| 6708 Bobbievaile | 8.02 ± 0.02 | S/2009 (6708) 1 | 4.57 | 19 | 24.696 | 2967 ± 18.73 |
| 7187 Isobe | 6.05 ± 1.46 | S/2012 (7187) 1 | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 7225 Huntress | 6.54 ± 0.22 | S/2007 (7225) 1 | 1.37 ± 0.14 | 10 | 14.6712 ± 0.0096 | 91.09 ± 37.34 |
| 7958 Leakey | 2.82 ± 0.16 | S/2012 (7958) 1 | 0.85 ± 0.1 | 10 | 50.28 ± 0.072 | 266.5 ± 139.4 |
| 8026 Johnmckay | 1.69 ± 0.24 | S/2010 (8026) 1 | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 8116 Jeanperrin | 4.53 ± 0.08 | S/2007 (8116) 1 | 1.49 | 13 | 36.144 ± 0.0192 | 446.7 ± 22.87 |
| 8306 Shoko | 3.21 | S/2013 (8306) 1 | 1.28 | 9.4 | 36.192 ± 0.0408 | 560.5 |
| 8474 Rettig | 4.5 | S/2015 (8474) 1 | >3.9 | 14 | 30.54 ± 0.0096 | >5520 |
| 9069 Hovland | 3 | S/2004 (9069) 1 | 0.9 | 7.8 | 30.336 ± 0.0096 | 205.1 |
| 9260 Edwardolson | 3.98 ± 0.35 | S/2005 (9260) 1 | 1.07 ± 0.15 | 7.2 | 17.784 ± 0.00288 | 137.2 ± 97.47 |
| 9617 Grahamchapman | 2.74 ± 0.37 | S/2006 (9617) 1 | 0.74 ± 0.13 | 5.2 | 19.3848 ± 0.0048 | 100.5 ± 103.1 |
| 9783 Tensho-kan | 5.1 | S/2013 (9783) 1 | 1.8 | 13? | 29.568 | 547.5? |
| 10123 Fideoja | 3.3 | S/2013 (10123) 1 | 1.2 | 13? | 56.448 | 596.4 |
| 10208 Germanicus | 3.23 ± 0.18 | S/2007 (10208) 1 | 1.48 ± 0.11 | 13 | 58.56 ± 0.0192 | 1141 ± 410.8 |
| (11217) 1999 JC4 | 3.3 | S/2013 (11217) 1 | ? | 6.2 | 19.1712 ± 0.0096 | ? |
| 11264 Claudiomaccone | <4 | S/2003 (11264) 1 | >1.24 | 6 | 15.1104 ± 0.0096 | >173.6 |
| 12326 Shirasaki | 3.8 | S/2016 (12326) 1 | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 13123 Tyson | 10.87 ± 2.26 | S/2015 (12123) 1 | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 15268 Wendelinefroger | 33.83 | S/2008 (15268) 1 | 1.03 | 8.7 | 25.08 ± 0.0192 | 166.0 |
| (15430) 1998 UR31 | 3.74 ± 0.03 | S/2010 (15430) 1 | ? | 8.2 | 23.9592 | ? |
| (15822) 1994 TV15 | 1.69 ± 0.3 | S/2010 (15822) 1 | 0.32 ± 0.07 | 3.3 | 20.1312 ± 0.0096 | 22.25 ± 32.39 |
