Mid back rounded vowel
| Mid back rounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| o̞ | |
| ɔ̝ | |
| IPA number | 307 430 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) |
o̞ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+006F U+031E |
| Braille |
   |
| Listen | |
|
source · help | |
The mid back rounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. While there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid back rounded vowel between close-mid [o] and open-mid [ɔ], it is normally written ⟨o⟩. If precision is desired, diacritics may be used, such as ⟨o̞⟩ or ⟨ɔ̝⟩, the former being more common. A non-IPA letter ⟨ⱺ⟩ is also found.
Just because a language has only one non-close non-open back vowel, it still may not be a true-mid vowel. There is a language in Sulawesi, Indonesia, with a close-mid [o], Tukang Besi. Another language in Indonesia, in the Maluku Islands, has an open-mid [ɔ], Taba. In both languages, there is no contrast with another mid (true-mid or close-mid) vowel.
Kensiu, in Malaysia and Thailand, is highly unusual in that it contrasts true-mid vowels with close-mid and open-mid vowels without any difference in other parameters, such as backness or roundedness.
Features
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- Its vowel height is mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel and an open vowel.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard[1] | bok | [bɔ̝k] | 'goat' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. The height varies between mid [ɔ̝] and close-mid [o].[1] See Afrikaans phonology |
| Arabic | Hejazi[2] | لـون | [lo̞ːn] | 'color' | See Hejazi Arabic phonology |
| Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[3] | Contrasts close-mid /o/, true-mid /o̞/ and open-mid /ɔ/ back rounded vowels.[3] | |||
| Chinese | Shanghainese[4] | 高 | [kö̞¹] | 'tall' | Near-back. Realization of /ɔ/ in open syllables and /ʊ/ in closed syllables.[4] |
| Czech[5][6] | oko | [ˈo̞ko̞] | 'eye' | In Bohemian Czech, the backness varies between back and near-back, whereas the height varies between mid [o̞] and close-mid [o].[5] See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Standard[7][8] | ost | [ˈɔ̝sd̥] | 'cheese' | Described variously as near-back[7] and back[8] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ(ː)⟩. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Amsterdam[9] | och | [ɔ̝̈χ] | 'alas' | Near-front;[9] corresponds to open-mid [ɔˁ] in standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology |
| Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[10] | mot | [mɔ̝t] | 'well' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. See Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology | |
| English | Cultivated South African[11] | thought | [θo̞ːt] | 'thought' | Close-mid [oː] for other speakers. See South African English phonology |
| Geordie[12] | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩. | ||||
| Scouse[13] | |||||
| Maori[14] | Closer [oː] in other New Zealand accents.[14] | ||||
| Some Cardiff speakers[15] | Other speakers use a more open, advanced and unrounded vowel [ʌ̈ː].[15] | ||||
| Received Pronunciation[16] | May be as open as [ɔː] for older speakers, and is most often transcribed as such. See English phonology | ||||
| Estuary[17] | coat | [kʰo̞ːʔ] | 'coat' | Rare; commonly a diphthong.[17] It corresponds to /əʊ/ in other British dialects. See English phonology | |
| Yorkshire[18] | [kʰo̞t] | Corresponds to /əʊ/ in other British dialects. See English phonology | |||
| Finnish[19][20] | kello | [ˈke̞llo̞] | 'clock' | See Finnish phonology | |
| French | Parisian[21] | pont | [pɔ̝̃] | 'bridge' | Nasalized; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ̃⟩. See French phonology |
| German | Standard[22] | Fond | [fõ̞ː] | 'background' | Nasalized; also described as open-mid [ɔ̃ː].[23][24] Transcribed in IPA with either ⟨õː⟩ or ⟨ɔ̃ː⟩. Present only in loanwords. See Standard German phonology |
| Bernese dialect[25] | Òve | [ˈɔ̝v̥ə] | 'oven' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. See Bernese German phonology | |
| Zurich dialect[26] | do | [d̥o̞] | 'so' | Allophone of /o/; reported to occur only in this word.[26] | |
| Greek | Modern Standard[27][28] | πως / pos | [po̞s̠] | 'how' | See Modern Greek phonology |
