Militarized interstate dispute

Militarized interstate disputes (MIDs) are conflicts between states that do not involve a full-scale war. A conflict is described as an MID if it causes fewer than 1000 deaths, and some military force is used.^[1] This can be as little as a military display of force with no deaths. Under this definition, over 2000 MIDs have been identified since 1816 in the Correlates of War project.^[2]

For example, although the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the United States-led coalition would be considered a full-scale war, the bombings and disputes related to American, British, and (until 1996) French control of the Iraqi no-fly zone in the 1990s are described by Frank Wayman as an "MID".^[3]

Research

Some of the findings from research on MIDs:

• Research using a continuous measure of democracy shows that the most democratic nations have few MIDs with one another. There is an ongoing debate regarding whether it is the most authoritarian or the intermediate regimes that have the most MIDs.^[4]
• When examining these MIDs in more detail, the inter-liberal disputes have on the average more hostility, but are less likely to involve third parties, hostility is less likely to be reciprocated, when reciprocated the response is usually proportional to the provocation, and the disputes are less likely to cause any loss of life.^[5]
• Enduring militarized competition between democratic states is rare. After both states have become democratic, there is a decreasing probability for MIDs within a year and this decreases almost to zero within five years.^[6]
• Democracies do sometimes attack nondemocracies. Many earlier papers found that democracies in general are as warlike as nondemocracies, but according to several recent papers democracies are overall slightly less involved in war, initiate wars and MIDs less frequently than nondemocracies, and tend more frequently to seek negotiated resolutions.^[7]
• A recent theory is that democracies can be divided into "pacifist" and "militant". While both avoid attacking other democracies, "militant" democracies have a tendency to distrust and use confrontational policies against dictatorships. Most MIDs by democracies since 1950 have involved only four nations: the United States, the United Kingdom, Israel, and India.^[8]
• MIDs between Western democracies occur to a large degree over maritime territory as opposed to land territory.^[9][10][11]

The Correlates of War (CoW) Militarized Interstate Dispute (MID) dataset

The Correlates of War (CoW) Militarized Interstate Dispute (MID) dataset is the most extensive dataset on MIDs, and has been the basis of much of the published research on MIDs.^[12] However, a 2017 study found that the coding in the dataset was deeply flawed with significant effects on the findings of studies that relied on the dataset: "After strictly applying MID coding rules, we recommend dropping 251 cases (or over 10% of the dataset), as either we were unable to find a militarized incident in the historical record or the dispute appeared elsewhere in the data. We found evidence linking 75 disputes to other cases, and we could not identify 19 cases in the historical record. Among the remaining disputes, we recommend major changes (changes in dispute year, fatality level, and participants) in 234 disputes and minor changes in 1,009 disputes... estimates in our replications of three recent studies of dispute escalation, dispute duration, and dispute reciprocation all witness substantial changes when using corrected data—to the point of reversing previous conclusions in some cases."^[12]

See also

• War
• Democratic Peace Theory

References

1. ↑ Sarkess, Meredith. "The COW Typology of War: Defining and Categorizing Wars (Version 4 of the Data)" (PDF). 
2. ↑ Daniel M. Jones, Stuart A. Bremer and J. David Singer. 1996. "Militarized Interstate Disputes, 1816-1992: Rationale, Coding Rules, and Empirical Patterns." Conflict Management and Peace Science 15(2): 163-213.
3. ↑ Wayman, Frank (2002). "Incidence of Militarized Disputes Between Liberal States, 1816-1992". Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, New Orleans, La., Mar. 23-27, 2002. Archived from the original on March 25, 2005. 
4. ↑ Oneal, John R. & Bruce Russet (2004). "Rule of Three, Let it Be? When More Really Is Better" (PDF). Revised version of paper presented at the annual meeting of the Peace Science Society.  Beck, Nathaniel, Gary King, and Langche Zend (2004). "Theory and Evidence in International Conflict: A Response to de Marchi, Gelpi, and Grynaviski" (PDF). American Political Science Review. 98 (2): 379–389. doi:10.1017/s0003055404001212. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
5. ↑ Wayman, Frank (2002). "Incidence of Militarized Disputes Between Liberal States, 1816-1992". Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, New Orleans, La., Mar. 23-27, 2002. Archived from the original on 2008-04-05. 
6. ↑ Hensel, Paul R., Gary Goertz, and Paul F. Diehl (2000). "The Democratice Peace and Rivalries" (PDF). Journal of Politics. 64: 1173–88. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-05-13. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
7. ↑ Müller, Harald & Jonas Wolff (2004a). "Dyadic Democratic Peace Strikes Back" (PDF). Paper prepared for presentation at the 5th Pan-European International Relations Conference The Hague, September 9–11, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-06-25. 
8. ↑ Müller, Harald (2004b). "The Antimony of Democratic Peace". International Politics. 41 (4): 494–520. doi:10.1057/palgrave.ip.8800089.  Müller, Harald & Jonas Wolff (2004a). "Dyadic Democratic Peace Strikes Back" (PDF). Paper prepared for presentation at the 5th Pan-European International Relations Conference The Hague, September 9–11, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-06-25. 
9. ↑ Mitchell, Sara MacLaughlin; Prins, Brandon C. (1999-03-01). "Beyond Territorial Contiguity: Issues at Stake in Democratic Militarized Interstate Disputes". International Studies Quarterly. 43 (1): 169–183. ISSN 1468-2478. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00115. 
10. ↑ Hensel, Paul R.; Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin; Sowers, Thomas E.; Thyne, Clayton L. (2008-02-01). "Bones of Contention Comparing Territorial, Maritime, and River Issues". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 52 (1): 117–143. ISSN 0022-0027. doi:10.1177/0022002707310425. 
11. ↑ Steinsson, Sverrir (2016-03-22). "The Cod Wars: a re-analysis". European Security. 0 (0): 1–20. ISSN 0966-2839. doi:10.1080/09662839.2016.1160376. 
12. 1 2 Gibler, Douglas M.; Miller, Steven V.; Little, Erin K. (2016-12-01). "An Analysis of the Militarized Interstate Dispute (MID) Dataset, 1816–2001". International Studies Quarterly. 60 (4): 719–730. ISSN 0020-8833. doi:10.1093/isq/sqw045. 

External links

• A definition of MIDs