| 16525 Shumarinaiko | 5.18 ± 0.15 | S/2013 (16525) 1 | 0.83 ± 0.11 | 8.1 | 14.4096 ± 0.0048 | 33.19 ± 16.30 |
| 17246 Christophedumas | 4.5 | S/2004 (17246) 1 | 1 | 228 | 2160 | 2475 |
| 17260 Kušnirák | 4.62 | S/2006 (17260) 1 | 1.2 | 7.4 | 14.7576 ± 0.00288 | 127.4 |
| (18890) 2000 EV26 | 3.86 | S/2014 (18890) 1 | >1.04 | 6 | 14.2896 ± 0.0096 | >115.1 |
| 19204 Joshuatree | 5.44 | S/2015 (19204) 1 | ? | 12 | 20 | ? |
| 20325 Julianoey | 4.94 ± 1.01 | S/2014 (20325) 1 | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 21436 Chaoyichi | 1.8 | S/2014 (21436) 1 | 0.6 | ? | ? | ? |
| 22899 Alconrad | 5.54 ± 0.46 | S/2003 (22899) 1 | 1.23 | 182 | 1344 | 1970 ± 496 |
| (24465) 2000 SX155 | 3.1 | S/2016 (24465) 1 | 0.68 | 3.6 | 9.252 ± 0.00096 | 37.6 |
| (26416) 1999 XM84 | 4.56 | S/2015 (26416) 1 | ? | ? | 39.288 ± 0.0096 | ? |
| (27568) 2000 PT6 | 1.82 ± 0.42 | S/2013 (26578) 1 | ? | 3.1 | 16.356 ± 0.00288 | ? |
| (27675) 1981 CH | 5.089 ± 0.2 | S/2017 (27675) 1 | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| (31450) 1999 CU9 | 10.4 | S/2015 (31450) 1 | 2.3 | 39 | 53.472 ± 0.072 | 417.3 |
| 32008 Adriángalád | 4.23 | S/2007 (32008) 1 | 1.69 | 13 | 40.248 ± 0.0192 | 779.4 |
| (43008) 1999 UD31 | 2.4 | S/2014 (43008) 1 | 0.8 | ? | ? | ? |
| (44620) 1999 RS43 | 0.66 | S/2014 (44620) 1 | 0.2 | 2 | ? | 54.15 |
| 46829 McMahon | 3.06 | S/2015 (46829) 1 | 1.22 | 5.4 | 16.83312 ± 0.00196 | 321.8 |
| 52316 Daveslater | 3.26 | S/2012 (52316) 1 | 0.52 | 4.9 | 13.4352 ± 0.00408 | 19.81 |
| (69406) 1995 SX48 | 3.12 ± 0.02 | S/2013 (69406) 1 | 0.59 ± 0.06 | 5.3 | 16.1112 ± 0.0196 | 35.60 ± 11.52 |
| (76818) 2000 RG79 | 3.6 | S/2005 (76818) 1 | 1.33 | 5.6 | 14.124 ± 0.000096 | 268.8 |
| 79472 Chiorny | 3.79 | S/2012 (79472) 1 | ? | 9 | 25.944 ± 0.0192 | ? |
| (80218) 1999 VO123 | 0.28 | S/2012 (80218) 1 | 0.08 | 0.9 | 33.12 | 20.51 |
Jupiter trojans
There are 18 Jupiter trojans with known moons.
