McLaren F1

McLaren F1
Overview
Manufacturer	McLaren Automotive
Production	1992–1998[1] (106 cars)
Assembly	Woking, Surrey, England
Designer	Gordon Murray & Peter Stevens
Body and chassis
Class	Sports car (S)
Body style	2-door coupé
Layout	Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive
Doors	2
Related	McLaren F1 GTR
Powertrain
Engine	6.1 L BMW S70/2 V12
Transmission	6-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,718 mm (107.0 in)
Length	4,287 mm (168.8 in)
Width	1,820 mm (71.7 in)
Height	1,140 mm (44.9 in)
Curb weight	1,138 kg (2,509 lb)
Chronology
Successor	Mclaren MP4-12C McLaren P1

The McLaren F1 is a sports car designed and manufactured by McLaren Cars. Originally a concept conceived by Gordon Murray, he convinced Ron Dennis to back the project and engaged Peter Stevens to design the exterior and interior of the car. On 31 March 1998, the XP5 prototype set the record for the world's fastest production car, reaching 240.1 mph (386.4 km/h) with the rev limiter removed surpassing the 231 mph (372 km/h) reached with the XP3 prototype. The F1 surpassed the Jaguar XJ220's 213 mph record from 1992, as well as the low production number RUF CTR2's 217 mph record from 1995. The McLaren's record lasted until the Bugatti Veyron beat it in 2005 with a top speed of 253.81 mph (408.47 km/h).^[2] The Bugatti has four turbochargers; as far as top speed, the McLaren remains the fastest naturally aspirated car in the world.

The car features numerous proprietary designs and technologies; it is lighter and has a more streamlined structure than many modern sports cars, despite having one seat more than most similar sports cars, with the driver's seat located in the centre (and slightly forward) of two passengers' seating positions, providing driver visibility superior to that of a conventional seating layout. It features a powerful engine and is somewhat track oriented, but not to the degree that it compromises everyday usability and comfort. It was conceived as an exercise in creating what its designers hoped would be considered the ultimate road car. Despite not having been designed as a track machine, a modified race car edition of the vehicle won several races, including the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1995, where it faced purpose-built prototype race cars. Production began in 1992 and ended in 1998. In all, 106 cars were manufactured, with some variations in the design.^[3]

In 1994, the British car magazine Autocar stated in a road test regarding the F1, "The McLaren F1 is the finest driving machine yet built for the public road." They further stated, "The F1 will be remembered as one of the great events in the history of the car, and it may possibly be the fastest production road car the world will ever see."^[4] In 2005, Channel4 placed the car at number one on their list of the 100 greatest cars, calling it "the greatest automotive achievement of all time". In popular culture, the McLaren F1 has earned its spot as 'The greatest automobile ever created' and 'The Most Excellent Sports Car Of All Time' amongst a wide variety of car enthusiasts and lovers.^[5] Notable past and present McLaren F1 owners include Elon Musk,^[6] Jay Leno,^[7] and the Sultan of Brunei.^[8] In the April 2017 issue of Top Gear Magazine, the McLaren F1 was listed as one of the fastest naturally aspirated cars currently available in the world, and in the same league as the more modern vehicles such as the Ferrari Enzo and Aston Martin One-77.^[9]

Design and implementation

Chief engineer Gordon Murray's design concept was a common one among designers of high-performance cars: low weight and high power. This was achieved through use of high-tech and expensive materials such as carbon fibre, titanium, gold, magnesium and kevlar. The F1 was the first production car to use a carbon-fibre monocoque chassis.^[10]

Gordon Murray had been thinking of a three-seat sports car since his youth. When Murray was waiting for a flight home from the Italian Grand Prix in 1988, he drew a sketch of a three-seater sports car and proposed it to Ron Dennis. He pitched the idea of creating the ultimate road car, a concept that would be heavily influenced by the company's Formula One experience and technology and thus reflect that skill and knowledge through the McLaren F1.

Murray declared that "During this time, we were able to visit with Ayrton Senna and Honda's Tochigi Research Center. The visit related to the fact that at the time, McLaren's F1 Grand Prix cars were using Honda engines. Although it's true I had thought it would have been better to put a larger engine, the moment I drove the Honda NSX, all the benchmark cars—Ferrari, Porsche, Lamborghini—I had been using as references in the development of my car vanished from my mind. Of course the car we would create, the McLaren F1, needed to be faster than the NSX, but the NSX's ride quality and handling would become our new design target. Being a fan of Honda engines, I later went to Honda's Tochigi Research Center on two occasions and requested that they consider building for the McLaren F1 a 4.5 litre V10 or V12. I asked, I tried to persuade them, but in the end could not convince them to do it, and the McLaren F1 ended up equipped with a BMW engine."^[11]

Later, a pair of Ultima MK3 kit cars, chassis numbers 12 and 13, "Albert" and "Edward", the last two MK3s, were used as "mules" to test various components and concepts before the first cars were built. Number 12 was used to test the gearbox with a 7.4 litre Chevrolet V8, plus various other components such as the seats and the brakes. Number 13 was the test of the V12, plus exhaust and cooling system. When McLaren was done with the cars they destroyed both of them to keep away the specialist magazines and because they did not want the car to be associated with "kit cars".

