Reductive amination

Reductive amination (also known as reductive alkylation) is a form of amination that involves the conversion of a carbonyl group to an amine via an intermediate imine. The carbonyl group is most commonly a ketone or an aldehyde. It is considered the most important way to make amines, and a majority of amines made in the pharmaceutical industry are made this way.[1]

Reaction process

In this organic reaction, the amine first reacts with the carbonyl group to form a hemiaminal species, which subsequently loses one molecule of water in a reversible manner by alkylimino-de-oxo-bisubstitution, to form the imine. The equilibrium between aldehyde/ketone and imine can be shifted toward imine formation by removal of the formed water through physical or chemical means. This intermediate imine can then be isolated and reduced with a suitable reducing agent (e.g., sodium borohydride). This method is sometimes called indirect reductive amination.

Imine formation and reduction occur sequentially in one pot. This approach, known as direct reductive amination, employs reducing agents that are more reactive toward protonated imines than towards the ketone/aldehyde precursors. These hydride reagents also must tolerate moderately acidic conditions. Typical reagents that meet these criteria include sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH3CN) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (NaBH(OCOCH3)3).[2] This reaction can be performed in an aqueous environment, which casts doubt on the necessity of forming the imine.[3][4] Possibly the reaction proceeds via reduction of the hemiaminal species.[5]

This reaction is related to the Eschweiler–Clarke reaction, in which amines are methylated to tertiary amines, the Leuckart–Wallach reaction,[6] or by other amine alkylation methods such as the Mannich reaction and Petasis reaction.

A classic named reaction is the Mignonac reaction (1921)[7] involving reaction of a ketone with ammonia over a nickel catalyst for example in a synthesis of 1-phenylethylamine starting from acetophenone:[8]

Nowadays, one-pot reductive amination fulfil by acid-metal catalysts that act as a hydride transfer. Many research study on this kind of reaction that show high efficiency.[9]

In industry, tertiary amines such as triethylamine and diisopropylethylamine are formed directly from ketones with a gaseous mixture of ammonia and hydrogen and a suitable catalyst.

Biochemistry

A step in the biosynthesis of many α-amino acids is the reductive amination of an α-ketoacid, usually by a transaminase enzyme. The process is catalyzed by pyridoxamine phosphate, which is converted into pyridoxal phosphate after the reaction. The initial step entails formation of an imine, but the hydride equivalents are supplied by a reduced pyridine to give an aldimine, which hydrolyzes to the amine.[10] The sequence from keto-acid to amino acid can be summarized as follows:

HO2CC(O)R → HO2CC(=NCH2–X)R → HO2CCH(N=CH–X)R → HO2CCH(NH2)R.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Stuart Warren & Paul Wyatt (2008). Organic Synthesis : the disconnection approach (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-470-71236-8.
  2. ↑ Baxter, Ellen W.; Reitz, Allen B. (2004). "Reductive Aminations of Carbonyl Compounds with Borohydride and Borane Reducing Agents". In Overman, Larry E. Organic Reactions. pp. 1–714. ISBN 978-0-471-17655-8. doi:10.1002/0471264180.or059.01.
  3. ↑ Sato, Shinya; Sakamoto, Takeshi; Miyazawa, Etsuko; Kikugawa, Yasuo (2004). "One-pot reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones with α-picoline-borane in methanol, in water, and in neat conditions". Tetrahedron. 60 (36): 7899–906. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2004.06.045.
  4. ↑ Dunsmore, Colin J.; Carr, Reuben; Fleming, Toni; Turner, Nicholas J. (2006). "A Chemo-Enzymatic Route to Enantiomerically Pure Cyclic Tertiary Amines". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 128 (7): 2224–5. PMID 16478171. doi:10.1021/ja058536d.
  5. ↑ Tarasevich, Vladimir A; Kozlov, Nikolai G (1999). "Reductive amination of oxygen-containing organic compounds". Russian Chemical Reviews. 68 (1): 55–72. Bibcode:1999RuCRv..68...55T. doi:10.1070/RC1999v068n01ABEH000389.
  6. ↑ George, Frederick & Saunders, Bernard (1960). Practical Organic Chemistry, 4th Ed. London: Longman. p. 223. ISBN 9780582444072.
  7. ↑ Nouvelle méthodegénérale de préparation des amines à partir des aldéhydes ou des cétones. M. Georges Mignonac, Compt. rend., 172, 223 (1921).
  8. ↑ Robinson, John C.; Snyder, H. R. (1955). "α-Phenylethylamine". Org. Synth. doi:10.1002/0471264180.os023.27.; Coll. Vol., 3, p. 717
  9. ↑ Kalbasi, Roozbeh Javad; Mazaheri, Omid (2015). "Synthesis and characterization of hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite containing Ni nanoparticles for one-pot reductive amination of aldehydes with nitroarenes". Catalysis Communications. 69: 86–91. doi:10.1016/j.catcom.2015.05.016.
  10. ↑ Nelson, D. L.; Cox, M. M. "Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry" 3rd Ed. Worth Publishing: New York, 2000. ISBN 1-57259-153-6.
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