| Name | Diameter (km) (or dimensions) |
Name of moon | Diameter of moon (km) (or dimensions) |
Separation (km) | Orbital period (hours) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 617 Patroclus | 121.8 ± 3.2 | Menoetius (Patroclus I) | 98 ± 10 | 680 ± 20 | 102.792 ± 0.096 |
| 624 Hektor | (363×207) | Skamandrios (Hektor I) | 12 ± 3 | 957.5 ±55.3 | 71.161896 ± 0.006912 |
| (9807) 1997 SJ4 | 24.68 ± 1.79 | S/2016 (9807) 1 | ? | ? | 330 |
| (13331) 1998 SU52 | 17.68 | S/2016 (13331) 1 | ? | ? | 180 |
| (16152) 1999 YN12 | 16.18 ± 0.65 | S/2016 (16152) 1 | ? | ? | 11.47 ± 0.22 |
| (17365) 1978 VF11 | 32.6 ± 0.61 | S/2005 (17365) 1 | 27.5 ± 2.25 | 43 | 12.672 ± 0.0192 |
| (21593) 1998 VL27 | 21.922 ± 1.292 | S/2016 (21593) 1 | ? | ? | ? |
| (22056) 2000 AU31 | 24.78 ± 0.49 | S/2016 (22056) 1 | ? | ? | 358 |
| (23958) 1998 VD30 | 46.00 ± 1.19 | S/2016 (23958) 1 | ? | ? | >300 |
| (24357) 2000 AC115 | 21.85 ± 0.50 | S/2016 (24357) 1 | ? | ? | 131 |
| 29314 Eurydamas | 32 | S/2005 (29314) 1 | 24 | 41 | 15.036 ± 0.0072 |
| (39270) 2001 AH11 | 17 | S/2016 (39270) 1 | ? | ? | 82 |
| (39289) 2001 CT28 | 13.386 ± 1.365 | S/2016 (39289) 1 | ? | ? | ? |
| (63239) 2001 BD25 | 19.45 ± 0.78 | S/2016 (63239) 1 | ? | ? | 60 |
| (65223) 2002 EU34 | 15 | S/2016 (65223) 1 | ? | ? | 252 |
| (65227) 2002 ES46 | 13.58 ± 1.51 | S/2016 (65227) 1 | ? | ? | 230 |
| (65240) 2002 EU106 | 13.5 | S/2016 (65240) 1 | ? | ? | 230 |
| (129602) 1997 WA12 | 15.74 ± 0.96 | S/2016 (129602) 1 | ? | ? | 43 |
Centaurs
There are only 2 centaurs with satellites, both of which are ring systems instead of moons.
| Name | Diameter (km) (or dimensions) |
Name of moon | Diameter of moon (km) (or dimensions) |
Separation (km) | Orbital period (hours) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10199 Chariklo | 248±18 | rings | 2013C1R | 6.16±0.11 | 390.6±3.3 | 16.65 |
| 2013C2R | 7.17±0.14 | 404.8±3.3 | 17.56 | |||
| 2060 Chiron | 233±14 | rings | ring 1 | 3 | 324±10 | 33.84 |
| ring 2 | 7 | |||||
Trans-Neptunian objects
There are 81 Trans-Neptunian objects with moons, with a total of 87 moons.
| Name | Type | Diameter (km) (or dimensions) |
Name of moon | Diameter of moon (km) (or dimensions) |
Separation (km) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 134340 Pluto | Plutino | 2374 ± 8 | Charon (Pluto I) | 1212 ± 6 | 19,573 ± 2 |
| Styx (Pluto V) | 18 ±10 | 42,487 ± 81 | |||
| Nix (Pluto II) | 93 ± 47 | 48,841 ± 23 | |||