The car was first unveiled at a launch show, 28 May 1992, at The Sporting Club in Monaco. The production version remained the same as the original prototype (XP1) except for the wing mirror which, on the XP1, was mounted at the top of the A-pillar. This car was deemed not road legal as it had no indicators at the front; McLaren was forced to make changes on the car as a result (some cars, including Ralph Lauren's, were sent back to McLaren and fitted with the prototype mirrors). The original wing mirrors also incorporated a pair of indicators which other car manufacturers would adopt several years later.

The car's safety levels were first proved when during a testing in Namibia in April 1993, a test driver wearing just shorts and a T-shirt hit a rock and rolled the first prototype car several times. The driver managed to escape unscathed. Later in the year, the second prototype (XP2) was specially built for crashtesting and passed with the front wheel arch untouched.

Engine

History

Gordon Murray insisted that the engine for this car be naturally aspirated to increase reliability and driver control. Turbochargers and superchargers increase power but they increase complexity and can decrease reliability as well as introducing an additional aspect of latency and loss of feedback. The ability of the driver to maintain maximum control of the engine is thus compromised. Murray initially approached Honda for a powerplant with 550 bhp (410 kW; 558 PS), 600 mm (23.6 in) block length and a total weight of 250 kg (551 lb), it should be derived from the Formula One powerplant in the then-dominating McLaren/Honda cars. When Honda refused, Isuzu, then planning an entry into Formula One, had a 3.5-litre V12 engine being tested in a Lotus chassis. The company was very interested in having the engine fitted into the F1. However, the designers wanted an engine with a proven design and a racing pedigree.^[12]

Specifications

Gordon Murray then approached BMW, which took an interest, and the motorsport division BMW M headed by engine expert Paul Rosche^[13] designed and built Murray a 6.1 L (6,064 cc) 60-degree V12 engine called the BMW S70/2.^[14] At 627 PS (461 kW; 618 hp)^[15][16][17] and 266 kg (586 lb) the BMW engine ended up 14% more powerful and 16 kg (35 lb) heavier than Gordon Murray's original specifications, with the same block length. It has an aluminium alloy block and heads, with 86 mm (3.4 in) x 87 mm (3.4 in) bore/stroke, quad overhead camshafts with variable valve timing (a relatively new and unproven technology for the time) for maximum flexibility of control over the four valves per cylinder, and a chain drive for the camshafts for maximum reliability. The engine uses a dry sump oil lubrication system. The carbon fibre body panels and monocoque required significant heat insulation in the engine compartment, so Murray's solution was to line the engine bay with a highly efficient heat-reflector: gold foil. Approximately 16 g (0.8 ounce) of gold was used in each car.^[18] The road version used a compression ratio of 11:1 to produce 627 hp (468 kW; 636 PS)^[14] at 7400 rpm and torque output of 480 lb·ft (651 N·m) at 5600 rpm.^[19] The engine has a redline rev limiter set at 7500 rpm. In contrast to raw engine power, a car's power-to-weight ratio is a better method of quantifying acceleration performance than the peak output of the vehicle's powerplant. The standard F1 achieves 550 hp/ton (403 kW/tonne), or just 3.6 lb/hp. The cam carriers, covers, oil sump, dry sump, and housings for the camshaft control are made of magnesium castings. The intake control features twelve individual butterfly valves and the exhaust system has four Inconel catalysts with individual Lambda-Sondion controls. The camshafts are continuously variable for increased performance, using a system very closely based on BMW's VANOS variable timing system for the BMW M3;^[20] it is a hydraulically actuated phasing mechanism which retards the inlet cam relative to the exhaust cam at low revs, which reduces the valve overlap and provides for increased idle stability and increased low-speed torque. At higher rpm the valve overlap is increased by computer control to 42 degrees (compare 25 degrees on the M3)^[20] for increased airflow into the cylinders and thus increased performance. To allow the fuel to atomise fully, the engine uses two Lucas injectors per cylinder, with the first injector located close to the inlet valve – operating at low engine rpm – while the second is located higher up the inlet tract – operating at higher rpm. The dynamic transition between the two devices is controlled by the engine computer.^[20] Each cylinder has its own miniature ignition coil. The closed-loop fuel injection is sequential. The engine has no knock sensor as the predicted combustion conditions would not cause this to be a problem. The pistons are forged in aluminium. Every cylinder bore has a nikasil coating giving it a high degree of wear resistance.^[20] From 1998 to 2000, the Le Mans–winning BMW V12 LMR sports car used a similar S70/2 engine. The engine was given a short development time, causing the BMW design team to use only trusted technology from prior design and implementation experience. The engine does not use titanium valves or connecting rods. Variable intake geometry was considered but rejected on grounds of unnecessary complication.^[20] As for fuel consumption, the engine achieves on average 15.2 mpg (15 L/100 km), at worst 9.3 mpg (25 L/100 km) and at best 23.4 mpg (10 L/100 km).^[4]

