Millennium Challenge 2002

Millennium Challenge 2002 (MC02) was a major war game exercise conducted by the United States Armed Forces in mid-2002. The exercise, which ran from July 24 to August 15 and cost $250 million, involved both live exercises and computer simulations. MC02 was meant to be a test of future military "transformation"—a transition toward new technologies that enable network-centric warfare and provide more effective command and control of current and future weaponry and tactics. The simulated combatants were the United States, referred to as "Blue", and an unknown adversary in the Middle East, "Red", with many lines of evidence pointing at Iran being the Red side.

Pre-exercise

MC02 was the first demonstration of a large-scale, high-level-architecture (HLA) simulation consisting of service models/simulations from the Army, Navy, Air Force, and joint models/simulations from the Joint Forces Command J9 Directorate. The engineering effort to build this first federation of simulations was extremely large and complex as it had never been done prior to MC-02. Because the focus of the MC-02 experiment/exercise being Command and Control, emphasis in the engineering effort was focused at basic functionality and interfaces to existing and experimental command and control systems. Functions such as weapons interactions with platform objects (ships, aircraft, tanks, etc.) took back seat to the primary function required of the simulation federation to simulate the command and control environment. As a result of this, the Director, Modeling and Simulation, Navy Warfare Development Command (the Navy experimental sponsor and simulation provider) authored and sent an official command letter to Joint Forces Command, J9 Directorate. The subject of the letter was the MC-02 Simulation Federation Verification, Validation, and Accreditation. The letter specifically addressed the lack of time to invest in the effort of validating weapons interactions and further, specifically validated the Navy representations in the simulation as valid only for purposes of command and control and invalid for weapons systems interactions. This letter was addressed at more than one meeting of the representatives of each service simulation and the Director, Simulation Joint Forces, J9 and accepted as proper. Further, the fact that the weapons interactions would not be considered valid for the purpose of MC-02 was briefed to the experiment and exercise participants including retired Marine Corps Lieutenant General Van Riper.

Exercise action

Lt. Gen. Paul Van Riper

Red, commanded by retired Marine Corps Lieutenant General Paul K. Van Riper, adopted an asymmetric strategy, in particular, using old methods to evade Blue's sophisticated electronic surveillance network. Van Riper used motorcycle messengers to transmit orders to front-line troops and World-War-II-style light signals to launch airplanes without radio communications.

Red received an ultimatum from Blue, essentially a surrender document, demanding a response within 24 hours. Thus warned of Blue's approach, Red used a fleet of small boats to determine the position of Blue's fleet by the second day of the exercise. In a preemptive strike, Red launched a massive salvo of cruise missiles that overwhelmed the Blue forces' electronic sensors and destroyed sixteen warships. This included one aircraft carrier, ten cruisers and five of six amphibious ships. An equivalent success in a real conflict would have resulted in the deaths of over 20,000 service personnel. Soon after the cruise missile offensive, another significant portion of Blue's navy was "sunk" by an armada of small Red boats, which carried out both conventional and suicide attacks that capitalized on Blue's inability to detect them as well as expected.

At this point, the exercise was suspended, Blue's ships were "re-floated", and the rules of engagement were changed; this was later justified by General Peter Pace as follows: "You kill me in the first day and I sit there for the next 13 days doing nothing, or you put me back to life and you get 13 more days' worth of experiment out of me. Which is a better way to do it?"[1] After the reset, both sides were ordered to follow predetermined plans of action.

After the war game was restarted, its participants were forced to follow a script drafted to ensure a Blue Force victory. Among other rules imposed by this script, Red Force was ordered to turn on their anti-aircraft radar in order for them to be destroyed, and was not allowed to shoot down any of the aircraft bringing Blue Force troops ashore.[2] Van Riper also claimed that exercise officials denied him the opportunity to use his own tactics and ideas against Blue Force, and that they also ordered Red Force not to use certain weapons systems against Blue Force and even ordered the location of Red Force units to be revealed.[3]

This led to accusations that the war game had turned from an honest, open, free playtest of U.S. war-fighting capabilities into a rigidly controlled and scripted exercise intended to end in an overwhelming U.S. victory,[2] alleging that "$250 million was wasted".[4]

Aftermath

Van Riper was extremely critical of the scripted nature of the new exercise and resigned from the exercise in the middle of the war game. Van Riper later said that the Vice Admiral Marty Mayer altered the exercise's purpose to reinforce existing doctrine and notions of infallibility within the U.S. military rather than serving as a learning experience.

Van Riper also stated that the war game was rigged so that it appeared to validate the modern, joint-service war-fighting concepts it was supposed to be testing.[3] He was quoted in the ZDF–New York Times documentary The Perfect War (2004)[5] as saying that what he saw in MC02 echoed the same view promoted by the Department of Defense under Robert McNamara before and during the Vietnam War, namely that the U.S. military could not and would not be defeated.

Responding to Van Riper's criticism, Vice Admiral Mayer, who ran the war game and who was charged with developing the military's joint concepts and requirements, stated the following:[3]

Navy Captain John Carman, Joint Forces Command spokesman, said the war game had properly validated all the major concepts which were tested by Blue Force, ignoring the restrictions placed on Van Riper's Red Force that led them to succeed. Based on these findings, Carman stated that recommendations based on the war game's result on areas such as doctrine, training and procurement would be forwarded to General Richard Myers, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[3]

References

  1. ↑ Borger, Julian (2002-09-06). "Wake-up call". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-05-12.
  2. 1 2 Joe Galloway (April 26, 2006). "Rumsfeld's War Games". Military.com. Archived from the original on May 4, 2006. Retrieved 2012-01-03.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Sean D. Naylor (August 26, 2002). "War games rigged? General says Millennium Challenge 02 ‘was almost entirely scripted’". Army Times.
  4. ↑ "The Immutable Nature of War". Nova. PBS.
  5. ↑ "New York Times Television Co-Produces News Documentary The Perfect War with Germany's ZDF". Business Wire. 2004-03-23.
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