| Kerberos (Pluto IV) | 29 ±15 | 57,731 ± 28 | |||
| Hydra (Pluto III) | 115 ±57 | 64,736 ± 10 | |||
| (26308) 1998 SM165 | Plutino | 268 ± 28 | S/2001 (26308) 1 | 81 ± 14 | 11,377 ± 8 |
| 38628 Huya | Plutino | 406 ± 16 | S/2012 (38628) 1 | 213 ± 30 | 1740 ± 80 |
| 42355 Typhon | SDO | 162 ± 7 | Echidna (Typhon I) | 89 ± 6 | 1,580 ± 20 |
| (47171) 1999 TC36 | Plutino | 272+17 −19 |
S/2001 (47171) 1 | 132+8 −9 |
7,411 ± 12 |
| S/2009 (47171) 1 | 251+16 −17 |
867 ± 11 | |||
| (48639) 1995 TL8 | SDO | 176 | S/2002 (48639) 1 | 80 | 420 ± 300 |
| 50000 Quaoar | Cubewano | 1070 ± 38 | Weywot (Quaoar I) | 81 ± 11 | 13,800 ± 1,000 |
| (55637) 2002 UX25 | Cubewano | 665 ± 29 | S/2007 (55637) 1 | 210 ± 30 | 4770 ± 40 |
| 58534 Logos | Cubewano | 82 ± 18 | Zoe (Logos I) | 67 | 8,217 ± 42 |
| (60458) 2000 CM114 | SDO | 167 | S/2006 (60458) 1 | 128 | 2,200 ± 200 |
| (60621) 2000 FE8 | 2:5 resonance | 146 | S/2007 (60621) 1 | 111 | 1,180 ± 80 |
| 65489 Ceto | SDO | 223 ± 10 | Phorcys (Ceto I) | 171 ± 10 | 1,840 ± 44 |
| 66652 Borasisi | Cubewano | 126+25 −51 |
Pabu (Borasisi I) | 103+20 −42 |
4,528 ± 12 |
| 79360 Sila–Nunam | Cubewano | 249+30 −31 |
Nunam | 236+28 −29 |
2,777 ± 19 |
| (80806) 2000 CM105 | Cubewano | 160 | S/2005 (80806) 1 | 121 | 2,700 ± 300 |
| (82075) 2000 YW134 | SDO | 216 | S/2005 (82075) 1 | 75 | 1900 ± 300 |
| (82157) 2001 FM185 | 2:3 resonance | 138 | S/2008 (82157) 1 | 120 | 3130 ± 90 |
| 88611 Teharonhiawako | Cubewano | 178+33 −36 |
Sawiskera (Teharonhiawako I) | 129+24 −26 |
27,670 ± 120 |
| 90482 Orcus | Plutino | 917 ± 25 | Vanth (Orcus I) | 276 ± 17 | 9,006 ± 16 |
| (119067) 2001 KP76 | 4:7 resonance | 153 | S/2007 (119067) 1 | 146 | 8,900 ± 100 |
| (119979) 2002 WC19 | 1:2 resonance | 440 | S/2007 (119979) 1 | 139 | 4,090 ± 90 |
| 120347 Salacia | Cubewano | 854 ± 45 | Actaea (Salacia I) | 286 ± 24 | 5,619 ± 87 |
| (123509) 2000 WK183 | Cubewano | 106 ± 24 | S/2007 (123509) 1 | 101 | 2,366 ± 28 |
| (134860) 2000 OJ67 | Cubewano | 138 ± 32 | S/2003 (134860) 1 | 108 ± 25 | 2,270 ± 30 |
| 136108 Haumea | Cubewano | 1379 ± 57 | Hiʻiaka (Haumea I) | 320 | 49,880 ± 198 |
| Namaka (Haumea II) | 160 | 25,657 ± 91 | |||
| 136199 Eris | SDO | 2326 ± 12 | Dysnomia (Eris I) | 514 ± 221 | 37,580 ± 260 |
| 136472 Makemake | Cubewano | 1434x1422 | S/2015 (136472) 1 | 175 ± 75 | >21,100 |
| (139775) 2001 QG298 | Plutino | 135 | S/2004 (139775) 1 | 117 | 172 |
| 148780 Altjira | Cubewano | 246+38 −139 |
