Minestrone

Seasonal Soup

Homemade minestrone in a bowl
Type Soup
Place of origin Italy
Main ingredients Vegetables (beans, onions, celery, carrots, tomatoes), stock or water, often pasta or rice
Cookbook: Seasonal Soup  Media: Seasonal Soup
Minestrone soup

Minestrone (/ˌmɪnɪsˈtroʊni/; Italian: [mineˈstroːne]) is a thick soup of Italian origin made with vegetables, often with the addition of pasta or rice, sometimes both. Common ingredients include beans, onions, celery, carrots, stock, and tomatoes.

There is no set recipe for minestrone, since it is usually made out of whatever vegetables are in season. It can be vegetarian, contain meat, or contain a meat-based broth (such as chicken stock). Angelo Pellegrini, however, argued that the base of minestrone is bean broth, and that borlotti beans (also called Roman beans) "are the beans to use for genuine minestrone".[1]

History

Some of the earliest origins of minestrone soup pre-date the expansion of the Latin tribes of Rome into what became the Roman Kingdom (later Roman Republic and Empire), when the local diet was "vegetarian by necessity" and consisted mostly of vegetables, such as onions, lentils, cabbage, garlic, broad beans, mushrooms, carrots, asparagus, and turnips.[2]

During this time, the main dish of a meal would have been pulte, a simple but filling porridge of spelt flour cooked in salt water, to which whatever vegetables that were available would have been added.[2]

It was not until the 2nd century B.C., when Rome had conquered Italy and monopolized the commercial and road networks, that a huge diversity of products flooded the capital and began to change their diet, and by association, the diet of Italy[2] most notably with the more frequent inclusion of meats, including as a stock for soups.

Spelt flour was also removed from soups, as bread had been introduced into the Roman diet by the Greeks, and pulte became a meal largely for the poor.[3]

The ancient Romans recognized the health benefits of a simple or "frugal" diet (from the Latin fruges, the common name given to cereals, vegetables and legumes) and thick vegetable soups and vegetables remained a staple.[2]

Marcus Apicius's ancient cookbook De Re Coquinaria described polus, a Roman soup dating back to 30 AD made up of farro, chickpeas, and fava beans, with onions, garlic, lard, and greens thrown in.[4]

As eating habits and ingredients changed in Italy, so did minestrone. Apicius updates the pultes and pulticulae with fancy trimmings such as cooked brains and wine.[3]

The introduction of tomatoes and potatoes from the Americas in the mid-16th century changed the soup by making available two ingredients which have since become staples.

The tradition of not losing rural roots continues today, and minestrone is now known in Italy as belonging to the style of cooking called "cucina povera" (literally "poor kitchen") meaning dishes that have rustic, rural roots, as opposed to "cucina nobile" or the cooking style of the aristocracy and nobles.[5]

Like many Italian dishes, minestrone was probably originally not a dish made for its own sake. In other words, one did not gather the ingredients of minestrone with the intention of making minestrone. The ingredients were pooled from ingredients for other dishes, often side dishes or contorni plus whatever was left over, rather like the pulte.

There are two schools of thought on when the recipe for minestrone became more formalized. One argues that in the 17th and 18th centuries minestrone emerged as a soup using exclusively fresh vegetables and was made for its own sake (meaning it no longer relied on left-overs), while the other school of thought argues that the dish had always been prepared exclusively with fresh vegetables for its own sake since the pre-Roman pulte, but the name minestrone lost its meaning of being made with left-overs.

Etymology

The word minestrone, meaning a thick vegetable soup, is attested in English from 1871. It is from Italian minestrone, the augmentative form of minestra, "soup," or more literally, "that which is served," from minestrare, "to serve"[6][7] and cognate with "administer" as in "to administer a remedy."

Modern usage

Because of its unique origins and the absence of a fixed recipe, minestrone varies widely across Italy depending on traditional cooking times, ingredients, and season. Minestrone ranges from a thick and dense texture with very boiled-down vegetables, to a more brothy soup with large quantities of diced and lightly cooked vegetables; it may also include meats.

In modern Italian there are three words corresponding to the English word 'soup': zuppa, which is used in the sense of tomato soup, or fish soup; minestra, which is used in the sense of a more substantial soup such as a vegetable soup, and also for 'dry' soups, namely pasta dishes; and minestrone, which means a very substantial or large soup or stew, though the meaning has now come to be associated with this particular dish.

Regional variations

Minestrone alla Genovese is a variant typical of Liguria, which contains greater use of herbs, including pesto.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Pellegrini, Angelo (2005). The Unprejudiced Palate (Modern Library pbk. ed.). New York: Modern Library. p. 153. ISBN 0812971558.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Mattia, Francesca di, and Zucchelli, Federico (2003). Magna Roma, cibi e bevande di Roma antica. Scipioni. pp. 9–16.
  3. 1 2 http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Apicius/5*.html
  4. ↑ Wasserman-Miller, Norma (1998). Soups of Italy: Cooking over 130 Soups the Italian Way (1st ed.). New York: William Morrow. ISBN 0688150314.
  5. ↑ Werle, Loukie (2008). Italian Country Cooking: the Secrets of Cucina Povera. New York: Metro Books. ISBN 978-1-4351-0126-5.
  6. ↑ Harper, Douglas. "Online Etymology Dictionary: Minestrone". Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  7. ↑ "minestrone". Merriam-Webster. 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
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