Meadow

Wildflower meadow

A meadow is a field habitat vegetated by grass and other non-woody plants (grassland).^[1]

Meadows are of ecological importance because they are open, sunny areas that attract and support flora and fauna that could not thrive in other conditions. Meadows may be naturally occurring or artificially created from cleared shrub or woodland. They often host a multitude of wildlife, providing areas for courtship displays, nesting, food gathering and sometimes sheltering if the vegetation is high enough. Many meadows support a wide array of wildflowers, which makes them of utmost importance to insects like bees and other pollinating insects, and hence the entire ecosystem.

In agriculture, a meadow is grassland which is not regularly grazed by domestic livestock, but rather allowed to grow unchecked in order to produce hay.

Agriculture

Especially in the United Kingdom and Ireland, the term meadow is commonly used in its original sense to mean a hay meadow, signifying grassland mown annually in the summer for making hay. Agricultural meadows are typically lowland or upland fields upon which hay or pasture grasses grow from self-sown or hand-sown seed.^[2] Traditional hay meadows were once common in rural Britain, but are now in decline. Ecologist Professor John Rodwell states that over the past century, England and Wales have lost about 97% of their hay meadows.^[3] Fewer than 15.000 hectares of lowland meadows remain in the UK and most sites are relatively small and fragmented. 25% of the UK's meadows are found in Worcestershire, with Foster's Green Meadow managed by the Worcestershire Wildlife Trust being a major site. ^[4]

A similar concept to the hay meadow is the pasture, which differs from the meadow in that it is grazed through the summer, rather than being allowed to grow out and periodically be cut for hay.^[2] A pasture can also refer to any land used for grazing, and in this wider sense the term refers not only to grass pasture, but also to non-grassland habitats such as heathland, moorland and wood pasture.^[5] The term, grassland, is used to describe both hay meadows and grass pastures.

The specific agricultural practices in relation to the meadow can take on various expressions. As mentioned, this could be hay production or providing food for grazing cattle and livestock but also to give room for orchards or honey production.

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  An uncut hay meadow.
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  Montane hay meadows with haystacks.
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  An orchard meadow.
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  A meadow (pasture) maintained by grazing livestock.
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  Artificially grazed meadow.
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  Artificial beehives.

Transitional meadows

A transitional meadow occurs when a field, pasture, farmland, or other cleared land is no longer cut or grazed and starts to display luxuriant growth, extending to the flowering and self-seeding of its grass and wild flower species.^[6] The condition is however only temporary, because the grasses eventually become shaded out when scrub and woody plants become well-established, being the forerunners of the return to a fully wooded state.^[7] A transitional state can be artificially-maintained through a double-field system, in which cultivated soil and meadows are alternated for a period of 10 to 12 years each.^[6]

In North America prior to European colonization, Algonquians, Iroquois and other Native Americans peoples regularly cleared areas of forest to create transitional meadows where deer and game could find food and be hunted. For example, some of today's meadows originated thousands of years ago, due to regular burnings by Native Americans.^[7][8]

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  Abandoned meadow in England.
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  The same landscape some years later.
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  Conifers encroaching on a meadow in Washington, USA.

Perpetual meadow

A perpetual meadow, also called a natural meadow, is one in which environmental factors, such as climatic and soil conditions, are favorable to perennial grasses and restrict the growth of woody plants indefinitely.^[9] Types of perpetual meadows may include:

• Alpine meadows occur at high elevations above the tree line and maintained by harsh climatic conditions.
• Coastal meadows maintained by salt sprays.
• Desert meadows restricted by low precipitation or lack of nutrients and humus.
• Prairies maintained by periods of severe drought or subject to wildfires.
• Wet meadows (a semi-wetland area) saturated with water throughout much of the year.

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  The perpetual alpine meadows in Uttarakhand, India (western Himalayas).
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  The Coastal meadows at the Bay of Biscay near Tapia de Casariego, Spain
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  A desert meadow near Walla Walla, Washington USA.
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  Perpetual meadows in Oregon, USA.
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  Natural meadows and grasslands at Lake Baikal, Russia.
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  Flood meadow near Hohenau an der March, Austria

Cultural, semi-cultural or natural?

Apart from the perpetual meadows, meadows are often conceived of as artificial or cultural habitats, since they have emerged from and continually require human intervention to persist and flourish. It can be argued however, that meadows are really semi-cultural habitats and not entirely cultural. The reason is, that in many places the natural, pristine populations of free roaming large grazers are either extinct or very limited due to human activities. This reduces or removes their natural influence on the surrounding ecology and results in the fact that meadows can only be created or maintained by human intervention.^[10] It is true, that in many places, the existing meadows would gradually disappear, if not artificially maintained by mainly agricultural practices, but with a reintroduction of natural populations of large grazers, meadows could again reappear as natural habitats in the landscape.^[11][12] Mankind has influenced the ecology and the landscape for millennia in many parts of the world, so it can sometimes be difficult to discern what is natural and what is cultural.^[13] This is one example.

As extensive farming like grazing is diminishing in some parts of the world, the meadow is endangered as a habitat. Some scientific projects are therefore experimenting with reintroduction of natural grazers.^[10] This could be deer, elk, goat, wild horse, etc. depending on the location. A more exotic example with a wider scope, is the European Tauros Programme.

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  Free roaming roe deer grazing a meadow in Denmark.
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  Free roaming ponies on the meadows of Sable Island, Canada
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  Feral goat grazing in Kielder Forest, England.
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  Feral horses grazing montane meadows in Himachal Pradesh, India.

See also

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meadows.

• Foundation for Restoring European Ecosystems
• UK Wild Meadows Website
• Irish Wild Meadows Website
• Meadow Planting
• A Year in a Meadow (Ottawa, Canada)
• Grow a Back Yard Meadow (Ottawa, Canada)
• Adrian Higgins, "Today, 32,000 Seedlings; Tomorrow, a Meadow," Washington Post, May 13, 2004. Link retrieved June 18, 2013.