Operation Medak Pocket

Operation Medak Pocket (Croatian: Medački džep, Serbian: Медачки џеп) was a military operation undertaken by the Croatian Army between 9 – 17 September 1993, in which a salient reaching the south suburbs of Gospić, in the south-central Lika region of Croatia then under the control of the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina, was attacked by Croatian forces. The pocket was named after the village of Medak.

The Croatian offensive temporarily succeeded in expelling rebel Serb forces from the pocket after several days of fighting. However, the operation ended in controversy due to the skirmish with United Nations peacekeepers and accusations of serious Croatian war crimes against local Serb civilians. Although the outcome of the battle was a tactical victory for the Croatians, it became a serious political liability for the Croatian government and international political pressure forced a withdrawal to the previous ceasefire lines.

According to some Canadian sources, UNPROFOR personnel and Croatian troops exchanged heavy fire. In Canada, at the time, the battle was considered to be one of the most severe battles fought by the Canadian Forces since the Korean War.[4]

Background

Much of the interior of the Lika region of southern Croatia was captured by the forces of the self-proclaimed Republic of Serb Krajina (RSK) and the Serb-dominated Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) during 1991. In Lika, almost all of the Croatian population in the Serb-held area was killed, expelled or forced to seek refuge in government-held areas, while the Serbs continued shelling of the Croatian city of Gospić throughout the year from their positions, killing hundreds of civilians. A ceasefire was agreed in the January 1992 Sarajevo Agreement and a United Nations peacekeeping force UNPROFOR was installed to police the armistice lines, act as negotiators, aid-workers, and combat soldiers.[5]

Despite this, sporadic sniping and shelling continued to take place between the two sides. Gospić, which was close to the front lines, was repeatedly subjected to shellfire from the Serbian Army of Krajina (SVK). The town was of great importance in securing lines of communication between Dalmatia and the rest of Croatia. Much of the shelling took place from the Serb-controlled Medak Pocket, an area of high ground near Medak, Croatia approximately four to five kilometres wide and five to six kilometres long which consisted of the localities of Divoselo, Čitluk and part of Počitelj plus numerous small hamlets. The pocket was primarily a rural area with a combination of forest and open fields. It was fairly lightly inhabited before the attack, with about 400 Serb civilians residing in the area[6] and was held by units of the SVK's 15th Lika Corps.

The pocket adjoined Sector South, one of the four United Nations Protected Areas (UNPAs) in Croatia. It was not actually in the UNPA but lay just outside in a so-called "pink zone"—RSK held territory outside the UNPAs, patrolled by UNPROFOR peacekeepers. Prior to the Medak Pocket offensive, Croatian government forces had launched several relatively small-scale attacks to retake rebel Serb-held territory in "pink zones" in the Miljevci plateau incident in June 1992 and the area of the Maslenica bridge in northern Dalmatia in January 1993—the Operation Maslenica.[6] It has been alleged that the timing of the Maslenica and Medak offensives was owed to the political imperatives of Croatian President Franjo Tuđman, who was facing political difficulties following Croatia's intervention in the war in Bosnia.[7]

During Croatian chief of staff Janko Bobetko's visit to Gospić area, he and his team concluded that the situation on that area of the front was unsatisfatory. It was especially critical on Velebit mountain which was held by the members of Special police of Croatian Ministry of Interior. In case that these positions become overrun, the city of Gospić would become semi-surrounded. Croatian lines were also harassed by constant intrusions of smaller recon-sabotage groups that operated behind enemy lines.[8] On 4th of September one such group attacked Croatian positions on Velebit which resulted in two Croatian policemen being massacred.

Upon that, general Markač issued the order of making a plan that would prevent further intrusions on territory held by the Special police. When Bobetko learnt about that plan, he suggested fitting it into plan of activities of Croatian Army.[9] From beginning of September, the intensity of artillery attacks on wider area of Gospić also intensified. Bobeko therefore decided to run a small-scale tactical operation, with tasks of partially neutralizing Serb artillery positions around city of Gospić, destroying enemy recon-sabotage group base in Divoselo and shorten the length of Croatian frontline.[10]

The offensive

9–14 September

Croatian forces began their offensive at approximately 06:00 on 9 September 1993. The attack involved around 2,500 troops drawn from the Croatian Army's Gospić Operational Zone, including the 9th Guards Brigade, 111th Brigade, Gospić Home Guard Battalion, Lovinac Home Guard Battalion and Special Police Units of the Croatian Ministry of the Interior (MUP). The Croatians were largely armed with equipment captured from the Yugoslav People's Army, including M-84 tanks, as well as large numbers of artillery pieces and an array of small arms.

