Midway Games

Midway Games Inc.
Public
Industry Interactive entertainment
Fate Bankruptcy
Successor NetherRealm Studios
Founded 1958 (reincorporated as a new company in 1988)
Defunct 2010 (2010)
Headquarters Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Products Ms. Pac-Man
Spy Hunter
Rampage
Mortal Kombat
NBA Jam
Cruis'n
NFL Blitz
Revenue Increase US$219.6 million (FY 2008)[1]
Decrease -US$191.0 million (FY 2008)[1]
Number of employees
 540 (February 2009)[1]
Website www.midway.com

Midway Games, Inc. (formerly Midway Manufacturing and Midway) was an American video game developer and publisher. Midway's franchises included Mortal Kombat, Rampage, Spy Hunter, NBA Jam, Cruis'n, and NFL Blitz. Midway also acquired the rights to video games that were originally developed by Williams Electronics and Atari Games, such as Defender, Joust, Robotron 2084, Gauntlet, and the Rush series.

The company's predecessor Midway Manufacturing was founded in 1958, as an amusement game manufacturer. In 1973 it moved into the interactive entertainment industry, developing and publishing arcade video games. The company scored its first mainstream hit with the U.S. distribution of Space Invaders in 1978. Midway was purchased and re-incorporated in 1988 by WMS Industries Inc. After years as a leader in the arcade segment, Midway moved into the growing home video game market beginning in 1996, the same year that it made its initial public offering of stock. In 1998 WMS spun off its remaining shares of Midway. Midway was ranked the fourth largest-selling video game publisher in 2000.[2]

After 2000, Midway continued to develop and publish video games for home and handheld video game machines, but it experienced large annual net losses and engaged in a series of stock and debt offerings and other financings and borrowings. Sumner Redstone, the head of Viacom/CBS Corporation, increased his stake in Midway from about 15%, in 1998, to about 87% by the end of 2007.[3] In December 2008, Redstone sold all his stock and $70 million of Midway debt to Mark Thomas, a private investor, for $100,000.[4]

In February 2009, Midway Games filed in Delaware for bankruptcy.[5] Warner Bros. purchased most of Midway's assets (including Mortal Kombat), and Midway settled with Mark Thomas to relinquish his Midway stock and debt.[6][7] The U.S. District Court in Chicago dismissed a lawsuit alleging that former officers of Midway misled shareholders while selling their own stock.[8] In 2010, the bankruptcy court dismissed claims against Redstone concerning his sale of the company to Thomas and approved Midway's plan of liquidation.[9] Midway terminated the public registration of its securities in June 2010.[10]

History

Arcade games

Midway Mfg. Co. began in 1958 as an independent manufacturer of amusement equipment.[11] It was purchased by Bally in 1969. Bally, at that time, was a leader in the manufacture of slot machines.[12] After some years making mechanical arcade games such as puck bowling and simulated western shoot-out, Midway became in 1973 an early American maker of arcade video games. Throughout the 1970s, Midway had a close alliance with Japanese video game publisher Taito, with both companies regularly licensing their games to each other for distribution in their respective country. Midway entered the consumer market in 1977 by releasing the Bally Home Library Computer, eventually renamed Bally Astrocade. This was the only home game system ever to be developed by the company and was discontinued in 1985.[12]

Meanwhile, Midway's breakthrough success came in 1978, with the licensing and distribution of Taito's seminal arcade game Space Invaders in America.[12] This was followed by Midway's licensing and distributing the hit U.S. version of Namco's Pac-Man in 1980, and its unauthorized sequel, Ms. Pac-Man, in 1981.[13][14] Also in 1982, Bally merged its pinball division with Midway to form the Bally/Midway Manufacturing division. Three games released that year, including Satan's Hollow, were the first to feature the Bally/Midway brand. From the late 1970s through the late 1980s, Midway was the leading producer of arcade video games in the United States.