S/2007 (148780) 1 | 221+34 −125 |
9,904 ± 56 |
| (160091) 2000 OL67 | Cubewano | 153 | S/2007 (160091) 1 | 116 | 7,800 |
| (160256) 2002 PD149 | Cubewano | 186 | S/2007 (160256) 1 | 155 | 24,400 ± 300 |
| 174567 Varda | Cubewano | 705+81 −75 |
Ilmarë (Varda I) | 361+42 −38 |
4,800 ± 20 |
| (182933) 2002 GZ31 | SDO | 195 | S/2006 (182933) 1 | 123 | 2,060 ± 270 |
| (208996) 2003 AZ84 | Plutino | 723 ± 64 | S/2005 (208996) 1 | 72 ± 12 | 7,200 ± 300 |
| (225088) 2007 OR10 | 3:10 resonance | 1535 ± 75 | S/2010 (225088) 1 | 300 | 15,000 |
| (229762) 2007 UK126 | SDO | 590 ± 76 | S/2008 (229762) 1 | 103 | 3,600 ± 1,300 |
| (275809) 2001 QY297 | Cubewano | 169+16 −80 |
S/2006 (275809) 1 | 154+15 −73 |
9,960 ± 31 |
| (303712) 2005 PR21 | Cubewano | 227 | S/2007 (303712) 1 | 137 | 3,600 ± 300 |
| 341520 Mors-Somnus | Plutino | 102 | S/2007 (341520) 1 | 97 | 21,040 ± 70 |
| (364570) 2006 JZ81 | Cubewano | 122+20 −12 |
S/2006 (364570) 1 | 78+13 −8 |
33,000 ± 2,000 |
| 385446 Manwë | 4:7 resonance | 160+24 −44 |
Thorondor (Manwë I) | 92+14 −26 |
6,674 ± 41 |
| 1998 WV24 | Plutino | 110 | S/2007 (1998 WV24) 1 | 96 | 1,420 ± 60 |
| 1998 WW31 | Cubewano | 148 | S/2000 (1998 WW31) 1 | 123 | 22,620 ± 40 |
| 1999 OJ4 | Cubewano? | 75 ± 17 | S/2002 (1999 OJ4) 1 | 82 ± 16 | 3,267 ± 60 |
| 1999 RT214 | Cubewano | 100 | S/2006 (1999 RT214) 1 | 69 | 3,310 ± 30 |
| 1999 RY214 | Cubewano | 125 | S/2008 (1999 RY214) 1 | 76 | 1,500 ± 200 |
| 1999 XY143 | Cubewano | 213 | S/2008 (199 XY143) 1 | 179 | 2,670 ± 70 |
| 2000 CF105 | Cubewano | 63.6+1.2 −1.6 |
S/2002 (2000 CF105) 1 | 50 ± 2 | 33,300 ± 550 |
| 2000 CQ114 | Cubewano | 132 | S/2003 (2000 CQ114) 1 | 115 | 6,930 ± 40 |
| 2000 QL251 | 1:2 Resonance | 148 ± 34 | S/2006 (2000 QL251) 1 | 143 ± 33 | 5,002 ± 27 |
| 2000 WT169 | Cubewano | 205 | S/2008 (2000 WT169) 1 | 168 | 2,600 ± 100 |
| 2001 FL185 | Cubewano | 142 | S/2006 (2001 FL185) 1 | 88 | 1,900 ± 400 |
| 2001 QC298 | Cubewano | 235+21 −23 |
S/2002 (2001 QC298) 1 | 192+17 −19 |
3,813 ± 15 |
| 2001 QQ322 | Cubewano | 171 | S/2007 (2001 QQ322) 1 | 196 | 3,890 ± 90 |
| 2001 QW322 | Cubewano | 128+2 −4 |
S/2001 (2001 QW322) 1 | 126+3 −5 |
102,100 ± 700 |
| 2001 RZ143 | Cubewano | 108 | S/2001 (2001 RZ143) 1 | 90 | 1,560 ± 30 |
| 2001 XP254 | 3:5 Resonance | 108 | S/2008 (2001 XP254) 1 | 77 | 1,200 ± 100 |
| 2001 XR254 | Cubewano | 171+32 −55 |
S/2005 (2001 XR254) 1 | 140+26 −45 |
2,780 ± 20 |
| 2002 VF130 | ? | 121 | S/2008 (2002 VF130) 1 | 105 | 22,400 ± 100 |
