California Memorial Stadium

California Memorial Stadium
Memorial Stadium
Strawberry Canyon
Kabam Field

satellite view, November 2008
Location 76 Canyon Road, Berkeley, California 94704
Coordinates 37°52′16″N 122°15′3″W / 37.87111°N 122.25083°W / 37.87111; -122.25083Coordinates: 37°52′16″N 122°15′3″W / 37.87111°N 122.25083°W / 37.87111; -122.25083
Public transit Bay Area Rapid Transit Downtown Berkeley
Owner University of California, Berkeley
Operator University of California, Berkeley
Capacity 62,467 (2013–present)[1]
Surface FieldTurf (2017–present)[2]
Matrix Turf (2012–present)
Momentum Turf (2003–2010)
Grass (1995–2002)
AstroTurf (1981–1994)
Grass (1923–1980)
Construction
Broke ground December 1922
(site clearing)
July 1, 1923[3]
Opened November 24, 1923[4]
September 1, 2012
(renovation)
Construction cost $1,437,982 (1923)
$321 million (2011)
Architect John Galen Howard[3]
Baker & Carpenter[3]
George E. Cunningham[3]
General contractor Clinton Construction Company[3]
Tenants

California Golden Bears (NCAA)
(1923–2010, 2012–present)

California Memorial Stadium
Location Bet. Piedmont Ave., Stadium Rim Way, Canyon Rd., Bancroft Way and Prospect St., Berkeley, California
Built 1922
Architectural style Classical Revival, Modern Movement
NRHP Reference # 06001086[5]
Added to NRHP November 27, 2006

California Memorial Stadium is an outdoor football stadium on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley in Berkeley, California. Commonly known as Memorial Stadium, it is the home field for the University of California Golden Bears of the Pac-12 Conference. The venue opened in 1923 and currently seats around 63,000 fans for football.[6] The playing field runs NW-SE, at an elevation of 410 feet (125 m) above sea level,[7] and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on November 27, 2006.[5] The stadium is located on the Hayward Fault, which passes directly under the playing field, nearly from goal post to goal post.[8]

Memorial Stadium was funded from public contributions, as a memorial to Californians who lost their lives in World War I (1917–18). The chair of the architectural committee was John Galen Howard, the university's chief architect, and his influence is evident in the stadium's neoclassical motif. In addition to its unique architecture, the stadium's position at the foot of the Berkeley hills provides top row spectators with panoramic views of San Francisco Bay and west side viewers with views of the Berkeley Hills and Strawberry Canyon. This has earned it a reputation as one of the most scenic venues in college football.

Traditionally, during all football games and especially during the Big Game against Stanford, the hill overlooking the eastern side of Memorial Stadium attracts spectators hoping to watch a game for free, earning the nickname "Tightwad Hill".

Before Memorial Stadium

West Field

On February 14, 1885, the first football game was played on the University of California campus between the hometown Bears and a football club from San Francisco known as the Merions. The field was located where the Valley Life Sciences Building currently stands and the game drew some 450 people. In subsequent years, the field was officially named West Field and was expanded to hold around 5,000 spectators. However, by 1904, California's football team had become so popular that West Field became too small, therefore, the university decided to build a new stadium with an excess of 20,000 seats.[9]

California Field

California Field opened its doors in 1904 to replace the antiquated West Field and the boosted capacity allowed California to host important games for the first time. While playing at West Field, the Bears played important games (namely the Big Game) at neutral site venues in San Francisco and with a new 20,000 seat stadium, California was able to host the first Big Game played outside of San Francisco. The new stadium was located much closer to the center of campus (where Hearst Gymnasium now stands) and was able to draw unprecedented crowds for the time. California Field is also notable because it is where many of California's longstanding traditions began to take form. In 1910, the first card stunt was performed at the Big Game and after victories, the students would "serpentine" around the field—something that is mentioned in the song "Big C". California Field is also where the Golden Bears gained national prominence under head coach Andrew Latham Smith. Four of the Bears' five consecutive undefeated seasons were played at California Field and housed the stadium was home to three of California's four straight national championships. Because of this success, it became evident that California needed an even larger venue to host its football team, therefore, the team and its fans began pushing for a new stadium.[9]