The Bally/Midway division of Bally was purchased in 1988 by the arcade and pinball game company Williams Electronics Games through its holding company WMS Industries Inc. Midway moved its headquarters from Franklin Park, Illinois to Williams' then-headquarters in Chicago, and WMS reincorporated Midway as a Delaware corporation.[1] Although WMS retained many R&D employees from the original Midway, only two game designers were retained: Rampage designers Brian Colin and Jeff Nauman. WMS obtained the right from Bally to use the "Bally" brand for its pinball games since Bally had completely left the arcade/pinball industry to concentrate on casinos and slot machines.

Under WMS ownership, Midway initially continued to produce arcade games under the Bally/Midway label, while producing pinball machines under the "Bally" brand. In 1991, however, Midway absorbed Williams' video game division and started making arcade games under its own name again, without the "Bally" part. In 1992, the company's The Addams Family machine became the best selling pinball game of all time.[12] In 1996, WMS purchased Time-Warner Interactive, which included Atari Games, a part of the former giant Atari Inc.. Also in 1996, Midway changed its original corporate name, Midway Manufacturing, to Midway Games Inc., due to its entrance in the home console market. The original arcade division of the company became Midway Amusement Games and the newly created home division was named Midway Home Entertainment.[15]

Spin-off and home video game focus

In 1996, WMS made a public offering of Midway stock and, at the same time, WMS transferred its video game copyrights and trademarks, including Defender, Robotron: 2084 and Joust, to Midway.[12] In 1998, WMS spun off its remaining 86.8% interest in Midway to the WMS shareholders, making Midway an independent entity for the first time in almost 30 years.[16] Midway kept Atari Games as a wholly owned subsidiary as part of this spin-off. Midway retained or shared some of the WMS executive staff and used some common facilities with WMS for a few more years. Over several years, Midway gradually terminated all material agreements and executive overlap with WMS and had a declining number of common members of its Board of Directors, until it shared only one with its former parent company.

By 1999, Midway left the pinball industry (it had earlier transferred most of its pinball assets to WMS in 1996 in exchange for video game assets of WMS) to concentrate on video games. In January 2000, Midway changed the name of its "Atari Games" subsidiary to Midway Games West to avoid confusion with the other Atari company, then owned by Hasbro Interactive. In June 2001, Midway closed its arcade division due to financial losses. In February 2003, Midway shut down Midway Games West, ending what was left of the original Atari. After losing money each year since 2000, Midway's losses accelerated in 2003, as it lost $115 million on sales of about $93 million.[17] Despite these losses, the company was able to finance its business with stock and debt offerings and various credit arrangements. In 2003, Sumner Redstone, a significant minority shareholder since the company's spinoff, began to increase his stake in the company and soon owned 80% of the stock.[18]

In 2004, in an effort to expand its market share, Midway began a purchasing spree of independent video game development studios to strengthen its product development teams[19] In April 2004, Midway acquired Surreal Software of Seattle, Washington. In October 2004, it acquired Inevitable Entertainment of Austin, Texas (which became Midway Austin). In December 2004, it acquired Paradox Development of Moorpark, California. On August 4, 2005, Midway acquired privately held Australian developer Ratbag Games. The studio was renamed Midway Studios—Australia. Four months later, on December 13, Midway announced to its employees there that it was shutting the studio down, leaving its employees based at that studio without a job. Two days later, on December 15, the studio was closed and their Adelaide premises emptied. During 2004 and 2005, Midway lost $20 million on sales of $162 million, and $112 million on sales of $150 million, respectively.[17] Redstone voted his shares to elect his daughter Shari Redstone to Midway's board of directors and later as the chair of the board.[17]

Midway was ranked as the #4 video game publisher by sales in 2000.[2] It was ranked as the #19 video game publisher in 2005 and had fallen to #20 in 2006, according to the magazine Game Developer.[20]

Late 2000s and bankruptcy filing

In 2006 and 2007, Midway lost a further $77 million on sales of $166 million and $100 million on sales of $157 million, respectively. It continued to finance its business with debt offerings and other credit arrangements.[17] As of 2007, Midway Games was engaged in a legal battle with Mindshadow Entertainment for the Psi-Ops video game rights. Mindshadow alleged that Midway copied Psi-Ops's story from a screenplay written and owned by their client. On December 2, 2008 Judge Florence-Marie Cooper of the United States District Court for the Central District of California issued a ruling granting summary judgment on all counts in Midway's favor. Judge Cooper found no evidence of copyright infringement.[21]