| 2002 VT130 | Cubewano | 251 | S/2008 (2002 VT130) 1 | 205 | 2,490 ± 80 |
| 2002 XH91 | Cubewano | 298 | S/2008 (2002 XH91) 1 | 185 | 19,900 ± 100 |
| 2003 FE128 | 1:2 Resonance | 178 | S/2010 (2003 FE128) 1 | 131 | 2,140 ± 50 |
| 2003 HG57 | Cubewano | 156 | S/2010 (2003 HG57) 1 | 156 | 13,200 ± 50 |
| 2003 QY90 | SDO | 81 ± 19 | S/2003 (2003 QY90) 1 | 80 | 8,549 ± 95 |
| 2003 QA91 | Cubewano | 188 ± 24 | S/2006 (2003 QA91) 1 | 180 ± 35 | 1,900 ± 100 |
| 2003 QR91 | Cubewano | 207 ± 21 | S/2007(?) (2003 QR91) 1 | 189 ± 29 | 1,790 ± 60 |
| 2003 TJ58 | Cubewano | 65 ± 15 | S/2006 (2003 TJ58) 1 | 51 ± 12 | 3,840 ± 50 |
| 2003 UN284 | Cubewano | 124+6 −10 |
S/2003 (2003 UN284) 1 | 83+5 −7 |
54,000 ± 2,000 |
| 2003 WU188 | Cubewano | 178 | S/2007(?) (2003 WU188) 1 | 129 | 1,300 ± 100 |
| 2003 YS179 | Cubewano | 126 | S/2008 (2003 YS179) 1 | 110 | 7,830 ± 90 |
| 2003 YU179 | Cubewano | 146 | S/2008 (2003 YU179) 1 | 80 | 2,000 ± 200 |
| 2004 KH19 | Plutino | 179 | S/2011(?) (2004 KH19) 1 | 129 | 13,000 |
| 2004 PB108 | Cubewano | 243 ± 57 | S/2006 (2004 PB108) 1 | 132 ± 31 | 10,400 ± 84 |
| 2005 EF298 | Cubewano | 138 | S/2009 (2005 EF298) 1 | 105 | 7,700 ± 100 |
| 2005 EO304 | Cubewano | 152.4+2 −1.8 |
S/2005 (2005 EO304) 1 | 78+1.5 −1.4 |
69,800 ± 2,050 |
| 2005 GD187 | Cubewano | 123 | S/2009 (2005 GD187) 1 | 102 | 7,600 ± 300 |
| 2005 VZ122 | Cubewano | 124 | S/2008 (2005 VZ122) 1 | 49 | 2,300 ± 300 |
| 2006 BR284 | Cubewano | 89.8+0.8 −1 |
S/2006 (2006 BR284) 1 | 71 ± 1.5 | 25,300 ± 300 |
| 2006 CH69 | Cubewano | 100+12 −10 |
S/2004 (2006 CH69) 1 | 82+10 −8 |
27,000 ± 1,000 |
| 2006 SF369 | 1:3 Resonance | 144 | S/2007 (2006 SF369) 1 | 141 | 3,120 ± 80 |
| HST5 | ? | 135 | S/2005 (hst5) 1 | 135 | 16,400 ± 1,600 |
See also
- Yarkovsky–O'Keefe–Radzievskii–Paddack effect (YORP effect)
References
- 1 2 Dr. William J. Merline & Maria Martinez (2000-10-26). "Astronomers Image Double Asteroid". SwRI Press Release. Retrieved 2009-10-20. (mentions both 90 Antiope and 762 Pulcova)
- ↑ Dunham, David W.; Maley, Paul D. (December 1977). "Possible Observation of a Satellite of a Minor Planet". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 5: 16–17.
- 1 2 3 Wm. Robert Johnston (2009-10-16). "Asteroids with Satellites". Johnston's Archive. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
- ↑ "Satellites and Companions of Minor Planets". IAU / Minor Planet Center. 2009-09-17. Retrieved 2011-01-08.