The SVK was taken by surprise and fell back. After two days of fighting the Croatian forces had taken control of Divoselo, Čitluk and part of Počitelj. The salient was pinched out with the new front line running just in front of the village of Medak. In retaliation for the offensive, Serb forces began to use long-range artillery to shell the city of Karlovac and fired FROG-7 ballistic missiles into the Croatian capital Zagreb.[11] The attack on Karlovac was especially brutal and dozens of civilians were killed.[12]

The SVK launched counter-attacks which retook some of the captured territory and brought the Croatian advance to a halt. It also threatened to attack 20 or 30 more targets throughout Croatia unless the captured territory was handed back. The two sides exchanged heavy artillery fire during 12–13 September, with the UN recording over 6,000 detonations in the Gospić-Medak area. On 13 and 14 September, Croatian Air Force MiG-21 aircraft attacked SVK artillery and rocket batteries in Banovina and Kordun but one aircraft was shot down near Vrginmost.[13]using SA-6 [14] and its pilot col. Miroslav Peris was killed.[15]

15–17 September

Ceasefire

The offensive attracted strong international criticism and, facing political and military pressure at home and from abroad, the Croatian government agreed to a ceasefire.[13] Major-General Petar Stipetić recalled that he was summoned in Zagreb by General Janko Bobetko on 15 September where he met with him and four other UN officers. Bobetko handed him the ceasefire agreement and after Stipetić put his signature on the page of the document, Bobetko commented that he himself would never signed that agreement, which angered Stipetić. Stipetić also said that order of withdrawal caused a lot of dissatisfaction among Croatian troops, although he expected nothing less. According to him, certain commanders warned him not to go to their sector because their men want to kill him for signing the ceasfire. When he came in Gospić, he met with General Ademi who asked him to try to get some time from the UNPROFOR because battlefield sanitation wasn't completed at that point, therefore UNPROFOR gave him three days to fix the battlefield.[16] On 15 September a ceasefire agreement was signed by General Mile Novaković, on behalf of the Serbian side and Major-General Petar Stipetić, on behalf of the Croatian side. The agreement required the Croatian forces to withdraw to the starting lines of 9 September, and for Serb forces to withdraw from the pocket and remain withdrawn thereafter. The Croatian withdrawal was scheduled for 1200 on 15 September.[6]

In order to oversee the withdrawal and protect local civilians, UNPROFOR sent 875 troops of the 2nd Battalion Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry Battle Group (2PPCLI BG) to move into the pocket, accompanied by two French Army mechanized units. The UN forces, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel James Calvin, were instructed to interpose themselves between the Serb and Croatian forces.

Canadian buffer

Prior to CANBAT's arrival in Sector South, general relationship between Croats and Canadian peacekeepers was poor. Members of other UNPROFOR battalions, told Croatian authorities that "almost all Canadians are have [...] hostile attitude towards Croatia." In the eyes of Canadian soldiers, Serbs were perceived as friendly, while Croats were perceived as cold. In the town of Daruvar, some Croatian group called "The Lakers" looted and assaulted UNPROFOR personnel. Canadians considered Krajina "as a region with special rights, populated exclusively by Serbs", while Croatian president Tuđman was seen as the biggest nationalist. Due to mentioned animosity several cases were recorded in which Croats referred to Canadian soldiers as "chetniks", while Canadians dubbed Croats as "neanderthals and primitive peasants".[17]

The Canadians were, nevertheless, among the best trained troops at UNPROFOR's disposal, making them a natural choice for this dangerous task, Historians researching UNPROFOR's mission in Croatia noticed that this superior competence and equipment often made them act arrogant towards their fellow peacekeepers from other nations back in Sector West, which they perceived as less competent.[18][19] They were equipped with M-113 armoured personnel carriers and carried a mix of M2 .50 caliber machine guns, C6 medium machine guns, C7 assault rifles, C9 light machine guns, and 84 mm Carl Gustav RCL's. The attached Heavy Weapons Support Company brought 81 mm mortars and a specially fitted APC armed with anti-tank guided missiles.[11]

Croatian forces and other officials involved with the Medak Pocket Mission lost confidence in the UN's ability due to failed attacks on forces in the zone of separation between Krajinan Serb forces. Earlier that year Croatian troops had launched an attack in order to seize a Peruća Lake power dam and reservoir.[11] The dam was gravely damaged on 28 January 1993, in the aftermath of Operation Maslenica, at 10:48 a.m., when it was blown up in an intentional effort to destroy it by RSK forces.[20] 30 tonnes (30 long tons; 33 short tons) of explosive was used, causing heavy damage, but ultimately the effort to demolish the dam failed. The Croatian communities in the Cetina valley were nevertheless in great danger of being flooded by the lake water.[21] The actions of Major Mark Nicholas Gray of the Royal Marines, deployed with UNPROFOR, prevented total collapse of the dam as he had opened the spillway channel before the explosion and reduced the water level in the lake by 4 metres (13 feet).[22] Subsequently, the Croatian forces intervened and captured the dam and the surrounding area.[23] UN forces stationed in the area quickly fled before the attacking Croats, confirming Croat beliefs that a show of force would scare away the UN soldiers.[11] Consequently, the UN needed muscle in Sector South to rebuild its credibility in the eyes of many across the globe.[24] With their 'tough but fair' reputation, 2PPCLI was sent from North near Zagreb to Krajinan region in Southern Croatia, near the Dalmatian Coast territory.[24]

Location of the Medak Pocket. UN force dispositions are as of early 1995.

