Mid front rounded vowel
| Mid front rounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ø̞ | |
| œ̝ | |
| IPA number | 310 430 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) |
ø̞ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+00F8 U+031E |
| X-SAMPA |
2_o or 9_r |
| Braille |
   |
The mid front rounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Acoustically it is a mid front-central rounded vowel.[1]
Although there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the "exact" mid front rounded vowel between close-mid [ø] and open-mid [œ], ⟨ø⟩ is generally used. If precision is desired, diacritics can be used, such as ⟨ø̞⟩ or ⟨œ̝⟩.
Mid front compressed vowel
The mid front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ø̞⟩ or ⟨œ̝⟩. This article uses the first symbol for simplicity. There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter ⟨β̞⟩ as ⟨e̞͡β̞⟩ / ⟨ɛ̝͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [e̞] / [ɛ̝] and labial compression) or ⟨e̞ᵝ⟩ / ⟨ɛ̝ᵝ⟩ ([e̞] / [ɛ̝] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨ ͍ ⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letters ⟨ø͍˕⟩ / ⟨œ͍˔⟩ as an ad hoc symbol, though technically 'spread' means unrounded.
Features
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- Its vowel height is mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel and an open vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
- Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.
Occurrence
Note: Because front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have protrusion.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[2] | Near-front; contrasts close-mid /ø/, true-mid /ø̞/ and open-mid /œ/ front rounded vowels.[2] | |||
| Catalan | Northern[3] | fulles | [ˈfø̞jəs] | 'leaves' | Found in Occitan and French loanwords and interferences. See Catalan phonology |
| Danish | Standard[4][5] | høne | [ˈhœ̝̈ːnə] | 'hen' | Near-front.[4][5] Most often, it is transcribed in IPA with ⟨œː⟩. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[6] | mùl | [mœ̝̈ɫ] | 'well' | Near-front;[6] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨œ⟩. See Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology |
| English | Broad South African[7] | bird | [bø̞̈ːd] | 'bird' | Near-front; may be close-mid [ø̠ː] instead. Realized as mid central unrounded [əː] in the Cultivated variety.[7] See South African English phonology |
| General South African[7] | |||||
| New Zealand[8] | Near-front.[8] May be [ɵ̟ː] or [œ̠ː] instead. See New Zealand English phonology | ||||
| Southeastern Welsh[9][10] | Near-front;[9][10] also described as open-mid [œ̠].[11] | ||||
| West Midlands[12] | Near-front.[12] | ||||
| Finnish[13][14] | rölli | [ˈrø̞̈lːi] | 'Common bent' | Near-front.[14] See Finnish phonology | |
| German | Standard[15] | schön |  [ʃø̞̈ːn] | 'beautiful' | Near-front;[15] also described as close-mid [ø̠ː].[16][17] See Standard German phonology |
| Bernese dialect[18] | schöön | [ʃœ̝ːn] | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨œ⟩. See Bernese German phonology | ||
| Greek | Tyrnavos[19] | κοριός / koreos | [ko̞ˈɾø̞s] | 'bedbug' | Corresponds to /jo/ and /eo/ in Standard Modern Greek.[19] |
| Vevendos[19] | |||||
| Hungarian[20] | öl | [ø̞̈l] | 'kill' | Near-front.[20] See Hungarian phonology | |
| Korean[21] | 쇠 soe | [sø̞̈ː] | 'iron' | Near-front;[21] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ø⟩. Diphthongized to [we] in modern standard Korean. See Korean phonology | |
| Limburgish | Maastrichtian[22] | bös | [bœ̝̈s] | 'bus' | Near-front; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨œ⟩.[22] |
| Romanian[23] | bleu | [blø̞] | 'light blue' | Found only in loanwords.[23] See Romanian phonology | |
| Turkish[24][25] | göz | [ɟø̞̈z̪] | 'eye' | Near-front;[24] may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨œ⟩. See Turkish phonology | |
| Võro | |||||
Mid front protruded vowel
| Mid front protruded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ø̫˕ | |
| œ̫˔ | |
| ø̞ʷ | |
| œ̝ʷ | |
| e̞ʷ | |
| ɛ̝ʷ |
Catford notes that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few languages, such as Scandinavian ones, have protruded front vowels. One of these, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels (see near-close near-front rounded vowel, with Swedish examples of both types of rounding).