- ↑ "90 Antiope: Raw Keck Image". SWrI Press Release. August 2000. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
- ↑ "IAUC 8732: S/2006 (624) 1". Retrieved 2011-01-08. (Satellite Discovery)
- ↑ Marchis, F.; Baek, M.; Berthier, J.; Descamps, P.; et al. (2008). "Multiple Asteroid Systems: New Techniques to Study New Worlds" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
- ↑ Satellite of Minor Planet 532 Herculina Discovered During Occultation. David W. Dunham, The Minor Planet Bulletin, Volume 6, p.13–14 (December 1978) ADS archive copy
- ↑ Storrs, Alex Weiss; Zellner; Burleson; Sichitiu; Wells; Kowal; Tholen (1999). "Imaging observations of asteroids with Hubble Space Telescope" (PDF). Icarus. 137 (2): 260–268. Bibcode:1999Icar..137..260S. doi:10.1006/icar.1999.6047.
- ↑ "Astronomers Discover Moon Orbiting Asteroid". SwRI. 1998. Retrieved 2009-10-21. (Eugenia AO image)
- ↑ Merline, W. J. (2001). "IAUC 7741: 2001fc; S/2001 (617) 1; C/2001 T1, C/2001 T2".
- ↑ Chiang, E.; Lithwick, Y.; Buie, M.; Grundy, W.; Holman, M.; A Brief History of Trans-Neptunian Space, to appear in Protostars and Planets V (August 2006) Final preprint on arXiv
- ↑ Daniel W. E. Green (2005-08-11). "IAUC 8582: Sats OF (87)". International Astronomical Union Circular. Retrieved 2011-01-08.
- ↑ Daniel W. E. Green (2007-03-07). "IAUC 8817: S/2004 (45) 1". International Astronomical Union Circular. Retrieved 2011-01-08.
- ↑ Franck Marchis (Principal Investigator, SETI Institute, UC Berkeley). "Franck Marchis Web Page". Department of Astronomy (University of California at Berkeley). Archived from the original on 2007-11-10. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- ↑ Franck Marchis (Principal Investigator, SETI Institute, UC Berkeley) (2008-09-19). "Two Companions Found Near Dog-Bone Asteroid". SETI Institute. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
- ↑ Franck Marchis (2009-08-21). "The discovery of a new triple asteroid – (93) Minerva". Cosmic Diary Blog. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
- 1 2 Noll, Keith S. "Solar System binaries", Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, Proceedings of the 229th Symposium of the IAU, Rio de Janeiro, 2005, Cambridge University Press, 2006., pp. 301–318 Preprint
- ↑ T. Michałowski; et al. (2004). "Eclipsing binary asteroid 90 Antiope". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 423 (3): 1159. Bibcode:2004A&A...423.1159M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040449.
- ↑ Bieryla, Allyson; Parker, J. W. (December 2006). "Search for Satellites around Ceres". 2007 AAS/AAPT Joint Meeting, American Astronomical Society Meeting 209, #25.02; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 38: 933. Bibcode:2006AAS...209.2502B.
- ↑ Santos-Sanz, P.; et al. (2012). ""TNOs are Cool": A Survey of the Transneptunian Region IV. Size/albedo characterization of 15 scattered disk and detached objects observed with Herschel Space Observatory-PACS". arXiv:1202.1481
[astro-ph.EP]. - ↑ Lehtinen, K; Bach, U; Muinonen, K; Poutanen, M; Petrov, L (2 May 2016). "Asteroid sizing by radiogalaxy occultation at 5 GHz". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 822 (2). doi:10.3847/2041-8205/822/2/L21. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ↑ "Happelia satellite". http://www.asteroidoccultation.com. Retrieved 12 March 2017. External link in
|website=(help) - ↑ http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/cbet/000800/CBET000860.txt CBET 860
- ↑ Green, Daniel. "CBET 4262". IAU Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
- Asteroids with Satellites web page, maintained up to date by W. Robert Johnston; and references therein. (last accessed 13-03-2007)
- The VOBAD database a web page built and designed by F. Marchis and his collaborators (UC-Berkeley/SETI Institute) which contains the parameters of 169 multiple asteroid systems (last update May 9, 2009)
External links
- Orbits of Binary Asteroids with Adaptive Optics (Franck Marchis)
- Satellites and Companions of Minor Planets (CBAT)
- Asteroids with Satellites (Robert Johnston)
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