According to Canadian version of following events, Croatian forces, under the pretext of not receiving authorization from Zagreb, decided to attack the Canadian forces who were moving in between the Serb and Croat forces. Private Scott LeBlanc who was present in the UN forces recalls, "We started taking fire almost immediately from the Croats".[25] When the Canadians began constructing a fortified position, the Croatians fired hundreds of artillery shells at them. The Canadians successfully used breaks in the shelling to repair and reinforce their positions.

The UN forces claim that they took control of abandoned Serbian positions but again came under fire from the Croatian lines, with the attackers using rocket propelled grenades and anti-aircraft guns. The UN troops then dug in their positions and apparently returned fire. By Canadian claims, as the night fell the Croatians attempted several flanking manoeuvres but the Canadians responded with fire against the Croatian infantry. The French used 20 mm cannon fire to suppress Croatian heavy weapons. By Canadian claims, the Croatian commander, Rahim Ademi, upon realizing that his forces could not complete their objectives, met with the Canadian commander and agreed to a ceasefire where his troops would withdraw by noon the next day.

According to Croatian version of events, Canadians started moving forward towards Croatian positions, while still having Serb troops right behind their back. Croatian side interpreted such Canadian move as their non completing of first phase of the agreement which among others included demilitarisation of area around Serb held positions. Croatian soldiers received an order from general Ademi to fire only in self defence, and not to use heavy weapons and tanks. As the night fell the situaton became unclear because Serb troops couldn't be clearly distinct from UNPROFOR forces in that moment so the gunfire was exchanged with the opposing side as a mean of detterent for any kind of attack on Croatian positions. On the following morning, brigadier Ademi was angry because UNPROFOR forces wanted to provoke his men, take new positions and thus allow Serbs to take their old positions back, so he allowed the implementation of phase two, which meant UNPROFOR troops crossing behind Croatian lines. [26]

When the deadline passed, Canadian forces attempted to cross the Croatian lines, but were stopped at a mined and well-defended roadblock. Unwilling to fight his way through, Calvin instead held an impromptu media conference with the roadblock as a backdrop, telling 20 or so international journalists that Croatian forces clearly had something to hide.[25] The Croatian high command, realizing they had a public relations disaster on their hands, quickly moved back to their lines held on 9 September. The withdrawal was finally verified as having been completed by 18:00 on 17 September, bringing the offensive to an end.

The advancing Canadian forces discovered that the Croat army had destroyed almost all of the Serb buildings, razing them to the ground. In the burning wrecks they found 16 mutilated corpses.[25] The Canadians expected to find many survivors hiding in the woods, but no Serb was found alive. Rubber surgical gloves littered the area, leading Calvin to a conclusion that there had been a clean-up operation.[11] However, UN's investigation suggests that these gloves may have also been ordinary precaution measures by the Croatians to deal with the legitimate dead and wounded. Photographs of Canadian personnel also shows them using surgical gloves.[27] Everything was recorded and handed over to the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. ICTY indicted Ademi in 2001, charging him with crimes against humanity,[25] but he was ultimately acquitted.[28]

On 27 April 1998, Calvin reported that "the Croatians reported that 27 of their members were killed or wounded during the fire fights with [his] battle group during the 14 days [sic] in Medak". The same report indicates four Canadians wounded in initial artillery barrage, seven French soldiers were injured by land mines, three French APCs and a front-loader lost to land mines, a Canadian killed and further two injured in collision of their jeep with a Serb truck. The Calvin's report does not identify the Croatian casualty report or its source.[29] Various Canadian sources (Otawa Citizen, Tested Mettle, Chances for Peace) talk about 27-30 Croatian soldiers killed in apparent clash with Canadian peacekeepers. The source of this number is apparently some kind of information published by Croatian Radio Television as well as video footage broadcast by it. In his study "Human Losses in Operation Medak Pocket", author Miroslav Međimorec claims that he did a search of entire Croatian Radio Television's archive, but was unable to find the alleged footage or any clue of that number. He also holds possible that the footage does not longer exist.[30] Even though the operation was considered a success, due to the emerging Somalia Affair, the clash was not highly publicized at the time. Canadians are trained to deal with foreign population and authorities, have to deal with conflicting parties as a non-enemy participant with knowledge and the caution that one side would become the enemy.[31] Canadians are also taught how to deal with human rights violations, especially those that many Canadians had to face in the Medak Pocket where war crimes occurred. Most importantly they have an advanced knowledge and skill for the operational knowledge of law and armed conflict.[32] The Canadian troops showed their ability to immediately stand down when Croatian forces ceased-fire and the Canadians reverted to their role as impartial peacekeepers.[31][33]

The French Lieutenant-General Jean Cot, who was in charge of the operation and Calvin's superior officer, said:

It was the most important force operation the UN conducted in the former Yugoslavia ... While we could not prevent the slaughter of the Serbs by the Croatians, including elderly people and children, we drove back to its start line a well-equipped Croatian battalion of some thousand men. Together, the Canadians and the French succeeded in breaking the Croatian lines, and with their weapons locked and loaded and ready, firing when necessary. They circled and disarmed an eighteen-soldier commando from the Croatian Special Forces who had penetrated by night into their location. They did everything I expected from them and showed what real soldiers can do
— UNPROFOR French Lieutenant-General Jean Cot[34]

