Max Fürbringer

Portrait in 1905

Max Carl Anton Fürbringer (January 30, 1846 – March 6, 1920) was a German anatomist, known for his anatomical investigations of all types of vertebrates; he specialized in ornithology particularly avian morphology and classification. He was responsible for the first major phylogenetic ordering of bird groups based on a large scale study of a combination skeletal, morphological and anatomical characteristics.

Biography

Max was the first son of Karl Fürbringer, and Hermine. Although he was born in Wittenberg, his father's work in the government involved travel and he was raised by relatives in Gera. Max was taught and influenced by Karl Theodor Liebe, a bird enthusiast who kept many kinds of birds. Max spent his early childhood collecting butterflies, bees, mosses and ferns. He was also interested in coins. Max's brother Paul would later become an eminent physicist. Max studied at the universities of Berlin and Jena, where he was a student of Karl Gegenbaur.[1][2] Fürbringer would be one of Gegenbaur's most ardent disciples and supporters. One of Fürbringer teachers was Ernst Haeckel about whom he wrote glowingly: "He stepped into the auditorium, not with the measured step of the professor, but with the triumphant charging-along of an Apollonian youth, hurrying toward the cathedra, a tall, slender, impressive form; ... golden, flying locks, large, blue, flashing eyes—probably the most beautiful man that I had ever seen, and it seemed to me as if the room, which had already been bright, became noticeably brighter..."[3] He obtained his doctorate with a thesis on the muscles and bones of dinosaurs. He later worked as a prosector under Gegenbaur at the University of Heidelberg, followed by professorships in Amsterdam, Jena (from 1888) and Heidelberg (from 1901).[4] In 1901 he replaced Gegenbaur at Heidelberg as professor and stayed on until 1912 when his student (and later son-in-law) Hermann Braus took over. He then served as an außerordentliche (=extraordinary) professor at the University of Marburg.[5][6]

In 1888 Fürbringer published a two volume work on the systematics of birds groups. The first volume was on the forelimbs and shoulder girdle of vertebrates while the second examined the characters and systematics of bird groups. One of the ideas that he used was that the connection of the nerve to a muscle tends to be conserved with evolution.[7] He made use of 51 anatomical and morphological characters and compared every pair of bird group and deduced an evolutionary tree of all the extant and extinct bird groups. His evolutionary tree branched in three dimensions which he represented by means of side and cross-sectional views. This representation was probably influenced by the work of Adolf Engler on plants.[8] This was a seminal work in bird systematics which underwent modifications by Hans Gadow and others to stay as a definitive work on the avian evolutionary tree until the arrival of molecular techniques.[9][10][11]

As a defender of Gegenbaur Fürbringer went against Carl Rabl in 1901. This long drawn conflict involved polemical attacks on each other relating to the archipterygium or how the fin and the limb were related based on conflicting evidence from anatomy and embryology.[5]

Selected writings

Notes

  1. ↑ Fürbringer, M. (1888), Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Systematik der Vögel, Amsterdam: van Halkema (1751 pages).
  2. ↑  Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Fürbringer, Max Karl". Encyclopedia Americana.
  3. ↑ Fuerbringer M. 1914. Wie ich Ernst Haeckel kennen lernte und mit ihm verkehrte und wie er mein Fuehrer in den groessten Studen meines Lebens wurde. In: Schmidt, H, editor. Was Wir Ernst Haeckel Verdanken. 2 vol. Leipzig: Unesma. 2:335–350.
  4. ↑ Heidelberg University Library (biography)
  5. 1 2 Nyhart, Lynn K. (2002-04-01). "Learning from history: Morphology's challenges in Germany ca. 1900". Journal of Morphology. 252 (1): 2–14. ISSN 1097-4687. PMID 11921032. doi:10.1002/jmor.10012.
  6. ↑ Braus, H. (1920-05-01). "Max Fürbringer". Naturwissenschaften (in German). 8 (19): 357–359. ISSN 0028-1042. doi:10.1007/BF02448311.
  7. ↑ Minkoff, Eli C. (1974). "The Fürbringer hypothesis of nerve–muscle specificity reexamined with respect to the facial musculature". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 52 (4): 525–532. ISSN 0008-4301. doi:10.1139/z74-065.
  8. ↑ Pietsch, Theodore W. (2013). Trees of Life: A Visual History of Evolution. Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 131–132.
  9. ↑ Cracraft, Joel; Donoghue, Michael J. Donoghue (2004). Assembling the Tree of Life. Oxford University Press. p. 469.
  10. ↑ Mayr, Gerald (2008). "The higher-level phylogeny of birds - when morphology, molecules, and fossils coincide" (PDF). Oryctos. 7: 67–73.
  11. ↑ Stresemann, E. (1959). "The status of avian systematics and its unsolved problems" (PDF). Auk. 76: 269–280. doi:10.2307/4081807.
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