Mid-century modern

Tract home in Tujunga, California, features open-beamed ceilings, about 1960.
Tulip chair (designed 1955–56) by Eero Saarinen

Mid-century modern is an architectural, interior, product, and graphic design that describes mid-20th century developments in modern design, architecture and urban development from roughly 1933 to 1965. The term, employed as a style descriptor as early as the mid-1950s, was reaffirmed in 1983 by Cara Greenberg in the title of her book, Mid-Century Modern: Furniture of the 1950s (Random House), celebrating the style that is now recognized by scholars and museums worldwide as a significant design movement.

Architecture

Detail of Copan, a Niemeyer building in São Paulo, Oscar Niemeyer

The Mid-Century modern movement in the U.S. was an American reflection of the International and Bauhaus movements, including the works of Gropius, Florence Knoll, Le Corbusier and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[1] Though the American component was slightly more organic in form and less formal than the International Style, it is more firmly related to it than any other. Brazilian and Scandinavian architects were very influential at this time, with a style characterized by clean simplicity and integration with nature. Like many of Wright's designs, Mid-Century architecture was frequently employed in residential structures with the goal of bringing modernism into America's post-war suburbs. This style emphasized creating structures with ample windows and open floor plans, with the intention of opening up interior spaces and bringing the outdoors in. Many Mid-century houses utilized then-groundbreaking post and beam architectural design that eliminated bulky support walls in favor of walls seemingly made of glass. Function was as important as form in Mid-Century designs, with an emphasis placed specifically on targeting the needs of the average American family.

Eichler Homes — Foster Residence, Granada Hills

In Europe the influence of Le Corbusier and the CIAM resulted in an architectural orthodoxy manifest across most parts of post-war Europe that was ultimately challenged by the radical agendas of the architectural wings of the avant-garde Situationist International, COBRA, as well as Archigram in London. A critical but sympathetic reappraisal of the internationalist oeuvre, inspired by Scandinavian Moderns such as Alvar Aalto, Sigurd Lewerentz and Arne Jacobsen, and the late work of Le Corbusier himself, was reinterpreted by groups such as Team X, including structuralist architects such as Aldo van Eyck, Ralph Erskine, Denys Lasdun, Jorn Utzon and the movement known in the United Kingdom as New Brutalism.

Pioneering builder and real estate developer Joseph Eichler was instrumental in bringing Mid-Century Modern architecture ("Eichler Homes") to subdivisions in the Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay region of California, and select housing developments on the east coast. George Fred Keck, his brother Willam Keck, Henry P. Glass, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and Edward Humrich created Mid-Century Modern residences in the Chicago area. Mies van der Rohe's Farnsworth House is extremely difficult to heat or cool, while Keck and Keck were pioneers in the incorporation of passive solar features in their houses to compensate for their large glass windows.

Mid-century modern in Palm Springs

Miller House, by Richard Neutra

The city of Palm Springs, California is noted for its many examples of Mid-century modern architecture.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8]

Architects[9] include:[10]

Examples of 1950s Palm Springs motel architecture include Ballantines Movie Colony (1952) — one portion is the 1935 Albert Frey San Jacinto Hotel — the Coral Sands Inn (1952), and the Orbit Inn (1957).[19] Restoration projects have been undertaken to return many of these residences and businesses to their original condition.[20]

Industrial design

Scandinavian design was very influential at this time, with a style characterized by simplicity, democratic design and natural shapes. Glassware (Iittala – Finland), ceramics (Arabia – Finland), tableware (Georg Jensen – Denmark), lighting (Poul Henningsen – Denmark), and furniture (Danish modern) were some of the genres for the products created. In America, east of the Mississippi, the American-born Russell Wright, designing for Steubenville Pottery, and Hungarian-born Eva Zeisel designing for Red Wing Pottery and later Hall China created free-flowing ceramic designs that were much admired and heralded in the trend of smooth, flowing contours in dinnerware. On the West Coast of America the industrial designer and potter Edith Heath (1911–2005) founded Heath Ceramics in 1948. The company was one of the originally numerous California pottery manufacturers that had their heyday in post-war USA, and produced Mid-Century modern ceramic dish-ware. Edith Heath's "Coupe" line remains in demand and has been in constant production since 1948, with only periodic changes to the texture and color of the glazes.[21]

Graphic design

Printed ephemera documenting the mid-century transformations in urban development, architecture and design include Linen Type postcards from the 1930s to the early 1950s. They consisted primarily of national view-cards of North American cities, towns, buildings, monuments and civil and military infrastructures. Mid-century Linen Type postcards came about through innovations pioneered through the use of offset lithography. The cards were produced on paper with a high rag content, which gave the postcard a fabric type look and feel. At the time this was a less expensive process. Along with advances in printing technique, Linen Type cards allowed for very vibrant ink colors. The encyclopedic geographic iconography of mid-century Linen Type images suggests popular middle class attitudes about nature, wilderness, technology, mobility and the city during the mid-20th century.[22]

Curt Teich in Chicago[23] was the most prominent and largest printer and publisher of Linen Type postcards[24] pioneering lithography with his "Art Colortone" process.[25] Other large publishers include Stanley Piltz in San Francisco, who established the "Pictorial Wonderland Art Tone Series", Western Publishing and Novelty Company in Los Angeles and the Tichnor Brothers in Boston.[26] The printing of mid-century Linen Type postcards began to give way in the late 1950s to Kodachrome and Ektachrome type glossy color prints.