The group UNPROFOR disarmed were members of Croatian Special Police who ended up in demilitarised zone and were disarmed at gunpoint. At first they refused to hand over their weapons but after receiving radio order from their commander Mladen Markač they complied with the request. After that, they were escorted out of the demilitarised zone and handed over to Croatian authorities. Their weapons were afterwards delivered by Canadian officer who didn't gave them back to the Croatians but threw them demonstratively in the mud in front of them and walked away without saying a word.[35] Several cases were also recorded of Canadians entering 1,5 - 2 kilometers too deep behind the agreed lines and crushing Croatian road obstacles using their veichles.[35] After UNPROFOR took control of demilitarised zone, Canadians allowed incursions of Serb soldiers in demilitarised zone and Serb attacks on Croatian soldiers from there which resulted with wounding of one Croatian soldier. Such behaviour of Calvin's men resulted in increased diplomatic activity on following days in order to calm the tense situation on the field.[36]

Croatian denial

According to Domazet Lošo (retired admiral), colonel Vagn Ove Moebjerg Nielsen, news sites, official documents and other types of sources,[37][38][39][40][41][42] there is no single evidence, report, document or a statement about "The biggest Canadian battle since Korean War" as well as from either of these resources:

- UNPROFOR Sector South HQ

- UNPROFOR HQ Croatia

- CANBAT HQ

- CANBAT soldiers statements in September 1993.[43]

- CANBAT Commander Jim Calvin statement in September 1993.[44]

- FREBAT HQ

- UN Military observers

- UN Civil police

- UN Security Councile[45]

- Serb HQ, field units or intelligence

- Croat HQ, field units or intelligence

- Human rights watch and similar organisations

- US State department[46]

Among all of these, there is only a mention the incident, reporting "minor incident" as sporadical firefigt or few shootouts. Serbs also do not mention "the battle" in their own view of operation Medak pocket.[47]

Of its 875 soldiers (2PPCLI) , only 375 came from the regular unit: the rest were augmentees, 385 militia citizen soldiers and 165 from other regular force units. In fact, reserve soldiers made up 70% of rifle company strength during the mission due to the requirement for highly skilled and experienced regular soldiers in support and technical trade positions . This includes 7 out of the 12 platoon commanders who came from militia battalions as Reserve Entry Scheme Officers (RESO). Nevertheless the 2 PPCLI Battlegroup in Croatia contained the highest concentration of reserve soldiers on an operational mission to date.[48]

"There was no time to properly exercise the companies, let alone the whole battalion...No one could know that the 2 PPCLI platoons would be called upon to gel together and go into action as a full battalion."[48]

Alpha and Bravo Companies, arrived in the area (Sector South's Medak Pocket) from Sector West on September 7, 1993, just 48 hours before the Croatian offensive started.[48]

"UNPROFOR have been successful in the first 24 hours of the mission. After a few difficulties they managed to cross the crossing point onto the Croatian side and the first company moved into the front lines of the Croatian forces. The Croatians then withdrew so within two and a half hours there was a buffer zone in place. There has been sporadic fire at UNPROFOR from the Croatian side."
— Colonel Jim Calvin, UNTV 1993-09-17[44]

UNTV reports (1993-09-18) on the actions of CANBAT and CIVPOL after UNPROFOR had successfully crossed Croatian lines to set up a buffer between Croatian and Serbian forces in the Medak pocket. Includes interviews with civilians caught up in the recent Croatian offensive.[43]

In an interview with three CANBAT soldiers they explain that they arrived 48 hours ago and that their task was to observe the area and take up a position on the earth embankment fifty metres from where they had first come in between the opposing sides. They explain that in process of replacing the Serb lines, they came under direct and indirect fire from the Croatian lines and, following the UNPROFOR rules of engagement, they did return fire but with small arms only. The soldiers say that there were no casualties on their side, that the Serbs have a couple of casualties, and they have no knowledge of any Croatian casualties.[43]

Major-general Petar Stipetić, "categorically rejected any insinuations of an armed conflict between Croatian troops and the UN in the Medak Pocket", although, he mentioned an incident on second day of Croatian withdrawal when French transporter got stuck in a minefield for which Croatian commander ordered his engineers and medical corps to salvage the French.[16]