Chassis and body

The McLaren F1 was the first production road car to use a complete carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) monocoque chassis structure.^[21] Aluminium and magnesium were used for attachment points for the suspension system, inserted directly into the CFRP.^[22]

The car features a central driving position – the driver's seat is located in the middle, ahead of the fuel tank and ahead of the engine, with a passenger seat slightly behind and on each side.^[23] The doors on the vehicle move up and out when opened, and are thus of the butterfly type, also called Dihedral doors. Gordon Murray's design for the doors was inspired by a Toyota Sera.^[24]

The engine produces high temperatures under full application and thus causes a high temperature variation in the engine bay from no operation to normal and full operation. CFRP becomes mechanically stressed over time from high heat transfer effects and thus the engine bay was not constructed from CFRP.^[25]

Aerodynamics

The overall drag coefficient on the standard McLaren F1 is 0.32,^[26] compared with 0.36 for the faster Bugatti Veyron, and 0.357 for the SSC Ultimate Aero TT, which was the fastest production car from 2007 to 2010. The vehicle's frontal area is 1.79 square metres, and the S·Cd figure is 0.57. Because the machine features active aerodynamics^[14][18][27] these are the figures presented in the most streamlined configuration.

The normal McLaren F1 features no wings to produce downforce (compare the LM and GTR editions); however, the overall design of the underbody of the McLaren F1 in addition to a rear diffuser exploits ground effect to improve downforce which is increased through the use of two electric Kevlar fans to further decrease the pressure under the car.^[28] A "high downforce mode" can be turned on and off by the driver.^[28] At the top of the vehicle, there is an air intake to direct high pressure air to the engine with a low pressure exit point at the top of the very rear.^[28] Under each door is a small air intake to provide cooling for the oil tank and some of the electronics.^[28] The airflow created by the electric fans not only increases downforce, but the airflow that is created is further exploited through design, by being directed through the engine bay to provide additional cooling for the engine and the ECU.^[28] At the front, there are ducts assisted by a Kevlar electric suction fan for cooling of the front brakes.^[28]

There is a small dynamic rear spoiler on the tail of the vehicle, which will adjust dynamically and automatically attempt to balance the centre of gravity of the car under braking^[18] – which will be shifted forward when the brakes are applied. Upon activation of the spoiler, a high pressure zone is created in front of the flap, and this high pressure zone is exploited—two air intakes are revealed upon application that will allow the high pressure airflow to enter ducts that route air to aid in cooling the rear brakes.^[28] The spoiler increases the overall drag coefficient from 0.32 to 0.39 and is activated at speeds equal to or above 40 mph (64 km/h) by brake line pressure.^[20]

Suspension

Steve Randle, who was the car's dynamicist, was appointed responsible for the design of the suspension system of the McLaren F1 machine.^[20] It was decided that the ride should be comfortable yet performance-oriented, but not as stiff and low as that of a true track machine, as that would imply reduction in practical use and comfort as well as increasing noise and vibration, which would be a contradictory design choice in relation to the former set premise – the goal of creating the ultimate road car.

From inception, the design of the F1 vehicle had strong focus on centering the mass of the car as near the middle as possible by extensive manipulation of placement of, among other things, the engine, fuel and driver, allowing for a low polar moment of inertia in yaw. The F1 has 42% of its weight at the front and 58% at the rear,^[20] this figure changes less than 1% with the fuel load.

The distance between the mass centroid of the car and the suspension roll centre were designed to be the same front and rear to avoid unwanted weight transfer effects. Computer controlled dynamic suspension were considered but not applied due to the inherent increase in weight, increased complexity and loss of predictability of the vehicle.

Damper and spring specifications: 90 mm (3.5 in) bump, 80 mm (3.1 in) rebound with bounce frequency at 1.43 Hz at front and 1.80 Hz at the rear.^[20] Despite being sports oriented, these figures imply a soft ride and inherently decrease track performance. As can be seen from the McLaren F1 LM, McLaren F1 GTR et al., the track performance potential is much higher than that in the stock F1 due to fact that car should be comfortable and usable in everyday conditions.

The suspension is a double wishbone system with an unusual design. Longitudinal wheel compliance is included without loss of wheel control, which allows the wheel to travel backwards when it hits a bump – increasing the comfort of the ride.

Castor wind-off at the front during braking is handled by McLaren's proprietary Ground Plane Shear Centre – the wishbones on either side in the subframe are fixed in rigid plane bearings and connected to the body by four independent bushes which are 25 times more stiff radially than axially.^[20] This solution provides for a castor wind-off measured to 1.02 degrees per g of braking deceleration. Compare the Honda NSX at 2.91 degrees per g, the Porsche 928 S at 3.60 degrees per g and the Jaguar XJ6 at 4.30 degrees per g respectively. The difference in toe and camber values are also of very small under lateral force application. Inclined Shear Axis is used at the rear of the machine provides measurements of 0.04 degrees per g of change in toe-in under braking and 0.08 degrees per g of toe-out under traction.^[20]

When developing the suspension system the facility of electro-hydraulic kinematics and compliance at Anthony Best Dynamics was employed to measure the performance of the suspension on a Jaguar XJR16, a Porsche 928S and a Honda NSX to use as references.