The drive to build Memorial Stadium

The early 1920s saw four major collegiate venues open in the State of California: Stanford Stadium, the Rose Bowl, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, and California Memorial Stadium. With the success of the California football program and the openings of the new football venues for Stanford and USC, the campus community was nearly unanimous in its desire to see the Bears get a new stadium of their own. One of the first proposals for a new stadium was on the south-western corner of the campus where Edwards Stadium and Evans Diamond currently stand. This proposal was eventually rejected and the regents settled on a site at the mouth of Strawberry Canyon. The location caused considerable controversy, but the popularity of Andy Smith's "Wonder Teams" prevailed and fundraising began in 1922. The $1 million stadium was funded completely by 10,000 seat subscriptions at $100 per subscription, the fundraising drive through these subscriptions was a complete success having sold out in less than ten days. WIth the funding secured, the university broke ground in January 1923 hoping to open the new stadium in time for the 1923 Big Game.[9]

Original California Memorial Stadium: 1923–2010

California Memorial Stadium from the southwest corner in January 2008.

History

California played its first seven games of the 1923 season at old California Field preparing to open the new 75,000 seat stadium at Strawberry Canyon for the final game of the season—the Big Game—against Stanford. Both teams were having a good season in 1923 with California going undefeated up to that point (with a tie to Nevada) and Stanford going into the Big Game with a record of 7–1. Leading up to the first game at Memorial Stadium, some in the media suggested to Bears coach Andy Smith that the opening of new stadiums was cursed: Stanford lost the first game played at Stanford Stadium while USC lost the inaugural game of both the Rose Bowl and the Los Angeles Coliseum. Smith simply replied, "Why, of course they did, it was always California they invited to help dedicate their stadiums." The Bears went on to win the inaugural game at California Memorial Stadium by a final score of 9–0, beating Stanford for the fifth straight year and securing their fourth straight undefeated season.[9]

When California Memorial Stadium opened in 1923, the permanent capacity of the venue was around 75,000 and expandable to around 85,000. For important games, the university would bring out temporary bleachers that would stand around the eastern rim of the stadium. It was during this time, that California set their all-time attendance record in 1947 with an announced crowd of 83,000 for a game against the Navy.

As the California football team's fortunes on the field began to fall in the second half of the century and there was a demand for wheelchair seating along the eastern rim, the university did away with the temporary bleachers bringing the stadium's maximum football capacity back down to the permanent capacity of 75,000.

Due to the seismic vulnerability of the old press box, the University of California dismantled the structure and installed a temporary facility that stood until the 2010 season. The installation of the temporary press box brought the stadium's capacity down to 73,347 and then down to 72,516 for the 2004 season. California brought the seating capacity further down to 67,537 with tarps being placed over four sections (one in each corner). The university did remove the tarps, however, for important games allowing a full 72,516 to attend. Because of safety concerns, the university brought the capacity down to 71,799 for the 2008 season.

After the 2010 season, the entire west side of the bowl was demolished and rebuilt. The stands in the original stadium descended right down to the football field, and the view from the lowest midfield seats on the west side could be blocked by the standing visiting team members. To eliminate this problem, the surface of the field was lowered four feet to allow unobstructed seats in the first few rows during the 2010-12 renovation.[10] The capacity of the refurbished stadium is now 63,186, and was sold out for the first game of the 2012 season in a 31-24 Cal loss against the University of Nevada Wolf Pack.

December 2015

Capacity

Other major events

California Memorial Stadium has seen a number of major events throughout the years other than California football. Before 1970, the general commencement exercises of the University of California was regularly held at Memorial Stadium. The large campus-wide commencement, however, was cancelled in 1970 because of the many protests that were taking place at the time—university officials at the time did not see it wise to have such a large gathering annually with the protests going on.[11] General Commencements have since returned to the University of California campus, with the exercises being performed at Haas Pavilion, Hearst Greek Theatre, and most recently Edwards Stadium.[12] On March 23, 1962, to commemorate Charter Day (the anniversary of the founding of the University of California), President John F. Kennedy gave a speech at Memorial Stadium in front of an above capacity crowd of 88,000.[13][14]