In 2002 the Croatian newspaper Nacional published a report claiming that "the armed conflict between the Croatian and Canadian forces in operation Medak Pocket from 9 to 17 September 1993 never happened" and that the Canadians had fired "no more than a couple of shots into the night."[49] The same newspaper also claims that the autopsy on Croatian soldiers killed during the battle, revealed that none of them died from the weapons that Canadians had in their arsenal at the Medak Pocket.[50] Retired Croatian admiral Davor Domazet-Lošo, testifying at 2007 trial of general Mirko Norac, commanding officer of the 9th Guards Brigade in September 1993, and general Rahim Ademi, commanding officer of the Gospić military district at the time, denied Canadian claims of scale of the armed conflict with UNPROFOR and 26 Croatian fatalities resulting from the battle. He went on to say that he wonders if the 26 victims were Serbs since the claim of 26 killed Croats was not true. This was denied by Calvin,[51] and decorated Canadian Army veterans who served at Medak. For their part, the Croatian authorities, both civil and military, during the aftermath of the skirmish with the UN forces and in the years that followed, have never stated that any serious battle with UNPROFOR forces in the Medak area ever occurred and claim that the Canadian forces' version of events is politically motivated. Domazet also invited Canadian side to show where are the graves of 26 Croatian soldiers "that they killed in non existing clash for which they received 800 medals".[52]

Miroslav Međimorec in his paper Medak Pocket: Canadian Interpretation - Canadian Sources, concluded that Canadian "soldiers accounts" are filled with event's excitement, "are contradicted by the nature of the firefights" and that they usually come down to bare bragging instead of speaking of the real witnessed event. He concludes that "only by bragging could that "scuffle" turn into a fierce dramatic battle in which everything depended on Canadian courage and military capability." [53]

Serbian denial

Croatian author Miroslav Međimorec was gained insight into the battle reports of ARSK 3rd Motorised Brigade (3. mtb) that was stationed near the Canadian UNPROFOR forces on 16th and 17th of September 1993. The reports, although written in confusing manner, mention only occasional provocations coming from Croatian side in this period, to which the Serb side answered with small arms fire. The author concluded that the clash between Croatian forces and the UN either wasn't fierce enough to be mentioned by the person writing the report or it didn't happened al all.[30]

Nielsen denial

Retired Royal Danish Army colonel Vagn Ove Moebjerg Nielsen, UNPROFOR commanding officer in the area at the time, but who was not present for the battle, testifying at the Ademi–Norac trial, denied that there was any armed conflict between the Canadian and Croatian troops except for a single incident when the Canadians deployed in front of Serb-held positions. Croatian Army fired shots, but the Canadians did not return fire. He added that the firing stopped when Croats realized that they are engaging the UN force.[54]

Canadian denial

Some Canadian analysts wrote that the skirmish between Croatian and Canadian troops can't be called a real battle, especially if perceived through western standards in which the opposing sides are attached by fire and movement. Croats took no sweeping tank thrusts or infantry movements in order to overtake the ground held by the UN. Skirmish can only be perceived as a battle by what they call "The Balkan Standards" in which the opposing side is forced to abandon their positions under pressure from heavy fire, adding the fact that five of the Charlie company's men were reservists for who this skirmish was "a real war".[11]

In Canada, the event has been referred to as "Canada's secret battle".[55][56] The Medak Pocket was an event that challenged the skill and discipline of an army that had not deployed formed units to fight in a full-scale battle for almost 40 years.[57] Military analysts have since written extensively of the effects the battle at Medak Pocket has had on the Canadian military, including the management of public information regarding the battle, and both the Canadian military's and the Canadian public's perception of what "peacekeepers" were trained to do. The battle did not gain widespread public attention in Canada at the time.[57][58]

The mine incident

On 25 September 1993, a Canadian infantry patrol stumbled on a mine which wounded two of their soldiers. They dispatched the APC which triggered another mine so two more Canadian soldiers were wounded. Croatian help was asked, received and declined twice before the wounded soldiers were taken to hospital in Zagreb across the Serb held territory. After this, general Cot again accused Croatian army of opening fire on the UN personnel, but on 28 September, general Bebetko sent a letter in which he strongly dismissed these claims and suggested establishing a mixed committee in order to determine the truth. Cot then admit it was a misunderstanding and apparently appologised for falsely accusing the Croatian side. [59]

War crimes investigations

The UN immediately began an investigation into the events at Medak. The task was hampered by the systematic destruction that had been carried out by the withdrawing Croatians. The UN forces found that (in the words of an official Canadian study on the incident) "each and every building in the Medak Pocket had been leveled to the ground", in a total of eleven villages and hamlets.[11] UNPROFOR units recovered 18 bodies in the Medak Pocket at the immediate aftermath of the operation. Croatian authorities turned over another 64 bodies which they claimed they recovered at the Medak Pocket which were given to the Serbs authorities. The investigation claimed that one of the factors which complicated the determination of military status was that many civilians wore items of military clothing and many local military wore items of civilian clothing. The Croatians claimed that there were cases of two elderly women killed during the attack. They said that one was killed while operating anti-aircraft battery and onother blew herself up using a grenade to avoid the capture. UN dismissed these claims in their report in 1994.,[27] however, several eyewitness on Norac-Ademi trial in 2006., described in detail on how that grenade incident happened.[60]

Investigators from the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) determined that at least 100 Serb civilians had been unlawfully killed and many others had suffered serious injuries; many of the victims were women and elderly people. 29 executed Serb civilians have been identified, as well as five Serb soldiers who had been captured or wounded. More were thought to have been killed, but the bodies were said to have been removed or destroyed by the Croatians.[11] In addition, Serb-owned property was systematically looted and destroyed to render the area uninhabitable. Personal belongings, household goods, furniture, housing items, farm animals, farm machinery and other equipment were looted or destroyed, and wells were polluted to make them unusable. An estimated 164 homes and 148 barns and outbuildings were burned down or blown up. Much of the destruction was said to have taken place during the 48 hours between the ceasefire being signed and the withdrawal being completed.[61]