Steering knuckles and the top wishbone/bell crank are also specially manufactured in an aluminium alloy. The wishbones are machined from a solid aluminium alloy with CNC machines.^[20]

Tyres

The McLaren F1 uses 235/45ZR17 front tyres and 315/45ZR17 rear tyres.^[14] These are specially designed and developed solely for the McLaren F1 by Goodyear and Michelin. The tyres are mounted on 17-by-9-inch (430 mm × 230 mm) front, and 17-by-11.5-inch (430 mm × 290 mm) rear five-spoke cast magnesium wheels, coated with a protective paint and secured by magnesium retention pins.^[23]

The turning circle from kerb to kerb is 13 m (43 ft), allowing the driver 2 turns from lock to lock.

Brakes

The F1 features unassisted, vented and cross-drilled brake discs made by Brembo. Front size is 332 mm (13.1 in) and at the rear 305 mm (12.0 in).^[14][20] The calipers are all four-pot, opposed piston types, and are made of aluminium.^[20] The rear brake calipers do not feature any handbrake functionality, however there is a mechanically actuated, fist-type caliper which is computer controlled and thus serves as a handbrake.

To increase caliper stiffness, the calipers are machined from one single solid piece (in contrast to the more common being bolted together from two halves). Pedal travel is slightly over one inch. Activation of the rear spoiler will allow the air pressure generated at the back of the vehicle to force air into the cooling ducts located at either end of the spoiler which become uncovered upon application of it.

Servo-assisted ABS brakes were ruled out as they would imply increased mass, complexity and reduced brake feel; however at the cost of increasing the required skill of the driver.^[20]

Gordon Murray attempted to utilise carbon brakes for the F1, but found the technology not mature enough at the time;^[25] with one of the major culprits being that of a proportional relationship between brake disc temperature and friction—i.e. stopping power—thus resulting in relatively poor brake performance without an initial warm-up of the brakes before use.^[29] Since carbon brakes have a more simplified application envelope in pure racing environments, this allows for the racing edition of the machine, the F1 GTR, to feature ceramic carbon brakes.^[13]

Gearbox and powertrain

The standard McLaren F1 has a transverse 6-speed manual gearbox with an AP carbon triple-plate clutch^[14] contained in an aluminium housing. The second generation GTR edition has a magnesium housing.^[13] Both the standard edition and the 'McLaren F1 LM' have the following gear ratios: 3.23:1, 2.19:1, 1.71:1, 1.39:1, 1.16:1, 0.93:1, with a final drive of 2.37:1, the final gear is offset from the side of the clutch.^[14] The gearbox is proprietary and was developed by Weismann.^[30] The Torsen LSD (Limited Slip Differential) has a 40% lock.^[14]

The McLaren F1 has an aluminium flywheel that has only the dimensions and mass absolutely needed to allow the torque from the engine to be transmitted. This is done in order to decrease rotational inertia and increase responsiveness of the system, resulting in faster gear changes and better throttle feedback. This is possible due to the F1 engine lacking secondary vibrational couples and featuring a torsional vibration damper by BMW.^[20]

Interior and equipment

Standard equipment on the stock McLaren F1 includes full cabin air conditioning, a rarity on most sports cars and a system design which Murray again credited to the Honda NSX, a car he had owned and driven himself for 7 years without, according to the official F1 website, ever needing to change the AC automatic setting. Further comfort features included SeKurit electric defrost/demist windscreen and side glass, electric window lifts, remote central locking, Kenwood 10-disc CD stereo system, cabin access release for opening panels, cabin storage compartment, four-lamp high performance headlight system, rear fog and reversing lights, courtesy lights in all compartments, map reading lights and a gold-plated Facom titanium tool kit and first aid kit (both stored in the car).^[31] In addition, tailored, proprietary luggage bags specially designed to fit the vehicle's carpeted storage compartments, including a tailored golf bag, were standard equipment.^[23] Airbags are not present in the car.^[4][13] Each customer was given a special edition TAG Heuer 6000 Chronometer wristwatch with its serial number scripted below the centre stem.^[32]

All features of the F1 were, according to Gordon Murray, obsessed over including the interior.^[25] The metal plates fitted to improve aesthetics of the cockpit are claimed to be 20 thousandths of an inch (0.5 mm) thick to save weight.^[25] The driver's seat of the McLaren F1 is custom fitted to the specifications desired by the customer for optimal fit and comfort; the seats are handmade from CFRP and covered in light Connolly leather.^[23] By design, the F1 steering column cannot be adjusted; however, prior to production each customer specifies the exact preferred position of the steering wheel and thus the steering column is tailored by default to those owner settings. The same holds true for the pedals, which are not adjustable after the car has left the factory, but are tailored to each specific customer.^[4]

During its pre-production stage, McLaren commissioned Kenwood, the team's supplier of radio equipment, to create a lightweight car audio system for the car; Kenwood, between 1992 and 1998 used the F1 to promote its products in print advertisements, calendars and brochure covers. Each car's audio system was especially designed to tailor to an individual's listening taste, however radio was omitted because Murray never listened to the radio.