Real Madrid and Inter Milan played at Memorial Stadium on July 26, 2014, one of their matches in the 2014 International Champions Cup. The match, played before a sold-out crowd of 62,583, ended in a 1-1 tie after regulation and Inter Milan won the shootout 3-2.[15] It should be noted that the usual artificial turf was converted and this match was played on natural grass.[16]

Oakland Raiders

The NFL's Oakland Raiders played their second game of the 1973 regular season at Memorial Stadium. The game against the defending Super Bowl champion Miami Dolphins was moved from the Raiders' regular home, the Oakland Coliseum, because of a scheduling conflict with the Oakland Athletics, who hosted the Minnesota Twins at the Coliseum the following night. The Raiders ended the Dolphins' NFL record 18-game winning streak with a 12-7 victory on four field goals by 45-year-old George Blanda on September 23.[17] Several preseason games were also played at the stadium in the early 1970s.

Ultimately, in response to traffic and parking issues associated with these games (while Cal games drew a large number of students who live on or near campus and walk to the games, Raider games attracted fans from a larger geographic area who were used to tailgating at the Coliseum and were more likely to drive to games), the City of Berkeley passed a Professional Sports Events License Tax in which the city collected 10% of all gate receipts, making the staging of professional games inside the city cost-prohibitive. The Raiders were granted an injunction from the city collecting the tax, arguing that the tax was a regulatory measure rather than a revenue measure, and was therefore an improper regulation on land held in trust by the Regents of the University of California. However, the grant of the injunction was reversed by the California Court of Appeals, who found it to be a revenue measure, despite the fact that the city had made the measure immediately effective "due to danger to the public peace, health, and safety of the City of Berkeley as a result of the holding of professional sports events there."[18]

Playing surface

Originally a natural grass field, AstroTurf was installed in Memorial Stadium in 1981 and remained for 14 seasons. Natural grass returned for the 1995 season. During this return, the varsity football practices were held at Witter Rugby Field, saving the stadium's grass field for game days only. In 2003 artificial turf was re-installed with Momentum Turf, an infilled artificial turf, similar to FieldTurf.[19] The Momentum Turf surface allowed for minimal maintenance and increased utilization of the stadium, for football practices and other sports, on the space-limited UC Berkeley campus. Memorial Stadium's field is also marked for international soccer, but this allows little reserve room beyond the official lines.

Renovation: 2010–2012

Memorial Stadium supporting columns diverging due to fault creep

Need for renovation

The Hayward Fault passes directly under the playing field of Memorial Stadium (nearly from goal post to goal post),[8] where right-lateral strike-slip motion is shifting the east half of the building to the south at a rate of 1.2 mm/yr. Expansion joints have been placed in the walls of the stadium to maintain the integrity of the building. A 1998 seismic safety study on the California campus gave the stadium a "poor" rating (meaning that the building represents an "appreciable life hazard" in an earthquake), and estimated the cost of making the structure safe at $14 million.[20] Because the stadium is on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places and because of the nostalgia that surrounds the site, the university decided that a retrofit and renovation (as opposed to building a new stadium elsewhere) would be the best scenario for the California football program. In February 2005, Chancellor Robert Birgeneau announced plans to renovate Memorial Stadium, improving the existing facilities and creating a safer environment for the fans as well as the people that work at the stadium.

Phase I

Phase I consisted of building the 142,000-square-foot (13,200 m2) Student-Athlete High Performance Center next to the west wall of the stadium. The center was built to be the home of football and 12 of California's Olympic sports that were previously housed in Memorial Stadium. The center saw the construction of new locker rooms, offices meeting rooms, training and sports medicine facilities, and an academic center in the SAHPC.[21] The roof of the athletic center also acts as a pedestrian plaza. Phase I of the renovations were originally scheduled to begin the spring and summer of 2006 but was delayed by a court injunction due to three lawsuits against the project. A small group of tree-sitters occupied the oak grove on the west side of the stadium beginning on the "Big Game" day in December 2006 but in September 2008 the court injunction was lifted, the protesters came down, and construction of the athletic center began. The Simpson Center for Student-Athlete High Performance (originally SAHPC) opened in the Fall of 2011 and became 100% operational in January 2012.