The US Department of State claimed that Croatian forces destroyed 11 Serbian villages and killed at least 67 individuals, including civilians.[62]

Several members of the Croatian military were subsequently charged with war crimes. The highest-ranking indictee was General Janko Bobetko. He was indicted for war crimes by the ICTY in 2001,[3] but died before the case was heard by the court, and in consequence the trial was cancelled.[63]

The wider area was under the jurisdiction of the Gospić Military District, commanded at the time by Brigadier Rahim Ademi. He was also indicted by the ICTY and was transferred there in 2001. In 2004, General Mirko Norac – who was already serving a 12-year jail sentence in Croatia for his role in the Gospić massacre – was also indicted and transferred to The Hague. The two cases were joined in July 2004 and in November 2005 the Tribunal agreed to a Croatian government request to transfer the case back to Croatia, for trial before a Croatian court.[64]

The trial of Mirko Norac and Rahim Ademi began at the Zagreb County Court in June 2007 and resulted in first-degree verdict in May 2008 whereby Norac was found guilty and given a seven-year sentence for failing to stop his soldiers killing Serbs (28 civilians and 5 prisoners), while Ademi was acquitted.[28] The appeal went to the Supreme Court of Croatia which rendered its verdict in November 2009, confirming the previous verdict but commuting Norac's sentence by a year. The final appeals were rejected in March 2010. The process was tracked for the ICTY Prosecutor by the OSCE Zagreb office.[65][66][67]

Former members of Croatian 9th Guards Brigade Velibor Šolaja[68] and Josip Krmpotić[69] were also found guilty of war crimes in Medak Pocket. Šolaja was given five-year prison sentence for murder of civilians, while Krmpotić was found guilty of arson and destruction of Serb owned houses around Gospić, for which he received a three-year prison sentence.[70] Trial of Josip Mršić is stil underway[71], although he admit killing of an old civilian woman back in 2014.[72]

Aftermath

After the offensive, most of the villages in the area were destroyed and depopulated. Even today, the region is still largely abandoned, though some Serbs have since returned to it.[73] The region remained, in effect, neutral ground between the warring sides until near the end of the war. It was recaptured by the Croatian Army on 4 August 1995 during Operation Storm, which ended in the defeat of the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina.

The Medak Pocket offensive can be considered a tactical victory for the Croats in that it reduced the Serb threat against Gospić and permanently eliminated the possibility of splitting Croatia in half as had been planned. The offensive also exposed serious weaknesses in the Croatian Army's command, control, and communications, which had also been a problem in Operation Maslenica earlier in the year.

The operation caused serious political difficulties for the Croatian government, which was heavily criticised abroad for its actions at Medak. The well-publicised accusations of war crimes, along with the Muslim-Croat bloodshed in Bosnia, led to Croatia's image being severely tarnished; in many quarters abroad, the country was viewed as having moved from being a victim to an aggressor.[74][75]

The war crimes committed during the operation damaged the credibility of UNPROFOR as well, as its forces had been unable to prevent them despite being in the vicinity at the time. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, the UN Secretary-General, admitted that

"The 9 September 1993 Croatian destruction of three villages in the Medak pocket has, despite the robust action taken by UNPROFOR to secure the withdrawal of Croatian forces, further increased the mistrust of the Serbs towards UNPROFOR and has led to the reaffirmation of their refusal to disarm. In turn, this refusal to disarm, as required in the United Nations peace-keeping plan, has prevented UNPROFOR from implementing other essential elements of the plan, particularly facilitating the return of refugees and displaced persons to their places of origins in secure conditions."[76]

The 2nd Battalion PPCLI Battle Group, was later awarded the Commander-in-Chief Unit Commendation for its actions in the Medak Pocket, the first Canadian unit ever presented this unit commendation.[77][78]