| Hebrew[29] | שלום | [ʃäˈlo̞m] | 'peace' | Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script. See Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Ibibio[30] | [dó̞] | 'there' | |||
| Inuit | West Greenlandic[31] | Allophone of /u/ before and especially between uvulars.[31] See Inuit phonology | |||
| Italian | Standard[32] | forense | [fo̞ˈrɛnse] | 'forensic' | Common realization of the unstressed /o/.[32] See Italian phonology |
| Northern accents[33] | Local realization of /ɔ/.[33] See Italian phonology | ||||
| Japanese[34] | 子/ko | [ko̞] | 'child' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Korean[35] | 보리 / bori | [po̞ˈɾi] | 'barley' | See Korean phonology | |
| Limburgish | Hasselt dialect[36] | mok | [mɔ̝k] | 'mug' | Typically transcribed IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.[36] |
| Norwegian | Urban East[37][38] | lov | [lɔ̝ːʋ] | 'law' | May be diphthongized to [ɔ̝ə̯]. See Norwegian phonology |
| Romanian[39] | acolo | [äˈko̞lo̞] | 'there' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[40] | сухой |  [s̪ʊˈxo̞j] | 'dry' | Some speakers realize it as open-mid [ɔ].[40] See Russian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[41] | čvȏr / чво̑р | [t͡ʃʋô̞ːr] | 'knot' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Shipibo[42] | ? | [ˈkö̞ni̞] | 'eel' | Near-back.[42] | |
| Slovak | Standard[43][44] | ohúriť | [ˈo̞ɦʊːrɪc̟] | 'to stun' | Backness varies between back and near-back.[43] See Slovak phonology |
| Slovene[45] | oglas | [o̞ˈɡlá̠s̪] | 'advertisement' | Unstressed vowel,[45] as well as an allophone of /o/ before /ʋ/ when a vowel does not follow within the same word.[46] See Slovene phonology | |
| Spanish[47] | todo | [ˈt̪o̞ð̞o̞] | 'all' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Tera[48] | zo | [zo̞ː] | 'rope' | ||
| Turkish[49][50] | kol | [kʰo̞ɫ] | 'arm' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[51] | do | [d̪o̞] | 'corn tassel' | |
References
- 1 2 Wissing (2016), section "The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/".
- ↑ Abdoh (2010:84)
- 1 2 Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- 1 2 Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
- 1 2 Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
- ↑ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), pp. 228–230.
- 1 2 Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
- 1 2 Ladefoged & Johnson (2010), p. 227.
- 1 2 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132.
- ↑ Peters (2010), p. 241.
- ↑ Lass (2002), p. 116.
- ↑ Watt & Allen (2003), p. 268.
- ↑ Watson (2007), p. 357.
- 1 2 Warren & Bauer (2004), p. 617.
- 1 2 Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
- ↑ Roach (2004), p. 242.
- 1 2 Przedlacka (2001), p. 44.
- ↑ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 180.
- ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 60, 66.
- ↑ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008), p. 21.
- ↑ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 226.
- ↑ Mangold (2005), p. 37.
- ↑ Hall (2003), pp. 106–107.
- ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
- ↑ Marti (1985), p. ?.
- 1 2 Fleischer & Schmid (2006), p. 251.
- ↑ Arvaniti (2007), p. 28.
- ↑ Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
- ↑ Laufer (1999), p. 98.
- ↑ Urua (2004), p. 106.
- 1 2 Fortescue (1990), p. 317.
- 1 2 Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), pp. 137–138.
- 1 2 Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), p. 137.
- ↑ Okada (1991), p. 94.
- ↑ Lee (1999), p. 121.
- 1 2 Peters (2006), p. 119.
- ↑ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 17.
- ↑ Popperwell (2010), pp. 16, 25.
- ↑ Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
- 1 2 Jones & Ward (1969), p. 56.
- ↑ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
- 1 2 Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 282.
- 1 2 Pavlík (2004), pp. 94–95.
- ↑ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 375.
- 1 2 Tatjana Srebot-Rejec. "On the vowel system in present-day Slovene" (PDF).
- ↑ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 138.
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
- ↑ Tench (2007), p. 230.
- ↑ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
- ↑ Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 11.
- ↑ Merrill (2008), p. 109.
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