Phase II

On January 19, 2010, the UC Board of Regents approved the retrofit and renovation of California Memorial Stadium. The $321 million project commenced in June 2010 and was completed in time for the 2012 season. The Bears played at AT&T Park in San Francisco for the 2011 season while the renovations were being made.[22] The west side of the stadium was demolished and rebuilt except for the outer wall. Club levels, a new press box, bathrooms and concession stands were added. The surface of the field was lowered four feet to improve the view from the lowest midfield seats on the west side, which previously were blocked by standing visiting team members. A surface rupture block was placed in each end zone where the fault line passes through the stadium. These blocks can move independently from the rest of the stadium and were built on top of three feet of sand and plastic sheets. Expansion joints were placed between the surface rupture blocks and the rest of the stadium.[23]

Phase III

Phase III of the Memorial Stadium renovation and retrofit is the renovation of the stadium's east side by adding modern amenities to that side of the stadium. Originally, this part of the project was to begin in the Fall of 2009, but because of the delay of phase II, the east side's improvements have been delayed indefinitely. The eventual improvements on the east side of the stadium called for an extension of the concourse to wrap around the stadium, new restrooms, ADA seating, and vendors.[24][25]

Financing

For the stadium's $321 million renovation and a new $153 million Student-Athlete High Performance Center, the university incurred a controversial $445 million of debt which it planned to finance with the sale of special stadium seats in the Endowment Seating Program. Before the start of the stadium reconstruction, Professor Brian Barsky showed that the financial plan was unrealistic and calculated that although $215 million had been claimed to have been raised as of Jan. 15, 2010, the true figure was closer to only about $20 million as of Dec. 2010, and that the total financial obligation including interest would exceed a billion dollars.[26][27] His calculations were subsequently corroborated by the Wall Street Journal [28] which reported in April 2012 that only $31 million had been received as of the end of Dec. 2011; this was followed by further reporting of poor seat sales in the Endowment Seating Program.[29][30] As of June 30, 2016, the fund balance was $60.98 million, far short of the $215 million that had been claimed five years earlier. The roughly $18 million interest-only annual payments on the debt consumes 20% of Cal's athletics' budget and 15% of the campus structural deficit;[31] principal repayment begins in 2032 when the annual debt payment will rise to about $26 million per year, about $28 million in 2033, about $30 million per year for 2034-2038, and about $37 million per year for 2039-2044. The debt payments are scheduled to continue for one hundred years from its 2013 inception, concluding in 2113.[30]

Renovated California Memorial Stadium: 2012–present

California Memorial Stadium during the 2012 football season.

2012 season

The University of California reopened the stadium on September 1, 2012, for a home football game against the University of Nevada. This was the first football game in Berkeley since the end of the 2010 season. The sellout crowd of 63,186 watched the Nevada Wolf Pack spoil the grand re-opening with a 31-24 victory, Cal's first loss to Nevada at home since before the original stadium opened in 1923. There are many noticeable differences between the new, more modern stadium and the old stadium that closed in 2010. The entire west side of the stadium was demolished (except for the historic façade), allowing the university to make the venue seismically safe, and add modern amenities. The east side, however, has remained relatively unchanged. The stadium was originally dedicated to the memory of those Californians that were lost in World War I, and on October 6, 2012, the university rededicated California Memorial Stadium in the memory of all Californians who sacrificed their lives in service to the nation.[32]

Capacity

Because of the inclusion of seat back and bench back seating in the same footprint as before, the renovation and retrofit reduced the seating capacity by around 10,000 seats. Original estimates stated that the official stadium capacity would be around 63,000–65,000, down from the 71,799 capacity that Memorial Stadium had in 2010. Capacity at the beginning of the 2012 season ended up at 63,186.