Notes

  1. ↑ Nacional, 11 December 2002.Canadian military faces scandal: The official records in the Defence Ministry refer to a total of 10 dead and 84 injured among the Croatian soldiers and police throughout the entire operation against Serbian forces from 9–17 September 1993
  2. ↑ "Testimony to the Standing Committee on National Defence and Veterans Affairs", 27 April 1998
  3. 1 2 Carla Del Ponte (23 August 2002). "Indictment" (PDF). The Prosecutor of the Tribunal against Janko Bobetko. ICTY. Retrieved 16 December 2012. During the Medak Pocket operation at least 100 Serbs including 29 local Serb civilians were unlawfully killed and others sustained serious injury. Many of the killed and wounded civilians were women and elderly people. Croatian forces also killed at least five Serb soldiers who had been captured and/or wounded. Details of some of the killed 29 civilians and 5 soldiers hors d'combat are contained in the First Schedule to the indictment.
  4. ↑ "Canada honours its heroes of Balkan battle". Globe and Mail. Canada. 2 December 2002. Archived from the original on 13 June 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
  5. ↑ United Nations Security Council Resolution 743. S/RES/743(1992) 21 February 1992. Retrieved 10 April 2008.
  6. 1 2 3 "Consolidated Indictment". The Prosecutor v. Rahim ADEMI and Mirko NORAC. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. 27 May 2004. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  7. ↑ Marcus Tanner, Croatia: A Nation Forged in War, p. 291. Yale University Press, 1997
  8. ↑ Despot, Zvonimir (2012.). Medački džep 1993. Večernji list. pp. 12–13. ISBN 9789532801309. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ↑ "Zločin u Medačkom džepu" (PDF). Svjedočenje svjedoka Željka Sačića - zamjenik zapovjednika JSP-a u MUP-u RH.
  10. ↑ Despot, 14-15.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Lee A. Windsor. "The Medak Pocket". Ottawa, Canada: Conference of Defense Associations Institute. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  12. ↑ Ozren Žunec (1997). "Rat u Hrvatskoj 1991–95, Part II" (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 29 March 2009.
  13. 1 2 David C. Isby, Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990–1995, p. 269
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  15. ↑ Sredojević, Nenad. "In Memoriam: Pukovnik Miroslav Peris". avioradar.hr. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
  16. 1 2 "Stipetić: Nikada nikome nisam rekao da laže o događajima u Gospiću" (in Croatian). Retrieved 2017-05-03.
  17. ↑ Miškulin, Ivica (2014). Imas puska, imas pistol? : o mirovnim operacijama Ujedninjenih naroda u zapadnoj Slavoniji. Slavonski Brod: Hrvatski institut za povijest Slavonije, Srijema i Baranje. pp. 131–137. ISBN 9789536659876.
  18. ↑ Miškulin, Ivica (2014). Imas puska, imas pistol? : o mirovnim operacijama Ujedninjenih naroda u zapadnoj Slavoniji. Slavonski Brod: Hrvatski institut za povijest Slavonije, Srijema i Baranje. pp. 91–130. ISBN 9789536659876.
  19. ↑ "Predstavljanje knjige „Imas puska, imas pistol?“". Youtube. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  20. ↑ "Water Conflict Chronology" (PDF). Pacific Institute, Oakland, California. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
  21. ↑ James Gow. The Serbian Project and Its Adversaries. p. 157.
  22. ↑ Tom Wilkie (16 September 1995). "Unsung army officer saved 20,000 lives". The Independent. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  23. ↑ "Petnaesta obljetnica operacije Peruča – Spriječena katastrofa". Hrvatski vojnik (in Croatian). Ministry of Defence (Croatia). February 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  24. 1 2 Maloney, Sean. "Canadians at Medak Pocket Fighting for Peace" (PDF). Chances for Peace: The Canadians in UNPROFOR 1992–1995. Vanwell. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Michael Snider with Sean M Maloney (2 September 2002). "FIREFIGHT AT THE MEDAK POCKET". MacLeans Magazine.
  26. ↑ Miroslav, Međimorec, (2004-03-01). "UNPROFOR - Kanadsko-francuska uloga - Nepostojeća bitka". National security and the future (in Croatian). 5 (1-4.). ISSN 1332-4454.
  27. 1 2 Medak Investigation, United Nations - Security Council S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol. I), 28 December 1994
  28. 1 2 "Croatia jails war crimes general". BBC News. 30 May 2008. Retrieved 12 August 2008. He was sentenced to seven years in prison for failing to stop his soldiers killing and torturing Serbs in 1993. ... The charge sheet included the killing of 28 civilians and five prisoners. Some of the victims were tortured before they were killed.
  29. ↑ "Standing Committee on National Defence and Veterans Affairs, Minutes – Evidence". House of Commons of Canada. 27 April 1998. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  30. 1 2 Miroslav, Međimorec, (2004-03-01). "Ljudski gubitci u operaciji Medački džep - navodne žrtve - ratne zločine". National security and the future (in Croatian). 5 (1-4.). ISSN 1332-4454.
  31. 1 2 La-Rose Edwards, Dangerfield, Weekes, Paul, Jack, Randy (1997). Non-Traditional Military Training for Canadian Peacekeepers. Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada. pp. 47/48. ISBN 0-660-16881-2.