As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, ⟨ø̞ʷ⟩ (a mid front rounded vowel modified by endolabialization) will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded mid front vowels.
Acoustically, this sound is "between" the more typical compressed mid front vowel [ø̞] and the unrounded mid front vowel [e̞].
Features
- Its vowel height is mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel and an open vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norwegian | Urban East[26] | nøtt | [nø̞ʷtː] | 'nut' | Ranges from mid near-front [ø̽] to open-mid near-front [œ̠].[26] Also described as open-mid near-front [œ̠][27][28] and mid central [ə].[29] See Norwegian phonology |
| Swedish | Central Standard[30][31] | nött | [n̪œ̝ʷt̪ː] | 'worn' (past part. s.) | Near-front,[30] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨œ⟩. See Swedish phonology |
References
- ↑ Geoff Lindsey (2013) The vowel space, Speech Talk
- 1 2 Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ↑ Recasens (1996), pp. 80–81.
- 1 2 Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
- 1 2 Ladefoged & Johnson (2010), p. 227.
- 1 2 Peters (2010), p. 241.
- 1 2 3 Lass (2002), p. 116.
- 1 2 Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 188.
- 1 2 Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
- 1 2 Wells (1982), p. 381.
- ↑ Penhallurick (2004), p. 104.
- 1 2 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 299.
- ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 60, 66.
- 1 2 Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008), p. 21.
- 1 2 Collins & Mees (2013), p. 235.
- ↑ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
- ↑ Hall (2003), pp. 95, 107.
- ↑ Marti (1985), p. ?.
- 1 2 3 Trudgill (2009), pp. 86–87.
- 1 2 Szende (1994), p. 92.
- 1 2 Lee (1999), p. 121.
- 1 2 Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
- 1 2 Romanian Academy (2005), p. ?.
- 1 2 Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
- ↑ Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 11.
- 1 2 Strandskogen (1979), p. 23.
- ↑ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 20.
- ↑ Popperwell (2010), pp. 35-36.
- ↑ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16-17.
- 1 2 Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
- ↑ Elmquist (1915), p. 33.
Bibliography
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard, English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (PDF) (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
- Elmquist, A. Louis (1915), Swedish phonology, Chicago: The Engberg-Holmberg Publishing Company
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2014
- Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies, 29: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
- Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
- Kohler, Klaus J. (1990), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
- Ladefoged, Peter; Johnson, Keith (2010), A Course in Phonetics (6th ed.), Boston, Massachusetts: Wadsworth Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4282-3126-9
- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend, Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
- Marti, Werner (1985), Berndeutsch-Grammatik, Bern: Francke, ISBN 3-7720-1587-5
- Penhallurick, Robert (2004), "Welsh English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 98–112, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Peters, Jörg (2010), "The Flemish–Brabant dialect of Orsmaal–Gussenhoven", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 239–246, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000083
- Popperwell, Ronald G. (2010) [First published 1963], Pronunciation of Norwegian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15742-1
- Recasens, Daniel (1996), Fonètica descriptiva del català: assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme català al segle XX (2nd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 978-84-7283-312-8
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
- Romanian Academy (2005), Dicționarul ortografic, ortoepic și morfologic al limbii române (2nd ed.), Bucarest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic
- Strandskogen, Åse-Berit (1979), Norsk fonetikk for utlendinger, Oslo: Gyldendal, ISBN 82-05-10107-8
- Suomi, Kari; Toivanen, Juhani; Ylitalo, Riikka (2008), Finnish sound structure, ISBN 978-951-42-8983-5
- Szende, Tamás (1994), "Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090
- Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 2: 289–333
- Trudgill, Peter (2009), "Greek Dialect Vowel Systems, Vowel Dispersion Theory, and Sociolinguistic Typology", Journal of Greek Linguistics, 9 (1): 80–97, doi:10.1163/156658409X12500896406041
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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