MATLAB

MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a multi-paradigm numerical computing environment and fourth-generation programming language. A proprietary programming language developed by MathWorks, MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C, C++, C#, Java, Fortran and Python.

Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical computing, an optional toolbox uses the MuPAD symbolic engine, allowing access to symbolic computing abilities. An additional package, Simulink, adds graphical multi-domain simulation and model-based design for dynamic and embedded systems.

As of 2017, MATLAB has over 2 million users across industry and academia.^[7] MATLAB users come from various backgrounds of engineering, science, and economics.

History

Cleve Moler, the chairman of the computer science department at the University of New Mexico, started developing MATLAB in the late 1970s.^[8] He designed it to give his students access to LINPACK and EISPACK without them having to learn Fortran. It soon spread to other universities and found a strong audience within the applied mathematics community. Jack Little, an engineer, was exposed to it during a visit Moler made to Stanford University in 1983. Recognizing its commercial potential, he joined with Moler and Steve Bangert. They rewrote MATLAB in C and founded MathWorks in 1984 to continue its development. These rewritten libraries were known as JACKPAC.^[9] In 2000, MATLAB was rewritten to use a newer set of libraries for matrix manipulation, LAPACK.^[10]

MATLAB was first adopted by researchers and practitioners in control engineering, Little's specialty, but quickly spread to many other domains. It is now also used in education, in particular the teaching of linear algebra, numerical analysis, and is popular amongst scientists involved in image processing.^[8]

Syntax

The MATLAB application is built around the MATLAB scripting language. Common usage of the MATLAB application involves using the Command Window as an interactive mathematical shell or executing text files containing MATLAB code.^[11]

Variables

Variables are defined using the assignment operator, =. MATLAB is a weakly typed programming language because types are implicitly converted.^[12] It is an inferred typed language because variables can be assigned without declaring their type, except if they are to be treated as symbolic objects,^[13] and that their type can change. Values can come from constants, from computation involving values of other variables, or from the output of a function. For example:

>> x = 17
x =
 17

>> x = 'hat'
x =
hat

>> y = x + 0
y =
       104        97       116

>> x = [3*4, pi/2]
x =
   12.0000    1.5708

>> y = 3*sin(x)
y =
   -1.6097    3.0000

Vectors and matrices

A simple array is defined using the colon syntax: init:increment:terminator. For instance:

>> array = 1:2:9
array =
 1 3 5 7 9

defines a variable named array (or assigns a new value to an existing variable with the name array) which is an array consisting of the values 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. That is, the array starts at 1 (the init value), increments with each step from the previous value by 2 (the increment value), and stops once it reaches (or to avoid exceeding) 9 (the terminator value).

>> array = 1:3:9
array =
 1 4 7

the increment value can actually be left out of this syntax (along with one of the colons), to use a default value of 1.

>> ari = 1:5
ari =
 1 2 3 4 5

assigns to the variable named ari an array with the values 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, since the default value of 1 is used as the incrementer.

Indexing is one-based,^[14] which is the usual convention for matrices in mathematics, although not for some programming languages such as C, C++, and Java.

Matrices can be defined by separating the elements of a row with blank space or comma and using a semicolon to terminate each row. The list of elements should be surrounded by square brackets: []. Parentheses: () are used to access elements and subarrays (they are also used to denote a function argument list).

>> A = [16 3 2 13; 5 10 11 8; 9 6 7 12; 4 15 14 1]
A =
 16  3  2 13
  5 10 11  8
  9  6  7 12
  4 15 14  1

>> A(2,3)
ans =
 11

Sets of indices can be specified by expressions such as "2:4", which evaluates to [2, 3, 4]. For example, a submatrix taken from rows 2 through 4 and columns 3 through 4 can be written as:

>> A(2:4,3:4)
ans =
 11 8
 7 12
 14 1

A square identity matrix of size n can be generated using the function eye, and matrices of any size with zeros or ones can be generated with the functions zeros and ones, respectively.

>> eye(3,3)
ans =
 1 0 0
 0 1 0
 0 0 1

>> zeros(2,3)
ans =
 0 0 0
 0 0 0

>> ones(2,3)
ans =
 1 1 1
 1 1 1

Most MATLAB functions can accept matrices and will apply themselves to each element. For example, mod(2*J,n) will multiply every element in "J" by 2, and then reduce each element modulo "n". MATLAB does include standard "for" and "while" loops, but (as in other similar applications such as R), using the vectorized notation often produces code that is faster to execute. This code, excerpted from the function magic.m, creates a magic square M for odd values of n (MATLAB function meshgrid is used here to generate square matrices I and J containing 1:n).