On March 6, 2007, Midway reported that it had entered into a new $90m credit agreement with National Amusements, a company controlled by Sumner Redstone.[17] Midway's CEO, David Zucker, stated that the introduction of Unreal Tournament 3, and the company's growing success in mass-market games, were setting it up for a "significant 2008".[22] On March 21, 2008, Zucker resigned as CEO. He was the third executive to resign from the company in three months. Succeeding Zucker as CEO was former Senior Vice President Matt Booty.[23] During the summer of 2008, in an effort to trim costs, Midway closed its Los Angeles and Austin studios.[24] These closures left Midway with four studios, in Chicago, Seattle, San Diego and Newcastle, England. In November 2008, Midway reported that its cash and other resources "may not be adequate to fund... working capital requirements" and that it "would need to initiate cost cutting measures or seek additional liquidity sources".[25] On November 20, 2008, Midway retained Lazard to assist it "in the evaluation of strategic and financial alternatives".[26] The next day, Midway received a NYSE delisting notice, after its stock's price fell below one dollar.[27]

On December 2, 2008, Sumner Redstone sold his 87 percent stake in Midway Games to Mark Thomas, a private investor, through his company MT Acquisition Holdings LLC.[24] Thomas's company paid approximately $100,000, or $0.0012 per share. Thomas also received $70 million of Midway's debt owed to Redstone.[4][28] National Amusements took a significant loss on the sale, although the loss allowed it to benefit from tax losses.[29] In December 2008, Midway disclosed that it might default on $240 million of debt after the sale of stock to Thomas triggered clauses in two bond issues totalling $150 million of debt that allowed the bondholders to demand full repayment.[30]

In 2008, Midway lost $191 million on sales of $220 million, and Redstone's sale of his shares to Thomas eliminated Midway's ability to take advantage of accumulated net operating losses and other tax assets potentially worth more than $700 million.[7][24] On February 12, 2009, Midway and its U.S. subsidiaries filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. The company began to operate as a Debtor in possession.[24] A company spokesperson said, "We felt this was a logical next step for our organization, considering the change in control triggered the acceleration of the repayment options ... we're looking to reorganize and to come out on the other side stronger."[28]

2009 sales of assets

Midway announced on May 21, 2009 that it had received a takeover bid from Warner Bros., valued at more than $33 million, to acquire most of the company's assets, including Midway's Chicago and Seattle studios and rights to the Mortal Kombat and Wheelman series. The offer did not include the San Diego and Newcastle studios or the TNA video game series.[31][32] Midway had previously worked with Warner Bros. on several games including Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe. Midway announced on May 28, 2009 that it would "accept binding offers up to June 24, 2009, to acquire some or all of the Company's assets." An auction was to be held on June 29, followed by a court hearing to approve the sale to the winning bidder or bidders. However, no other bids were placed for Midway's assets, and so the auction was canceled.[33] On July 1, 2009, the bankruptcy court approved the sale of most of the company's assets to Warner Bros.[34] subject to the intellectual property claims of a third party, Threshold Entertainment, which produced two Mortal Kombat films and some other Mortal Kombat entertainment properties.[35]

On July 8, 2009, Midway disclosed that it intended to close the San Diego studio by September. However, on August 19, 2009, THQ purchased the San Diego studio for $740,000 and extinguished Midway obligations to it.[36][37] On July 10, 2009, pursuant to the terms of the Settlement Agreement that was approved by the bankruptcy court, Midway agreed to pay to affiliates of its majority owner, Mark Thomas, approximately $4.7 million in full satisfaction of all Midway debt to Thomas and his affiliates, and Thomas and his affiliates granted to Midway's Creditors' Committee an irrevocable proxy to vote his controlled shares of common stock in Midway and forever relinquished the right to vote or dispose of the shares.[38] The settlement reduced Thomas's claims by 93 percent,[7] and Midway continued to operate as a Debtor in Possession.[6] Also on July 10, 2009, the sale of assets to Warner Bros. was completed. The total gross purchase price for the sale was approximately $49 million, including receivables, and Warner Bros. assumed liabilities. The sale also triggered payments under Midway's Key Employee Incentive Plan of approximately $2.4 million to company executives.[6] The Midway Chicago studio, responsible for the Mortal Kombat series and other games, became part of Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment and was later rebranded NetherRealm Studios.[39]

