Medial globus pallidus

Medial globus pallidus

Medial globus pallidus (GPI) is seen in the 2nd image from the left
Details
Identifiers
Latin Globus pallidus medialis,
globus pallidus internus
NeuroNames hier-215
NeuroLex ID Globus pallidus internal segment
TA A14.1.09.511
FMA 61840

Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

The medial globus pallidus (or internal, GPi) is one of the output nuclei of the basal ganglia (the other being the substantia nigra pars reticulata). The GABA-containing neurons send their axons to specific nuclei of the dorsal thalamus (VA and VL), to the centromedian complex and to the pedunculopontine complex.[1][2]

The efferent bundle is constituted first of the ansa and fasciculus lenticularis, then crosses the internal capsule as the Edinger's comb system then arrives at the laterosuperior corner of the subthalamic nucleus and constitutes the field H2 of Forel, then H, and suddenly changes its direction to form field H1 that goes to the inferior part of the thalamus. The distribution of axonal islands is widespread in the lateral region of the thalamus. The innervation of the central region is done by collaterals.[3]

The medial globus pallidus contains GABAergic neurons, which allow for its inhibitory function. As the medial globus pallidus, along with the substantia nigra pars reticulata, forms the output of the basal ganglia, these neurons extend to the thalamus, the centromedian complex and the pedunculopontine complex.[4]

Function

Direct and indirect striatopallidal pathways: Glutamatergic pathways are red, dopaminergic are magenta and GABAergic pathways are blue. STN: Subthalamic Nucleus SNr: Substantia Nigra pars reticulata SNc: Substantia Nigra pars compacta GPe: Lateral globus pallidus

The medial globus pallidus acts to tonically inhibit the ventral lateral nucleus and ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus. As these two nuclei are needed for movement planning, this inhibition restricts movement initiation and prevents unwanted movements.

The Direct Striatopallidal Pathway

The medial globus pallidus receives inhibitory GABAergic signals from the striatum when a movement requirement is signaled from the cerebral cortex. As the medial globus pallidus is one of the direct output centers of the basal ganglia, this causes disinihibtion of the thalamus, increasing overall ease of initiating and maintaining movement. As this pathway only contains one synapse (from the striatum to the medial globus pallidus), it is considered a direct pathway.[5]

The Direct Striatopallidal Pathway is modulated by stimulation of the medial globus pallidus by the lateral globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus, via the Indirect Striatopallidal Pathway.[6]

Clinical significance

Pathology

Dysfunction of the medial globus pallidus has been correlated to the following conditions:

Deep brain stimulation

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a treatment by which regulated electrical pulses are sent to specifically targeted areas, and has been used on the medial globus pallidus to treat a variety of medical conditions.

DBS has been applied to patients with Tardive Dyskinesia, and the majority saw more than 50% improvement in symptoms.[10] Tourette Syndrome patients have also benefited from this treatment, showing over 50% improvement in tic severity (compulsive disabling motor tics are symptoms of Tourette patients).[9] The medial globus pallidus is also considered a "highly effective target for neuromodulation" when using deep brain stimulation on Parkinson's Disease patients.[7]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Nauta WJ, Mehler WR (January 1966). "Projections of the lentiform nucleus in the monkey". Brain Res. 1 (1): 3–42. PMID 4956247. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(66)90103-X. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
  2. ↑ Percheron G, François C, Talbi B, Meder JF, Fenelon G, Yelnik J (1993). "The primate motor thalamus analysed with reference to subcortical afferent territories". Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 60 (1–3): 32–41. PMID 8511432. doi:10.1159/000100588.
  3. ↑ Yelnik J, François C, Percheron G, Tandé D (April 1996). "A spatial and quantitative study of the striatopallidal connection in the monkey". NeuroReport. 7 (5): 985–988. PMID 8804036. doi:10.1097/00001756-199604100-00006.
  4. ↑ Schroll, Henning; Hamker, Fred H. (2013-01-01). "Computational models of basal-ganglia pathway functions: focus on functional neuroanatomy". Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 7: 122. PMC 3874581 Freely accessible. PMID 24416002. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2013.00122.
  5. ↑ Morita, Makiko; Hikida, Takatoshi (2015-11-01). "[Distinct roles of the direct and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia circuit mechanism]". Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi = Japanese Journal of Psychopharmacology. 35 (5-6): 107–111. ISSN 1340-2544. PMID 26785520.
  6. ↑ Parent, André; Hazrati, Lili-Naz (1995-01-01). "Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. II. The place of subthalamic nucleus and external pallidium in basal ganglia circuitry". Brain Research Reviews. 20 (1): 128–154. doi:10.1016/0165-0173(94)00008-D.
  7. 1 2 Andrade, Pablo; Carrillo-Ruiz, José D.; Jiménez, Fiacro (2009-07-01). "A systematic review of the efficacy of globus pallidus stimulation in the treatment of Parkinson's disease". Journal of Clinical Neuroscience: Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 16 (7): 877–881. ISSN 0967-5868. PMID 19398341. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2008.11.006.
  8. ↑ Waldvogel, Henry J.; Kim, Eric H.; Tippett, Lynette J.; Vonsattel, Jean-Paul G.; Faull, Richard LM (2014-01-01). Nguyen, Hoa Huu Phuc; Cenci, M. Angela, eds. Behavioral Neurobiology of Huntington's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 33–80. ISBN 9783662463437. doi:10.1007/7854_2014_354.
  9. 1 2 Dong, S.; Zhuang, P.; Zhang, X.-H.; Li, J.-Y.; Li, Y.-J. (2012-01-01). "Unilateral deep brain stimulation of the right globus pallidus internus in patients with Tourette's syndrome: two cases with outcomes after 1 year and a brief review of the literature". The Journal of International Medical Research. 40 (5): 2021–2028. ISSN 1473-2300. PMID 23206487.
  10. 1 2 Spindler, Meredith A.; Galifianakis, Nicholas B.; Wilkinson, Jayne R.; Duda, John E. (2013-02-01). "Globus pallidus interna deep brain stimulation for tardive dyskinesia: case report and review of the literature". Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 19 (2): 141–147. ISSN 1873-5126. PMID 23099106. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.09.016.
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