Megacryometeor

A megacryometeor is a very large chunk of ice which, despite sharing many textural, hydro-chemical and isotopic features detected in large hailstones, is formed under unusual atmospheric conditions which clearly differ from those of the cumulonimbus cloud scenario (i.e. clear-sky conditions). They are sometimes called huge hailstones, but do not need to form under thunderstorm conditions. Jesús Martínez-Frías, a planetary geologist and astrobiologist at Institute of Geosciences (Spanish: Instituto de Geociencias, IGEO) in the Spanish National Research Council (Spanish: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC)[1] in Madrid, pioneered research into megacryometeors in January 2000 after ice chunks weighing up to 6.6 pounds (3.0 kg) rained on Spain out of cloudless skies for ten days.

Mass and size

More than 50 megacryometeors have been recorded since the year 2000. They vary in mass between 0.5 kilograms (1.1 lb) to several tens of kilograms. One in Brazil weighed in at more than 50 kilograms (110 lb).[2] Chunks about 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in size fell in Scotland on 13 August 1849.[3]

Formation

The process that creates megacryometeors is not completely understood, mainly with respect to the atmospheric dynamics necessary to produce them. They may have a similar mechanism of formation to that leading to production of hailstones.[4] Scientific studies show that their composition matches normal tropospheric rainwater for the areas in which they fall. In addition, megacryometeors display textural variations of the ice and hydro-chemical and isotopic heterogeneity, which evidence a complex formation process in the atmosphere.[5][6][7] It is known that they do not form from airplane toilet leakage because the large chunks of ice that occasionally do fall from airliners are distinctly blue due to the disinfectant used.

Some have speculated that these ice chunks must have fallen from aircraft fuselages[4] after plain water ice accumulating on those aircraft through normal atmospheric conditions has simply broken loose. However, similar events occurred prior to the invention of aircraft.[8][9] Studies indicate that fluctuations in tropopause, associated with hydration of the lower stratosphere and stratospheric cooling, can be related to their formation.[5] A detailed micro-Raman spectroscopic study made it possible to place the formation of the megacryometeors within a particular range of temperatures: −10 to −20 °C (14 to −4 °F).[10] They are sometimes confused with meteors because they can leave small impact craters.

References

  1. ↑ "Ficha de Jesús Martínez Frías en el Directorio del IGEO de CSIC, 1 de mayo de 2017".
  2. ↑ Gelo caindo do céu assusta moradores (in Portuguese).
  3. ↑ Peter T. Bobrowsky; Hans Rickman (2007). Comet/asteroid impacts and human society: an interdisciplinary approach. Springer. pp. 343–. ISBN 978-3-540-32709-7. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  4. 1 2 The Peculiar Phenomenon of Megacryometeors by Alan Bellows.
  5. 1 2 Martinez-FrÍas, J.; Delgado, A.; MillÁn, M.; Reyes, E.; Rull, F.; Travis, D.; Garcia, R.; LÓpez-Vera, F.; et al. (2005). "Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopic Signatures of Large Atmospheric Ice Conglomerations". Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry. 52 (2): 185. doi:10.1007/s10874-005-2007-7.
  6. ↑ Martinez-Frias, Jesus; Delgado Huertas, Antonio (2006). "Megacryometeors: Distribution on Earth and Current Research". AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment. 35 (6): 314. doi:10.1579/06-S-187.1.
  7. ↑ Orellana, Francisco Alamilla; Alegre, José Ma Ramiro; Cordero Pérez, José Carlos; Martín Redondo, Ma Paz; Delgado Huertas, Antonio; Fernández Sampedro, Ma Teresa; Menor-Salván, César; Ruiz-Bermejo, Marta; et al. (2008). "Monitoring the fall of large atmospheric ice conglomerations: a multianalytical approach to the study of the Mejorada del Campo megacryometeor". Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 10 (4): 570–4. PMID 18385879. doi:10.1039/b718785h.
  8. ↑ Tornadoes, Dark Days, Anomalous Precipitation, and Related Weather Phenomena, by William Corliss, 1983.
  9. ↑ Riesgos Naturales, by Olcina Santos, J. and Ayala-Carcedo, J.
  10. ↑ Rull, F.; Delgado, A.; Martinez-Frias, J. (2010). "Micro-Raman spectroscopic study of extremely large atmospheric ice conglomerations (megacryometeors)". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 368 (1922): 3145–52. Bibcode:2010RSPTA.368.3145R. PMID 20529951. doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.0103.
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