On July 14, 2009, Midway announced that it had closed the Newcastle studio and terminated 75 employees.[40] On August 19, 2009, Midway sold its French and German subsidiaries to holding companies called Spiess Media Holding UG and F+F Publishing GmbH, respectively. Speiss also purchased Midway's London publishing subsidiary on the same day. The European sales resulted in cash proceeds of $1.7 million and the elimination of related intercompany claims.[36] In September 2009, Midway shut down its Chicago headquarters and terminated all but a few of its remaining employees. Many of the former Midway employees at the Chicago studio acquired by Warner Bros. were retained by Warner Bros.[6][8][41] On October 2, 2009 Midway and two of its subsidiaries, Midway Home Entertainment and Midway Studios Los-Angeles, sold intellectual property assets, including Midway's TNA video game licenses, to SouthPeak Games for $100,000 and the assumption of related liabilities.[42] Midway was no longer selling games in October 2009 and had disposed of all fixed assets by that time.[43]

Lawsuits and liquidation

In October 2009, the U.S. District Court in Chicago dismissed a lawsuit against former officers of Midway alleging that they had misled shareholders while selling their own stock. The judge ruled that Midway's shareholders had not shown that the executives "said or did anything more than publicly adopt a hopeful posture that its strategic plans would pay off".[8][44] On January 29, 2010, the bankruptcy court dismissed claims brought by Midway creditors for fraud and breach of duty against Sumner Redstone, Shari Redstone and Midway's other directors, concerning his 2008 loans to the company and his subsequent sale of his 87% stake in the company to Mark Thomas, which increased Midway's net debt and wiped out the company's net operating losses and other tax assets. Judge Kevin Gross wrote that his decision was "not an endorsement of any of the defendants' actions. ... The defendants oversaw the ruin of a once highly successful company, only to hide behind the protective skirt of Delaware law, which the court is bound to apply." The court permitted other creditor claims to continue.[7]

In February 2010, Midway filed its proposed plan of liquidation with the bankruptcy court. Under the plan, intercompany claims would be extinguished and a partial recovery would be allowed to the unsecured creditors of Midway Games (who held $155 million of claims) to the extent of about 16.5%, and to the unsecured creditors of Midway's subsidiaries (who held $36.7 million of claims) of about 25%. Any settlement amount under the lawsuit against National Amusements was to be paid to the two groups of unsecured creditors in the same ratio. Holders of secured and priority claims were to be paid in full, National Amusements would not receive any payment under its Subordinated Loan Agreement, and the equity holders would not receive any payment.[45] On May 21, 2010, the bankruptcy court approved the plan of liquidation. Unsecured creditors of Midway shared approximately $25.5 million, and unsecured creditors of the company's subsidiaries shared about $9.2 million.[9] A liquidating trust, administered by Buchwald Capital Advisors LLC as the Trustee, was created to pursue any remaining rights of Midway's bankruptcy estate and distribute any proceeds to Midway's remaining creditors.[46]

On June 9, 2010, the company filed a Form 15 with the Securities and Exchange Commission, terminating the public registration of its securities.[10] The creditors' settlement of their lawsuit against Redstone's company, National Amusements, in the total amount of $1 million, was approved by the bankruptcy court on June 21, 2010. This ended the outstanding claims against Redstone and his companies.[47] Since December 2010, the trustee for the liquidating trust of the company, Buchwald Capital Advisors LLC, has filed 57 avoidance actions seeking to recover a total of $2,936,736 in transfers made by Midway to creditors prior to its bankruptcy filing.[48][49] In March 2011, the court dismissed the adversary proceeding by Threshold Entertainment.[35]

Subsidiaries and studios

Publishing and distribution

Sold
Defunct

Studios

Sold
Defunct

List of arcade games developed or licensed

Video games

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Originally developed by Atari Games
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Originally developed by Williams
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Co-owned by Nintendo
  4. 1 2 3 4 Owned by Namco

Pinball

All games were released under the Bally brand, except as noted.