Examples

Architecture

Furniture and design

Additional architects, artists and designers

See also

References

  1. ↑ Jason Peterson (2014-02-01). "Designer Spotlight: Florence Knoll". Emfurn. Retrieved 2015-05-23.
  2. ↑ Wills, Eric (May–June 2008). "Palm Springs Eternal". Preservation. 60 (3): 38–45.
  3. ↑ Cygelman, Adèle; David, Rosa (forward); Glomb, David (photographs) (1999). Palm Springs Modern: Houses in the California Desert. New York, NY: Rizzoli International. p. 192. ISBN 0-8478-2091-2. LCCN 98048811.
  4. ↑ Shulman, Julius; Stern, Michael; Hess, Alan (2008). Julius Shulman: Palm Springs. New York, NY: Rizzoli International. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-8478-3113-5. LCCN 2007933610.
  5. 1 2 Hess, Alan; Danish, Andrew (2001). Palm Springs Weekend: The Architecture and Design of a Midcentury Oasis. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books. p. 180. ISBN 0811828042. LCCN 00024046.
  6. ↑ Quinn, Bradley (2004). Mid-Century Modern: Interiors, Furniture, Design Details. London: Conran Octopus. p. 176. ISBN 978-1840914061.
  7. ↑ Faibyshev, Dolly (2010). Palm Springs: Mid-Century Modern. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub. p. 112. ISBN 9780764334610. LCCN 2010925309. OCLC 475457720.
  8. ↑ "Desert Modernism Timeline". Palm Springs Modern Committee. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  9. ↑ Goldberger, Paul (May–June 2008). "The Modernist Manifesto". Preservation. 60 (3): 30–35.
  10. ↑ "The Time: Modern: Highlights in the development of modernism in the Coachella Valley". Palm Springs Life. Palm Springs, CA. February 2007.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Lost: Maslon House". Palm Springs Preservation Foundation. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  12. ↑ "A Winter Residence in Palm Springs" (PDF). Architectural Digest. Fall 1967. Retrieved May 23, 2012. Interior Design by Arthur Elrod, A.I.D. and William Broderick, A.I.D.; Architecture by William Cody, F.A.I.A.
  13. ↑ Palm Springs Preservation Foundation: Then and Now
  14. ↑ "William Krisel". Palm Springs Modern Committee. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  15. ↑ Bradley, Darren (29 June 2013). "Modernist Architecture: William Krisel". modernistarchitecture.blogspot.com. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  16. ↑ Leet, Stephen (2004). Richard Neutra's Miller House. New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press. p. 191. ISBN 1-56898-274-7. LCCN 2003021531.
  17. ↑ Friedman, Alice T. (2010). "2. Palm Springs Eternal: Richard Neutra's Kaufmann Desert House". American Glamour and the Evolution of Modern Architecture. New Haven, CN: Yale University Press. p. 262. ISBN 978-0300116540. LCCN 2009032574.
  18. ↑ Bricker, Lauren Weiss; Williams, Sidney J. (2011). Steel and Shade: The Architecture of Donald Wexler. Palm Springs, CA: Palm Springs Art Museum. p. 131. ISBN 978-0981674346. LCCN 2010043639.
  19. ↑ Howser, Huell (September 27, 2002). "'50s Motel – Palm Springs Week (20)". California's Gold. Chapman University Huell Howser Archive.
  20. ↑ Colacello, Bob; Becker, Jonathan (photographs) (June 1999). "Palm Springs Weekends" (PDF). Vanity Fair: 192–211.
  21. ↑ Zahid Sardar (2004-02-01). "Home Is Where the Heath Is: A Bay Area pottery tradition continues under new ownership". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2006-09-14.
  22. ↑ Meikle, Jeffrey L. "A Paper Atlantis". Journal of Design History. 13 (4): 267–86.
  23. ↑ Curt Teich Postcard Archives, Lake County Discovery Museum. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
  24. ↑ Metropolitan Postcard Club of New York City. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
  25. ↑ "An Offset Pioneer" in: American Printer, October 1, 2006. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
  26. ↑ Tichnor Brothers Collection, Boston Public Library. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
  27. ↑ Mayhew, Augustus (11 July 2011). "Urbane Developments: Miami & Delray". New York Social Diary. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  28. ↑ Saperstein, Pat (2014-08-07). "David Weidman, Animation Artist Whose Work Appeared on 'Mad Men,' Dies at 93". Variety. Retrieved 2014-08-29.

Further reading

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