[J,I] = meshgrid(1:n);
A = mod(I + J - (n + 3) / 2, n);
B = mod(I + 2 * J - 2, n);
M = n * A + B + 1;

Structures

MATLAB has structure data types.^[15] Since all variables in MATLAB are arrays, a more adequate name is "structure array", where each element of the array has the same field names. In addition, MATLAB supports dynamic field names^[16] (field look-ups by name, field manipulations, etc.). Unfortunately, MATLAB JIT does not support MATLAB structures, therefore just a simple bundling of various variables into a structure will come at a cost.^[17]

Functions

When creating a MATLAB function, the name of the file should match the name of the first function in the file. Valid function names begin with an alphabetic character, and can contain letters, numbers, or underscores. Functions are also often case sensitive.

Function handles

MATLAB supports elements of lambda calculus by introducing function handles,^[18] or function references, which are implemented either in .m files or anonymous^[19]/nested functions.^[20]

Classes and object-oriented programming

MATLAB supports object-oriented programming including classes, inheritance, virtual dispatch, packages, pass-by-value semantics, and pass-by-reference semantics.^[21] However, the syntax and calling conventions are significantly different from other languages. MATLAB has value classes and reference classes, depending on whether the class has handle as a super-class (for reference classes) or not (for value classes).^[22]

Method call behavior is different between value and reference classes. For example, a call to a method

object.method();

can alter any member of object only if object is an instance of a reference class.

An example of a simple class is provided below.

classdef hello
    methods
        function greet(this)
            disp('Hello!')
        end
    end
end

When put into a file named hello.m, this can be executed with the following commands:

>> x = hello;
>> x.greet();
Hello!

Graphics and graphical user interface programming

MATLAB supports developing applications with graphical user interface (GUI) features. MATLAB includes GUIDE^[23] (GUI development environment) for graphically designing GUIs.^[24] It also has tightly integrated graph-plotting features. For example, the function plot can be used to produce a graph from two vectors x and y. The code:

x = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
y = sin(x);
plot(x,y)

produces the following figure of the sine function:

A MATLAB program can produce three-dimensional graphics using the functions surf, plot3 or mesh.

[X,Y] = meshgrid(-10:0.25:10,-10:0.25:10); f = sinc(sqrt((X/pi).^2+(Y/pi).^2)); mesh(X,Y,f); axis([-10 10 -10 10 -0.3 1]) xlabel('{\bfx}') ylabel('{\bfy}') zlabel('{\bfsinc} ({\bfR})') hidden off		[X,Y] = meshgrid(-10:0.25:10,-10:0.25:10); f = sinc(sqrt((X/pi).^2+(Y/pi).^2)); surf(X,Y,f); axis([-10 10 -10 10 -0.3 1]) xlabel('{\bfx}') ylabel('{\bfy}') zlabel('{\bfsinc} ({\bfR})')
This code produces a wireframe 3D plot of the two-dimensional unnormalized sinc function:		This code produces a surface 3D plot of the two-dimensional unnormalized sinc function:

In MATLAB, graphical user interfaces can be programmed with the GUI design environment (GUIDE) tool.^[25]

Interfacing with other languages

MATLAB can call functions and subroutines written in the programming languages C or Fortran.^[26] A wrapper function is created allowing MATLAB data types to be passed and returned. The dynamically loadable object files created by compiling such functions are termed "MEX-files" (for MATLAB executable).^[27][28] Since 2014 increasing two-way interfacing with Python is being added.^[29][30]

Libraries written in Perl, Java, ActiveX or .NET can be directly called from MATLAB,^[31][32] and many MATLAB libraries (for example XML or SQL support) are implemented as wrappers around Java or ActiveX libraries. Calling MATLAB from Java is more complicated, but can be done with a MATLAB toolbox^[33] which is sold separately by MathWorks, or using an undocumented mechanism called JMI (Java-to-MATLAB Interface),^[34][35] (which should not be confused with the unrelated Java Metadata Interface that is also called JMI). Official MATLAB API for Java was added in 2016.^[36]

As alternatives to the MuPAD based Symbolic Math Toolbox available from MathWorks, MATLAB can be connected to Maple or Mathematica.^[37][38]

Libraries also exist to import and export MathML.^[39]

License

MATLAB is a proprietary product of MathWorks, so users are subject to vendor lock-in.^[7][40] Although MATLAB Builder products can deploy MATLAB functions as library files which can be used with .NET^[41] or Java^[42] application building environment, future development will still be tied to the MATLAB language.