Selected console and PC games developed or licensed by Midway

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Midway Games Inc 2008 Annual Report - Form 10-K - April 6, 2009." (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
  2. 1 2 Hong, Quang. "Midway Fourth". Gamasutra, February 1, 2000, accessed April 5, 2011
  3. ↑ "Midway Games Form 10-K". Sec.gov. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
  4. 1 2 "Redstone sells Midway Games to ease debt", Reuters, December 1, 2008
  5. ↑ "IGN story: Midway files for bankruptcy". Uk.xbox360.ign.com. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Midway Games Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 16, 2009
  7. 1 2 3 4 Bathon, Michael. "Redstone, Board Win Dismissal of Midway Creditor Suit", Business Week, February 3, 2010
  8. 1 2 3 Guy, Sandra. "Judge: Shareholders fail to show Midway Games execs hid financial condition", Chicago Sun-Times, October 27, 2009
  9. 1 2 Bathon, Michael. "Midway Games Wins Court Approval of Liquidating Plan". Business Week, May 21, 2010
  10. 1 2 Form 15: Midway Games Inc. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, filed June 9, 2010
  11. ↑ "Midway Expanding Its Game Line" (PDF). Billboard Magazine. July 22, 1967. p. 57.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 "Williams-Bally-Midway the 'Roman Empire' of Gaming", Gamester81 Enterprises, January 6, 2012
  13. ↑ from Atarigames 2 years ago (2010-10-04). "Doug Macrae from GCC speaks at California Extreme 2010". Vimeo.com. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
  14. ↑ Worley, Joyce (May 1982). "Women Join the Arcade Revolution". Electronic Games. 1 (3): 30–33 [33]. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  15. ↑ Over the years, Midway's arcade system boards included the following: Astrocade; MCR, MCR II, MCR III and MCR-68; T Unit (1993) and X Unit (1991–1994); Y Unit (1991–1992); V Unit (1994–1997); Wolf Unit (1995–1997); Zeus (1997–1999) and Zeus II (1999–2001); Seattle; Vegas; Quicksilver II; and Williams Z Unit (used only with NARC).
  16. ↑ Midway Games Form S-3 filed with the SEC and dated on November 27, 2001
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 "Midway Games Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for 2007". Sec.gov. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
  18. ↑ Midway's 2005 and 2006 annual reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, available on its website at www.sec.gov.
  19. ↑ Midway's May 2005 quarterly report filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, available on its website at www.sec.gov.
  20. ↑ Game Developer's Top 20 Publishers, 2006 from Gamasutra, 2006, accessed April 5, 2011
  21. ↑ "Case No. 2:07-cv-00967-FMC-JCx (docket entry No. 175)". Ecf.cacd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
  22. ↑ French, Michael. "MCV Reports Midway Financials". Mcvuk.com. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
  23. ↑ Matt Booty appointed interim CEO, Chicago Tribune, 2008.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Midway Games Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, filed with the SEC on April 6, 2009
  25. ↑ "Midway Games Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the first 9 months of 2008". Sec.gov. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
  26. ↑ Midway Games Inc. current report on Form 8-K dated December 4, 2008
  27. ↑ Midway Games Receives NYSE Delisting Notice, Digital Media Wire
  28. 1 2 "Mortal Kombat maker Midway Games files for bankruptcy", Chicago Tribune, February 13, 2009, accessed February 3, 2011
  29. ↑ "Redstone Sells Midway for $100,000 to Ease Debt", Gamasutra
  30. ↑ Wong, Wailin. "Midway Games says it may default on $240 million in debt", Chicago Tribune, December 5, 2008
  31. ↑ Brian Crecente (2009-05-21). "Warner Bros. Offers to Buy Most of Midway - Midway". Kotaku. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