  32. ↑ Weekes, Paul LaRose-Edwards ; Jack Dangerfield ; Randy (1997). Non-traditional military training for Canadian peacekeepers : a study prepared for the Commission of Inquiry into the Deployment of Canadian Forces to Somalia. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada. ISBN 0-660-16881-2.
  33. ↑ Somalia, report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Deployment of Canadian Forces to (1997). Dishonoured legacy. Ottawa: Canada Communications Group (Publ). ISBN 0-660-17068-X.
  34. ↑ French Lieutenant-General Jean Cot (2007). "Chances for Peace: Canadian Soldiers in the Balkans 1992–1995 ISBN 1-55125-053-5". seanmmaloney.com. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  35. 1 2 Miroslav, Međimorec, (2004-03-01). "UNPROFOR - Kanadsko-francuska uloga - Nepostojeća bitka". National security and the future (in Croatian). 5 (1-4.). ISSN 1332-4454.
  36. ↑ Miroslav, Međimorec, (2004-03-01). "UNPROFOR - Kanadsko-francuska uloga - Nepostojeća bitka". National security and the future (in Croatian). 5 (1-4.). ISSN 1332-4454.
  37. ↑ "Ademi-Norac: Nije bilo sukoba Hrvata i Kanađana". 24 sata.
  38. ↑ "Medak pocket battle a "myth"". PressReader.
  39. ↑ "Domazet: 'Ademi je zapovijedao, ne ja'". Jutarnji list.
  40. ↑ "Final report of the Commission of Experts on former Yugoslavia-1993-94: Un Security Council S/1994/674" (PDF).
  41. ↑ "Medački džep ‘93. – Nakon 20 godina skinuta teška stigma". Večernji list.
  42. ↑ "Svjedočenje Domazeta-Loše u Kanadi aktualiziralo priču o sukobima s HV-om 1993.". Dnevnik.hr.
  43. 1 2 3 "MEDAK - CITLUK (RUSHES TAPE 2): UN DEPLOYMENT ON CF; INTERVIEWS WITH DISPLACED PEOPLE, GRACAC [Allocated Title]".
  44. 1 2 "MEDAK - CITLUK (RUSHES TAPE 1): FIELD SWEEP; SECTOR SOUTH INVESTIGATION (AND VISOKO 3) [Allocated Title]".
  45. ↑ "UN Security Council final report (S/1994/674)".
  46. ↑ "CROATIA HUMAN RIGHTS PRACTICES, 1993".
  47. ↑ Knin je pao u Beogradu.
  48. 1 2 3 ""The Sand Beneath our Feet: The Changing Mandate in the Croatian Inquiry"" (PDF).
  49. ↑ Nacional, 4 December 2002
  50. ↑ "Kanađani odlikovani za lažnu bitku – Nacional.hr". nacional.hr. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  51. ↑ David Pugliese, Ottawa Citizen; CanWest News Service (20 September 2002). "No battle, no war crimes, general claims". Edmonton Journal. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
  52. ↑ "Domazet Lošo: Neka Kanađani pokažu gdje su pokopali 26 Hrvata" (in Croatian). Retrieved 2017-07-04.
  53. ↑ Miroslav, Međimorec, (2002-09-01). "Canadian Interpretation – Canadian Sources". National security and the future. 3 (3-4.). ISSN 1332-4454.
  54. ↑ "Pukovnik UNPROFOR-a: HV se nije sukobio s plavim kacigama" [UNPROFOR colonel: Croatian Army did not clash with blue helmets] (in Croatian). Nova TV. 20 February 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  55. ↑ "Remembering Canada’s ‘secret battle’". ipolitics.ca. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  56. ↑ "Canada's Secret Battle-Medak Pocket". derkeiler.com. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  57. 1 2 Dallaire, edited by Bernd Horn ; foreword by Roméo (2009). Fortune favours the brave : tales of courage and tenacity in Canadian military history. Toronto: Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-1-55002-841-6.
  58. ↑ Off, Carol (2004). The ghosts of Medak Pocket : the story of Canada's secret war. [Toronto]: Random House Canada. ISBN 0-679-31293-5.
  59. ↑ Miroslav, Međimorec, (2004-03-01). "UNPROFOR - Kanadsko-francuska uloga - Nepostojeća bitka". National security and the future (in Croatian). 5 (1-4.). ISSN 1332-4454.
  60. ↑ "Zločin u Medačkom džepu" (PDF). p. Testimonies of: Latif Huremović, Željko Lučić, Stjepan Škrinjarić and Renata Dobi-Babić.
  61. ↑ "Final Report of the United Nations Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 (1992)" (PDF). International Institute of Higher Studies in Criminal Sciences. 28 December 1994. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  62. ↑ "CROATIA HUMAN RIGHTS PRACTICES, 1993". hri.org. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  63. ↑ Trial Chamber II (24 June 2003). "Order Terminating Proceedings Against Janko Bobetko". Case No. IT-02-62-I. ICTY. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  64. ↑ "CT/MO/1015e – RAHIM ADEMI AND MIRKO NORAC CASE TRANSFERRED TO CROATIA". pub. 1 November 2005. Archived from the original on 17 March 2008. Retrieved 12 August 2008. Today, 1 November 2005, the Rahim Ademi and Mirko Norac case was officially transferred to the Republic of Croatia by the ICTY. This is the first case in which persons already indicted by the Tribunal have been referred to Croatia. It is the only case, out of 10, that the Tribunal's Prosecution has requested be transferred to Croatia.
  65. ↑ http://www.icty.org/sid/8934
  66. ↑ http://www.icty.org/x/file/Outreach/11bisReports/11bis_norac_ademi_progressreport_18th.pdf
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  75. ↑ Adam LeBor, Milosevic: A Biography, p. 224. Yale University Press, 2004
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Bibliography

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