Michal

Two window scenes
1 Samuel 18
Gustave Doré (1865)
2 Samuel 6
Francesco Salviati (c. 1553)
The narrative of Michal in Samuel includes two window scenes.[1] In 1 Samuel 19, Michal helps David escape from Saul by letting him down through a window (top), while in 2 Samuel 6, Michal watches David dance before the ark (bottom).

Michal (/mɪˈxɑːl/; Hebrew: מיכל‎‎  [miˈχal]) was, according to the first Book of Samuel, the younger daughter of Saul, king of Israel, who loved and became the first wife of David, (1 Samuel 18:20–27) who later became king of Judah, and later still of the united Kingdom of Israel.

Michal in the Bible

1 Samuel 14:49 identifies Saul's elder daughter as Merab and his younger daughter as Michal. Michal's story is recorded in the first Book of Samuel, where it is said in 1 Samuel 18:20 and 18:28 that Michal loved David. The narrative does not indicate whether this is reciprocated.[2] After his success in battle against Goliath, the Philistine giant, David was invited to marry Merab, but he declined. Later, after Merab had married Adriel the Meholathite, Saul invited David to marry Michal. David replied, "I am a poor and lightly esteemed man", meaning that he was unable to provide a bride price. Saul then advised him that no bride price was required except for the foreskins of 100 Philistines. David took part in a further battle, killed 200 Philistines, and brought their foreskins to Saul as a double bride price.

In the biblical narrative, Michal chooses the welfare of David over the wishes of her father. When Saul's messengers search for David in order to kill him, Michal sends them away while pretending he is ill and laid up in bed. She lets David down through a window and hides teraphim in his bed as a ruse.[3] J. Cheryl Exum points out that although she risked her life in helping him, after he leaves the court, he makes no attempt to contact her.[3]

While David was hiding for his life, Saul gave Michal as a wife to Palti, son of Laish, and David took several other wives, including Abigail. (1 Samuel 25:43–44) Later, when David became king of Judah and Ish-bosheth, Michal's brother (and Saul's son), was king of Israel, David demanded her return to him in return for peace between them. This Ish-bosheth did, despite the public protests of Palti.[4] Robert Alter observes that by stressing that he had paid the requested bride price, David makes a legal argument as a political calculation to reinforce his legitimacy as a member of the Royal house. Alter notes the contrast between David's measured negotiations and Palti's public grief.[5]

After Michal was returned to David, she criticised him for dancing in an undignified manner, as he brought the Ark of the Covenant to the newly captured Jerusalem in a religious procession. (2 Samuel 6:14–22) For this she is punished, according to Samuel, with not having children til the day she dies (2 6:23). Unlike Abigail and Bathsheba, Michal is not described as being beautiful, though Rabbinic tradition holds that she was of "entrancing beauty."[6]

Legality of second marriage

These events have raised moral issues within Judaism, especially in the context of the prohibition in Deuteronomy 24:1–4. On the one hand, some argue that it is prohibited to re-establish a marriage with a previous spouse who has subsequently remarried. On the other hand, other commentators explain that David had not divorced Michal at this point in time, but rather Saul acted to break their marriage by marrying her off to another without David's consent.[7] On that view, they were not technically divorced as David had not issued a writ of divorcement according to biblical law.

Offspring

It is unclear whether Michal died barren and childless, as stated in 2 Samuel 6:23, or had children, as described in most manuscripts[8] of 2 Samuel 21:8, which mention "the five sons of Michal the daughter of Saul".

Gill attempted to resolve the contradiction by translating 2 Samuel 21:8 as "the five sons of Michal the daughter of Saul, whom she brought up for Adriel the son of Barzillai the Meholathite". Now, Merab, Michal's older sister, was the wife of Adriel (1 Samuel 18:19). According to Gill, these five sons were not born to Michal but were brought up or educated by her after Merab perhaps had died; i.e., Merab brought them forth, and Michal brought them up. [9] However, the Hebrew word, ילדה, which Gill understands to mean "brought up," everywhere else means "gave birth to."

Michal in poetry

"Like you I am sad, O Michal ... and like you doomed to love a man whom I despise." (Poem "Michal" in her book Flowers of Perhaps.)

Use as a name

"Michal" was one of the Biblical names embraced by Zionism, very rarely found in pre-Zionist communities. It is a very common female first name in contemporary Israel.

Although possessing an identical or almost identical spelling when using the Latin alphabet, the Czech and Slovak language "Michal" and the Polish language "Michał" (popular male given names) are the local forms of "Michael" rather than of "Michal". This can be compared to French spelling "Michel", which is also a local form of "Michael".

Notes

  1. ↑ Ellen White, "Michal the Misinterpreted," JSOT 31.4 [2007] 451 – 464.
  2. ↑ In 1 Samuel 18:26, David is "pleased ... to become the king’s son-in-law" but we are not told whether he was pleased to have married Michal. See Cohen, M., "The Transparency of Saul", European Judaism, volume 39, no. 1, 2006, for a comparison of the transparent presentation of Saul and the opaqueness of David's character in 1 Samuel.
  3. 1 2 Exum, J. Cheryl. "Michal: Bible." Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. 20 March 2009. Jewish Women's Archive
  4. ↑ 2 Samuel 3:13–16
  5. ↑ Alter, Robert. "Characterization and the Art of Reticence", The Art of Biblical Narrative, (London:George Allen & Unwin 1981)
  6. ↑ Louis Ginzberg, The Family of David in The Legends of the Jews, Vol. 4.
  7. ↑ Though the Book of Deuteronomy attributes itself to the period of the Hebrews' Exodus from Egypt, many historians regard it as having been actually written during the late monarchy. David's appearing to be oblivious to the prohibition laid down in it seems additional evidence in support of such theories.
  8. ↑ The New International Version of the bible uses Merab from two Hebrew and some Septuagint manuscripts but cites that most manuscripts say Michal
  9. ↑ See John Gill commentary on 2 Samuel 21
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