  32. ↑ Fritz, Ben; Pham, Alex (2009-05-22). "Warner Bros. makes bid for Midway Games". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
  33. ↑ Fritz, Ben; Pham, Alex (2009-06-27). "Warner Bros. emerges as sole bidder for Midway Games". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
  34. ↑ Dunca, Geoff. "Time Warner Buying Most of Midway Games for $33 Mln". Digital Trends. Retrieved 2009-07-06.
  35. 1 2 Gross, Kevin. In re: Midway Games Inc., et al., Debtors, Bankruptcy No. 09-10465; Threshold Entertainment, Inc. v. Midway Games Inc., et al., Adv. Case No. 09-51081, U.S. Bankruptcy Court, D. Delaware, March 29, 2011; and "Finish Him! Bankruptcy Court Dismissed Suit Over Mortal Kombat Intellectual Property Rights for Lack of Subject-Matter Jurisdiction", Morris James, LLP, September 2, 2011
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 "Midway Games' Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 25, 2009 with the SEC". Sec.gov. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
  37. 1 2 GDN: THQ To Obtain Midway’s San Diego Studio, gamersdailynews.com
  38. ↑ Mark Thomas Form 4, filed with the SEC on July 13, 2009
  39. 1 2 Murphy, Joseph. "New Mortal Kombat coming 2011 says Warner Brothers". TheGamingLiberty.com, June 10, 2010
  40. ↑ French, Michael. "Lights out for Midway Newcastle", Develop online, July 14, 2009
  41. ↑ "Midway's Chicago HQ closing, final buyout price $49 million", Gamespot
  42. ↑ Midway Games Form 8-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission as of October 2, 2009
  43. ↑ "October financial report filed with the bankruptcy court and on form 8-K with the SEC". Sec.gov. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
  44. ↑ Hassen, Michael J. "Zerger v. Midway Games: Illinois Federal Court Dismisses Securities Fraud Class Action", Jeffer Mangels Butler & Marmaro LLP website, November 12, 2009
  45. ↑ "Details of Midway Games Inc.'s Proposed Plan of Liquidation from netDockets Corporate Restructuring & Bankruptcy Blog" Archived May 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  46. ↑ "Midway Games – CDDJ Bankruptcy Adversary Proceedings Report of Complaints, Dismissals, Defaults, Judgments", Burbage & Weddell LLC, September 24, 2012
  47. ↑ Rochelle, Bill. "Rangers, Neenah, Neff, Midway Games, Age: Bankruptcy". Bloomberg, June 25, 2010. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
  48. ↑ Reese, Randall. "Midway Games Liquidating Trustee Begins Filing Avoidance Actions". Corporate Restructuring & Bankruptcy Blog, January 4, 2011
  49. ↑ Jones, Roland. "Midway Games Inc. Cases". JonesandAssociates.com, April 27, 2011
  50. 1 2 3 Gilbert, Ben (2009-08-12). "UK and France offices bought for 1 euro (combined)". Joystiq.com. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
  51. 1 2 "Midway Ltd and SAS now Tradewest Games", next-gen.biz
  52. ↑ "Happ Controls Acquires Midway Amusement Games' Coin-Operated Videogame Parts and Service Business". Happcontrols.com. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
  53. ↑ "RIP Midway Games 1958-2009 (In Name Only)". TRMK. 2009-07-10. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
  54. ↑ "Mortal Kombat team sheds Midway skin for 'WB Games Chicago'". Joystiq. 2009-07-27. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
  55. ↑ Wong, Wailin. "Midway Games to close San Diego studio", chicagotribune.com, July 8, 2009 Archived July 11, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  56. ↑ Petitte, Omri (2012-12-19). "THQ declares bankruptcy, will continue publishing duties". PC Gamer. Retrieved 2014-01-19.
  57. ↑ Gilbert, Ben. "From the ashes of Midway Newcastle, Atomhawk Design rises", Joystiq, September 3, 2009
  58. ↑ Makuch, Eddie. "Pitbull Bites Back". GameSpot.com, July 14, 2010
  59. ↑ "Blast from the Past: Bally's Corvette Pinball Game - Corvette Online". 20 November 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  60. ↑ "The Internet Pinball Machine Database". Ipdb.org. 1987-10-23. Retrieved 2013-01-06.


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