Purchase and maintenance

Only 106 cars were manufactured: 5 prototypes (XP1, XP2, XP3, XP4, XP5), 64 road versions (F1), 1 tuned prototype (XP1 LM), 5 tuned versions (LM), 1 longtail prototype (XPGT), 2 longtail versions (GT), and 28 racecars (GTR). Production began in 1992 and ended in 1998.^[3] At the time of production each machine took around three and a half months to make.^[4]

Although production stopped in 1998, McLaren still maintains an extensive support and service network for the F1. Every standard F1 has a modem which allows customer care to remotely fetch information from the ECU of the car in order to assist the customer in the event of a mechanical vehicle failure.^[33] There are eight^[34] authorized service centres throughout the world, and McLaren will on occasion fly a specialised technician to the owner of the car or the service centre. All of the technicians have undergone dedicated training in service of the McLaren F1. In cases where major structural damage has occurred, the car can be returned to McLaren directly for repair.^[34]

Performance

The F1 remains one of the fastest production cars ever made; as of July 2013 it is succeeded by very few cars, including the Koenigsegg Agera R,^[35] the Bugatti Veyron,^[2] the SSC Ultimate Aero TT,^[36] the Hennessey Venom GT^[37] and the Bugatti Veyron Super Sport. However, all of the higher top speed machines use forced induction to reach their respective top speeds, whereas the McLaren F1 is naturally aspirated.

McLaren F1 has a power to weight ratio of 1.79 kg (3.95 lb) per horsepower.

Acceleration(Test By Autocar Magazine)

• 0–30 mph (48 km/h): 1.8 s^[38]
• 0–40 mph (64 km/h): 2.3 s^[38]
• 0–50 mph (80 km/h): 2.7 s^[38]
• 0–60 mph (97 km/h): 3.2 s^[38]
• 0–70 mph (113 km/h): 3.9 s^[38]
• 0–80 mph (129 km/h): 4.5 s^[38]
• 0–90 mph (145 km/h): 5.6 s^[38]
• 0–100 mph (161 km/h): 6.3 s^[38]
• 0–110 mph (177 km/h): 7.2 s^[38]
• 0–120 mph (193 km/h): 9.2 s^[38]
• 0–124.3 mph (200 km/h): 9.4 s^[39]
• 0–130 mph (209 km/h): 10.4 s^[38]
• 0–140 mph (225 km/h): 11.2 s^[38]
• 0–150 mph (241 km/h): 12.8 s^[38]
• 0–160 mph (257 km/h): 14.6 s^[38]
• 0–170 mph (274 km/h): 17.2 s^[38]
• 0–180 mph (290 km/h): 20.3 s^[38]
• 0–190 mph (306 km/h): 23.8 s^[38]
• 0–200 mph (322 km/h): 28 s^[38]
• 30–50 mph (48–80 km/h): 1.8 s, using 3rd/4th gear^[38]
• 30–70 mph (48–113 km/h): 2.1 s, using 3rd/4th gear^[38]
• 40–60 mph (64–97 km/h): 2.3 s, using 4th/5th gear^[38]
• 50–70 mph (80–113 km/h): 2.8 s, using 5th gear^[38]
• 180–200 mph (290–322 km/h): 7.6 s, using 6th gear^[38]
• 0–400 m (0.25 mi): 11.045 s at 138 mph (222 km/h)^[40]
• 0–1,000 m (0.62 mi): 19.548 s at 276.41 km/h (171.75 mph)^[40]

Acceleration (On a customer car)

• 0-40 km/h: 1.5s^[41]
• 0-60 km/h: 2.1s^[41]
• 0-80 km/h: 2.7s^[41]
• 0-100 km/h: 3.7s^[41]
• 0-120 km/h: 4.3s^[41]
• 0-140 km/h: 5.1s^[41]
• 0-160 km/h: 6.3s^[41]
• 0-180 km/h: 7.3s^[41]
• 0-200 km/h: 8.8s^[41]
• 0-220 km/h: 10.1s^[41]
• 0-240 km/h: 12.2s^[41]
• 0-260 km/h: 14.1s^[41]
• 0-280 km/h: 16.9s^[41]
• 0-300 km/h: 20.3s^[41]
• 0-50m: 3.5s at 96 km/h^[41]
• 0-100m: 5.0s at 139 km/h^[41]
• 0-200m: 7.3s at 180 km/h^[41]
• 0-400m: 10.8s at 229 km/h^[41]
• 0-1000m: 19.0s at 292 km/h^[41]