2012–present: 63,186[1]
Estimate during construction: 62,717[33]

Playing surface

The playing field was lowered 4 feet (1.2 m) to improve sight lines,[1] and surfaced with Matrix Turf, an artificial turf with crumb rubber infill along with a silica pea gravel base to allow improved field drainage.[34]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Cal Meets No. 22 Northwestern in 2013 Opener". University of California, Berkeley Athletics. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
  2. ↑ "New Playing Surfaces at Memorial, Haas". University of California, Berkeley Athletics. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "California Memorial Staidum (Berkeley, California) Historic Landscape Report" (PDF). University of California. March 2006. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
  4. ↑ http://www.worldofstadiums.com/north-america/united-states/california/california-memorial-stadium/
  5. 1 2 National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  6. ↑ "Memorial Stadium". University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on March 8, 2007. Retrieved March 17, 2007.
  7. ↑ "MSRMaps". MSRMaps. 1996-01-07. Retrieved 2012-10-03.
  8. 1 2 "The Hayward Fault at UC Berkeley". University of California Berkeley Seismological Laboratory. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "The House that Andy Built: The Making of Memorial Stadium". California Golden Blogs. December 15, 2010. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
  10. ↑ "Memorial Stadium". University of California. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
  11. ↑ Huseby, Janet (Spring 2002). "Berkeley commencement: It's not a day, it's a season". Office of the Chancellor at the University of California. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
  12. ↑ Yurovsky, Oksana (May 10, 2012). "Thousands of Students Set to Graduate at Increasingly Popular Commencement". The Daily Californian. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
  13. ↑ "Charter Day 1962: JFK on Soviet-American Cooperation, Space Science, State Support for Higher Education". University of California Public Affairs. March 23, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
  14. ↑ "Address at the University of California at Berkeley, March 23, 1962". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
  15. ↑ Inter Edges Real Madrid in Penalty Kick Shootout ICC.com July 26, 2014 Retrieved July 27, 2014
  16. ↑ "Real Madrid v Inter Milan – International Champions Cup". SFgate.com. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
  17. ↑ Troan, John. "1973 Oakland Raiders". jt-sw.com. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
  18. ↑ "Oakland Raiders vs. City of Berkeley, 65 Cal. App. 3d 623". law.justia.com.
  19. ↑ "Memorial Stadium". University of California. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
  20. ↑ "10.24.97 - SAFER Program - Findings and Implications". Berkeley.edu. 1998-04-24. Retrieved 2012-10-03.
  21. ↑ "Student-Athlete High Performance Center Project Description". UC Berkeley. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
  22. ↑ "Cal Football to Play 2011 Home Season at San Francisco's AT&T Park" (Press release). University of California, Berkeley Athletics. May 10, 2010. Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
  23. ↑ "Engineering a $321 Million Quake Retrofit for UC Stadium". Wired Magazine. December 27, 2010. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
  24. ↑ Whiting, Sam (June 27, 2011). "Cal's Crumbling Home / Stadium on the Brink / Eccentricities still there to charm and confound". San Francisco Chronicle.
  25. ↑ Blue, Old (2010-03-23). "Golden Facilities: Deep into the Future, East Side Renovations". California Golden Blogs. Retrieved 2012-10-03.
  26. ↑ Barsky, Brian (2010-12-03). "Financial Plan Is on Shaky Ground". "Daily Californian".
  27. ↑ Barsky, Brian (2011-01-25). "UC Berkeley's Endowment Seating Program Doesn't Quite Add Up". "Daily Californian".
  28. ↑ Bachman, Rachel (2012-04-18). "Cal's Football-Stadium Gamble". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on April 18, 2012.
  29. ↑ Schwab, Frank (2013-06-17). "Cal’s new stadium renovation leaves school with huge debt to pay off | Dr. Saturday - Yahoo! Sports". Sports.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
  30. 1 2 Asimov, Nanette (2013-06-17). "Cal scrambling to cover stadium bill". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2013-07-20.
  31. ↑ Wilner, Jon (2016-09-30). "Cal athletics’ $20 million question: Will sports need to be axed?". San Jose Mercury News.
  32. ↑ "Special Events Lined Up for Renovated Memorial Stadium" (Press release). University of California. August 17, 2012. Archived from the original on August 18, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
  33. ↑ "Cal Memorial Stadium". Webcor. Retrieved 2012-10-03.
  34. ↑ "Renovated Memorial Stadium to Feature Matrix Turf Surface" (Press release). University of California. July 11, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
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