Mihirakula

Mihirakula
Tegin of the Alchon Huns

Portrait of Mihirakula.[1]
Reign 515-540
Predecessor Toramana
Successor Toramana II
Died 542
Religion Hinduism
Coin of Mihirakula.
Mihirakula led campaigns from Alchon territories into Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.
The defeat of the Alchon Huns under Mihirakula by King Yasodharman at Sondani in 528 CE.
The Vishnu nicolo seal representing Vishnu with a worshipper (possibly Mihirakula), 4th–6th century CE. The inscription in cursive Bactrian reads: "Mihira, Vishnu and Shiva". British Museum.

Mihirakula, also Mahiragula, was one of the most important rulers of the Alchon Huns, whose territory was in the present-day territories of Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern and central India. Mihirakula was a son of Toramana who was a secondary prince of the Indian part of the Hephthalite Empire. Mihirakula ruled his empire from 502 to 530.[2]

Etymology

The name "Mihirakula" is most likely of Iranian origin and may have the meaning "Mithra's Begotten", as translated by Janos Harmatta.[3] Cognates are also known from Sanskrit sources, though these are most likely borrowed from the neighbouring East Iranian languages.

Description

Cosmas Indicopleustes

The 6th-century Alexandrian traveler Cosmas Indicopleustes states that the Hephthalites in India reached the zenith of its power under Mihirakula, whom he calls "Gollas" from the last part of his name.[4]

"Higher up in India, that is, farther to the north, are the White Huns. The one called Gollas when going to war takes with him, it is said, no fewer than two thousand elephants, and a great force of cavalry. He is the lord of India, and oppressing the people forces them to pay tribute.
— Cosmas Indicopleustes, Book XI

Xuanzang

"The Record of the Western Regions" by the 7th-century Chinese traveler Hsüan-tsang describes Mihirakula as:

"He was of quick tallent and naturally brave. He subdued all the neighboring provinces without exception."

However Xuanzang also explained that Mihirakula ordered the destruction of Buddhism and the expulsion of monks.[5] In a fanciful account, Xuanzang, who wrote in 630 CE, reported that Mihirakula had conquered all India except for an island where the king of Maghada named Balditya (who could be Gupta ruler Narasimhagupta Baladitya) took refuge, but that Mihirakula was finally captured by the Indian king, who later spared his life.[6][5] Xuanzang goes on explaining that meanwhile the brother of Mihirakula had seized power over the Hephthalites. Mihirakula set off for Kashmir where the king received him with honor. After a few years Mihirakula incited a revolt against the king of Kashmir and seized his power. Then he invaded Gandhara located westward, and killed many of its inhabitants and destroyed its Buddhist shrines. But Mihirakula died shortly afterwards.[4][7]

Gwalior inscription

The Gwalior inscription issued in the 15th regnal year of Mihirakula shows his territory at least included Gwalior in Madhya Pradesh, central India:

"(There was) a ruler of [the earth], of great merit, who was renowned by the name of the glorious Tôramâna; by whom, through (his) heroism that was specially characterised by truthfulness, the earth was governed with justice.

Of him, the fame of whose family has risen high, the son (is) he, of unequalled prowess, the lord of the earth, who is renowned under the name of Mihirakula, (and) who, (himself) unbroken, [broke the power of] Pasupati."

Sondani columns inscription

Mihirakula suffered a defeat by the Aulikara king Yasodharman of Malwa[8] in 528, and the Gupta emperor Narasimhagupta who previously paid Mihirakula tribute. The defeat at the battle of Sondani, resulted in the loss of Alchon possessions in the Punjab and north India by 542.[9] In a part of the Sondani inscription, Yasodharman thus praises himself for having defeated king Mihirakula:[10]

"He (Yasodharman) to whose two feet respect was paid, with complimentary presents of the flowers from the lock of hair on the top of (his) head, by even that (famous) king Mihirakula, whose forehead was pained through being bent low down by the strength of (his) arm in (the act of compelling) obeisance"
— Sondani pillar inscription[11]

Persecution of Gandharan Buddhists

Mihirakula is remembered by Buddhist sources to have been "terrible persecutor of their religion" in Gandhara — a region in northern Pakistan.[2] Under his reign, over a thousand Buddhist monasteries throughout Gandhara are said to have been destroyed.[12]

Notes

  1. ↑ CNG Coins
  2. 1 2 Grousset, Rene (1970), The Empire of the Steppes, Rutgers University Press, p. 71, ISBN 0-8135-1304-9
  3. ↑ Janos Harmatta, "The Rise of the Old Persian Empire: Cyrus the Great," AAASH Acta Antiqua Acadamie Scientiarum Hungaricae 19, 197, pp. 4-15.
  4. 1 2 Dani, Ahmad Hasan (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 142. ISBN 8120815408. Retrieved November 5, 2012.
  5. 1 2 Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks by Jason Neelis p.168
  6. ↑ Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas by Ashvini Agrawal p.245
  7. ↑ Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas by Ashvini Agrawal p.245
  8. ↑ Ojha, N.K. (2001). The Aulikaras of Central India: History and Inscriptions, Chandigarh: Arun Publishing House, ISBN 81-85212-78-3, p.52
  9. ↑ Klaus Vondrovec (2014). Coinage of the Iranian Huns and Their Successors from Bactria to Gandhara (4th to 8th Century CE). ISBN 978-3-7001-7695-4.
  10. ↑ Coin Cabinet of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna
  11. ↑ Punjab Monitor, April 2013 , from Fleet, John F. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of the Early Guptas. Vol. III. Calcutta: Government of India, Central Publications Branch, 1888, 147-148.
  12. ↑ Behrendt, Kurt A. (2004). Handbuch der Orientalistik. BRILL. ISBN 9789004135956.
Preceded by
Toramana		 Tegin of the Alchon Huns
515-540 		Succeeded by
Toramana II
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