Braking and handling

• 30–0 mph (48–0 km/h): 9.7 m / 31.83 ft^[42]
• 50–0 mph (80–0 km/h): 25.2 m / 82.68 ft^[42]
• 70–0 mph (112–0 km/h): 49 m / 162 ft^[38]
• Skidpad Lateral Acceleration: 1.2^[43]–1.3g^[12]

Track tests

• Tsukuba Circuit, time trial: 1:04.62 (Driven by Naoki Hattori in Best Motoring) on a hot lap with humid (92%) weather and some miss shifting.^[44] Which means that lap time can be improved to 59s with ideal conditions and if miss shifts were corrected as said by Best Motoring (who tested it) on Facebook.^[45]
• Nurburgring Nordschleife Lap Time is 7:11.11 in 1996 by Mika Hakkinen on Mclaren F1 XP5 prototype version, it was beaten by a Radical SR8 in 2005. (627 PS, 1140 kg)^[46][47][48]
• Millbrook Proving Ground in Bedfordshire, 2-mile (3.2 km) banked circuit, top speed test: An average speed of 195.3 mph (314.3 km/h), with a maximum speed of 200.8 mph (323.2 km/h) (driven by Tiff Needell using the XP5 prototype).^[49]
• MIRA, 2.82-mile (4.54 km) banked circuit, top speed test: An average speed of 168 mph (270 km/h), with a maximum speed of 196.2 mph (315.8 km/h) (driven by Peter Taylor).^[49]
• Bedford Autodrome West Circuit Post 2006 Hot Lap: 1:21.20 done by Evo magazine on 10 January 2007 which was faster than a Ferrari Enzo lap of 1:21.30^[50]
• Estoril circuit lap is 1:55.9 in 1994 (4.36 km) configuration of the track with 3 people on board in July 1994.^[51][52]
• Mclaren F1 XP4 prototype was tested by Tiff Needell on TopGear at Goodwood track.^[53] He said that its handling was superb and precise. The car reaches same part of the GoodWood that is woodcote corner from 6:53 to 8:18 of the video so expect the laptime to be around 1:25 (it may vary as it is estimation from video).^[53]
• The 1st lap of Nurburgring was completed by Jonathan Palmer in XP4 prototype where he reached a maximum of 200 mph (322 km/h) in the track.^[54]

Record claims

The title of "world's fastest production road car" was constantly in contention, especially because the term "production car" is not well-defined.

In August 1993 McLaren tested the XP3 prototype – which had only about 580 hp – at Nardo. They calculated a top speed of 231 mph from the data recording inside the car.^[55]

The British magazine Autocar was given access and tested the XP5 prototype in May 1994. They wrote:"Had we enough tarmac, we have no doubt that it would finally stop accelerating at its rev-limiter in top which, taking tyre growth into account, would be somewhere the far side of 230mph."^[42]

Car and Driver wrote in their August 1994 issue ("Courtesy of Autocar & Motor" written in the box with performance numbers): "Top speed? The F1 runs into the 7500 rpm redline in sixth at 221 mph—but it's still accelerating. Gordon Murray, the F1's designer, is convinced that with taller gearing, the car is capable of at least 230 mph."^[38]

On 31 March 1998 Andy Wallace drove the five-year-old XP5 prototype at Volkswagen's test track in Ehra-Lessien, setting a new production car world record of independently measured 240.1 mph (386.4 km/h) two-way average (peak speed 243 mph(391 km/h) measured by McLaren)^[56] with the rev-limiter raised to 8300 rpm.^[14][57]

It's said that the certified 240.1 mph were converted from 386.7 km/h which is almost 240.3 mph if converted more precisely, so top speeds in the 240.1–240.3 mph (386.4–386.7 km/h) range can be read from various sources.

Depending on the definition of "production car" it was dethroned in November 1998 by the Dauer 962 Le Mans (404.6 km/h (251.4 mph) in Ehra-Lessien)^[58][59] or in April 2007 by the Bugatti Veyron 16.4 (408.47 km/h (253.81 mph) in Ehra-Lessien).^[2]

Motorsports

Following its initial launch as a road car, motorsports teams convinced McLaren to build racing versions of the F1 to compete in international series. Three different versions of the race car were developed from 1995 to 1997.^[60]

Many F1 GTRs, after the cars were no longer eligible in international racing series, were converted to street use. By adding mufflers, passenger seats, adjusting the suspension for more ground clearance for public streets, and removing the air restrictors, the cars were able to be registered for road use.

F1 GTR 1995

Built at the request of race teams, such as those owned by Ray Bellm and Thomas Bscher, in order to compete in the BPR Global GT Series, the McLaren F1 GTR was a custom-built race car which introduced a modified engine management system that increased power output — however, air-restrictors mandated by racing regulations reduced the power back to 600 hp (450 kW) at 7,500 rpm.^[61] The car's extensive modifications included changes to body panels, suspension, aerodynamics and the interior. The F1 GTR would go on to take its greatest achievement with first, third, fourth, fifth, and 13th places in the 1995 24 Hours of Le Mans, beating out custom built prototype sports cars.^[60]

In total, nine F1 GTRs would be built for 1995.^[61]

The 1995 version of F1 GTR created so much downforce that it could run along the ceiling at 100 mph (160 km/h).^[62]

F1 GTR 1996

To follow up on the success of the F1 GTR into 1996, McLaren further developed the 1995 model, leading to a size increase but weight decrease.^[60] Nine more F1 GTRs were built to 1996 spec, while some 1995 cars were still campaigned by privateers. F1 GTR 1996 chassis #14R is notable as being the first non-Japanese car to win a race in the All-Japan Grand Touring Car Championship (JGTC).^[63] The car was driven by David Brabham and John Nielsen. The weight was reduced with around 37 kg (82 lb) from the 1995 GTR edition and the engine was kept detuned at 600 HP to comply with racing regulations.^[15]

F1 GTR 1997

With the F1 GT homologated, McLaren could now develop the F1 GTR for the 1997 season. Weight was further reduced and a sequential gearbox was added.^[60] The engine was slightly destroked to 6.0 L instead of the previous 6.1 L. Due to the heavily modified bodywork, the F1 GTR 1997 is often referred to as the "Longtail" thanks to the rear bodywork being extended to increase rear downforce. A total of ten F1 GTR 1997 models were built. The weight was reduced to a total of 910 kg (2,010 lb).^[60]

Variants

Total production

Variant	Road	Prototype	Race	Total
F1s	64	5		69
F1 LMs	5	1		6
F1 GTs	2	1		3
F1 GTR			28	28
Total	71	7	28	106

The McLaren F1 road car, of which 64 were originally sold, saw several different modifications over its production span which were badged as different models. Of the road versions, 21 are reportedly in the United States. One of the completed street cars remained in McLaren's London showroom for a decade before being offered for sale as new in 2004. This vehicle became the 65th McLaren F1 sold. The showroom, which was on London's luxurious Park Lane, has since closed. The company maintains a database to match up prospective sellers and buyers of the cars.

Prototypes

Prior to the sale of the first McLaren F1s, five prototypes were built, carrying the numbers XP1 through XP5.^[64] These cars carried minor subtle differences between each other as well as between the production road cars. Contrary to common misunderstanding, XP1, the first ever running prototype, was never publicly unveiled. The XP1 was never painted (with bare carbon fibre exterior) and later destroyed in an accident in Namibia. The car unveiled at the Monaco 1992 event was actually a "Clinic Model", aesthetically convincing but without a powertrain. XP2 was used for crash testing (sporting a blue colour during the test) and also destroyed. XP3 did durability testing, XP4 stress tested the gearbox system and XP5 was a publicity car. They were also used for publicihas been in Murray's ownership since the completion of the programme, XP4 was seen by many viewers of Top Gear when reviewed by Tiff Needell in the mid-1990s and later on sold to a private owner, while XP5 went on to be used in McLaren's famous top speed run and has been owned by McLaren till this day.

Ameritech

This version of the McLaren F1 is modified in order to obtain road legality in the United States. These modifications include the deletion of side seats, the replacement of headlights, a heightened bumper and dampened performance figures including handling and braking compared to the European F1, due to road legality issues. It weighs in at 2840 lb. Performance figures as tested by Road And Track Magazine in 1997.^[65]

Performance

Performance figures are lower than F1 in all aspects (apart from 0–30) relating to performance. As Mario Andretti noted in a top speed comparison test by Road & Track after hitting the rev limiter at 217.7 mph (350.4 km/h) on Ameritech F1, the Ameritech F1 is fully capable of pulling a seventh gear, thus with a higher gear ratio or a seventh gear the McLaren F1 would probably be able to reach an even greater top speed.^[66]

Acceleration figures

• 0–30 mph: 1.7sec^[65]
• 0–40 mph: 2.3sec^[65]
• 0–50 mph: 2.9sec^[65]
• 0–60 mph: 3.4 sec^[65]
• 0–70 mph: 4.5sec^[65]
• 0–80 mph: 5.3sec^[65]
• 0–90 mph: 6.1sec^[65]
• 0–100 mph: 7.7 sec^[65]
• 0–110 mph: 8.8sec^[65]
• 0–120 mph: 10.5 sec^[65]
• 1/4 mile: 11.6 sec @ 125 mph^[65]
• 0–100 ft @ 2.7s^[65]
• 0–500 ft @ 6.5s^[65]
• Top Speed: 217.7 mph^[67]

Braking

• 60–0 mph: 127 ft^[65]
• 80–0 mph: 215 ft^[65]

Handling

• Skidpad 200 ft: 0.86g^[65]
• Slalom 700 ft Speed: 64.5 mph^[65]

F1 LM

McLaren F1 LM
Overview
Manufacturer	McLaren Cars
Production	1995 (5 produced)
Assembly	Woking, Surrey, England
Body and chassis
Class	Supercar
Body style	2-door coupé
Layout	RMR layout
Powertrain
Engine	6.1L S70/2 V12
Transmission	6-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,718 mm (107.0 in)
Length	4,365 mm (171.9 in)
Width	1,820 mm (71.7 in)
Height	1,120 mm (44.1 in)
Kerb weight	1,062 kg (2,341 lb)

Only five McLaren F1 LM (LM for Le Mans) cars were built in honour of the five McLaren F1 GTRs which finished the 1995 24 Hours of Le Mans, including taking the overall win.^[68]

The weight was reduced by approximately 75 kg (165 lb) over that of original, through the removal of various pieces of trim and use of optional equipment. The car also had a different transaxle, various aerodynamic modifications, specially designed 18-inch (457 mm) magnesium alloy wheels and upgraded gearbox. The F1 LM used the same engine as the 1995 F1 GTR, but without race-mandated restrictors, to produce 680 hp (507 kW; 689 PS). It had a top speed of 225 mph (362 km/h), which is less than the standard version because of added aerodynamic drag, despite identical gear ratios. The LM is 76 kg (168 lb) lighter than the stock F1 – a total mass of 1,062 kg (2,341 lb) – achieved by having no interior noise suppression, no audio system, a stripped-down base interior, no fan-assisted ground effect and no dynamic rear wing. In the place of the small dynamic rear wing there is a considerably larger, fixed CFRP rear wing mounted on the back of the vehicle.

The LM has the following performance figures: peak torque of 705 N·m (520 lbf·ft) at 4,500 rpm and peak power of 680 PS (500 kW; 670 hp) at 7,800 rpm, it has a redline at 8,500 rpm. The total weight of 1,062 kg (2,341 lb) gives the car a 110.16 bhp (82 kW; 112 PS) per litre ratio.^[69]

Officially claimed acceleration times are 0-100 km/h (62 mph) in 2.9 seconds and 0-100 mph (161 km/h) in 5.9 seconds.^[70] Motortrend recorded actual acceleration times of 0–60 mph in 3.9s and 0–100 mph in 6.7s with the discrepancy blamed on the level of wheelspin and difficulty putting the power down.^[62] The LM was once the holder of the 0–100–0 mph record, which it completed in 11.5 seconds when driven by Andy Wallace at the disused airbase RAF Alconbury in Cambridgeshire.^[71]

The F1 LMs can be identified by their Papaya Orange paint. The F1 LMs were painted in this colour in memory of, and tribute to, Bruce McLaren, whose race colour was Papaya Orange. Two of the chassis were painted in Black with Grey trim similar to the Ueno Clinic sponsored Le Mans 24 Hours winning car. These cars were bought by the Sultan of Brunei as such, also feature horizontal stripes down the sides in yellow, red and blue

Although only five F1 LMs were sold, a sixth chassis exists in the form of XP1 LM, the prototype for modifications to the existing F1 to form the new F1 LM. This car is also painted Papaya Orange and is retained by McLaren.

F1 GT

The final incarnation of the roadcar, the F1 GT was meant as a homologation special. With increased competition from homologated sports cars from Porsche and Mercedes-Benz in the former BPR Global GT Series and new FIA GT Championship, McLaren required extensive modification to the F1 GTR in order to remain competitive. These modifications were so vast that McLaren would be required to build a production road-legal car on which to base the new race cars.

The F1 GT featured the same extended rear bodywork as the GTRs for increased downforce and reduced drag, yet lacked the rear wing that had been seen on the F1 LM.^[72] The downforce generated by the longer tail was found to be sufficient to not require the wing. The front end was also similar to the racing car, with extra louvers and the wheel arches widened to fit larger wheels. The interior was modified and a racing steering wheel was included in place of the standard unit.

The F1 GTs were built from standard F1 road car chassis, retaining their production numbers. The prototype GT, known as XPGT, was F1 chassis #056, and is still kept by McLaren. The company technically only needed to build one car and did not even have to sell it. However, demand from customers drove McLaren to build two production versions that were sold. The customer F1 GTs were chassis #054 and #058. It weighs 1120 kg which is 20 kg lighter than Standard F1 and has the top speed above 240 mph (386 km/h)^[17]

References

• Driving Ambition: The Official Inside Story of the McLaren F1 (ISBN 1852278412)
• Haymarket Magazines Ltd 1994, "F1 – McLaren's road car"
• F1 – McLaren's road car, An Autocar & Motor Book
• McLaren F1 GTR LM Sportscars Performance Portfolio (ISBN 1855206552)
• The Fastest Cars From Around The World (ISBN 0-75254-100-5)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to McLaren F1.

• Video of the McLaren F1 XP5 prototype tested in top speed
• Official McLaren Automotive website
• McLaren F1 in detail at Octane Magazine.
• Exclusive: The Cars of the McLaren F1 Tour at Bold Ride.

McLaren Automotive road car timeline, 1990s–present
Type	1990s										2000s										2010s
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Sports Series																											540C
																											570S
																											570GT
Super Series																						12C				625C
																									650S			720S
																										675LT
Ultimate Series			F1											Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren										P1
						F1 LM