Each toolbox is purchased separately. If an evaluation license is requested, the MathWorks sales department requires detailed information about the project for which MATLAB is to be evaluated. If granted (which it often is), the evaluation license is valid for two to four weeks. A student version of MATLAB is available as is a home-use license for MATLAB, Simulink, and a subset of Mathwork's Toolboxes at substantially reduced prices.

It has been reported that European Union (EU) competition regulators are investigating whether MathWorks refused to sell licenses to a competitor.^[43] The regulators dropped the investigation after the complainant withdrew their accusation and no evidence of wrongdoing was found.^[44]

Alternatives

MATLAB has a number of competitors.^[45] Commercial competitors include Mathematica, TK Solver, Maple, and IDL. There are also free open source alternatives to MATLAB, in particular GNU Octave, Scilab, FreeMat, Julia, and SageMath which are intended to be mostly compatible with the MATLAB language. Among other languages that treat arrays as basic entities (array programming languages) are APL, Fortran 90 and higher, S-Lang, as well as the statistical languages R and S. There are also libraries to add similar functionality to existing languages, such as IT++ for C++, Perl Data Language for Perl, ILNumerics for .NET, NumPy/SciPy/matplotlib for Python, SciLua/Torch for Lua, SciRuby for Ruby, and Numeric.js for JavaScript.

GNU Octave is unique from other alternatives because it treats incompatibility with MATLAB as a bug (see MATLAB Compatibility of GNU Octave), therefore, making GNU Octave a superset of the MATLAB language.

Release history

The number (or release number) is the version reported by Concurrent License Manager program FLEXlm.

For a complete list of changes of both MATLAB and official toolboxes, consult the MATLAB release notes.^[92]

File extensions

MATLAB

.m 

MATLAB code (function, script, or class)

.mat 

MATLAB data (binary file for storing variables)

.mex* (.mexw32, .mexw64, .mexglx, .mexa64, .mexmaci64, ...) 

MATLAB executable MEX-files^[93] (platform specific, e.g. ".mexmac" for the Mac, ".mexglx" for Linux, etc.^[94])

.p 

MATLAB content-obscured .m file (P-code^[95])

.mlx 

MATLAB live script^[96][97]

.fig 

MATLAB figures (created with GUIDE)

.mlapp 

MATLAB apps (created with App Designer^[98])

.mlappinstall 

MATLAB packaged App Installer^[99]

.mlpkginstall

support package installer (add-on for third-party hardware)^[100]

.mltx, .mltbx

packaged custom toolbox^{[101][102][103]}

.prj

project file used by various solutions (packaged app/toolbox projects, MATLAB Compiler/Coder projects, Simulink projects)

.rpt

report setup file created by MATLAB Report Generator^[104]

Simulink

.mdl 

Simulink Model

.mdlp 

Simulink Protected Model

.slx 

Simulink Model (SLX format)

.slxp 

Simulink Protected Model (SLX format)

Simscape

.ssc 

Simscape^[105] Model

MuPAD

.mn 

MuPAD Notebook

.mu 

MuPAD Code

.xvc, .xvz 

MuPAD Graphics

Third-party

.jkt 

GPU Cache file generated by Jacket for MATLAB (AccelerEyes)

.mum 

MATLAB CAPE-OPEN Unit Operation Model File (AmsterCHEM)

Easter eggs

Several easter eggs exist in MATLAB.^[106] These include hidden pictures,^[107] and jokes. For example, typing in "spy" used to generate a picture of the spies from Spy vs Spy, but now displays an image of a dog. Typing in "why" randomly outputs a philosophical answer. Other commands include "penny", "toilet", "image", and "life". Not every Easter egg appears in every version of MATLAB.

See also

• Comparison of numerical analysis software
• List of numerical analysis software

Notes

References

External links

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: MATLAB Programming

Wikimedia Commons has media related to MATLAB.

Wikiversity has learning resources about MATLAB essential

• Official website
• MATLAB Central File Exchange – Library of over 20,000 user-contributed MATLAB files and toolboxes, mostly distributed under BSD License.
• MATLAB at DMOZ
• MATLAB Central Newsreader – a web-based newsgroups reader hosted by MathWorks for comp.soft-sys.matlab
• LiteratePrograms (MATLAB)
• MATLAB Central Blogs
• Physical Modeling in MATLAB by Allen B. Downey, Green Tea Press, PDF, ISBN 978-0-615-18550-7. An introduction to MATLAB.
• Writing Fast MATLAB Code by Pascal Getreuer
• Calling MATLAB from Java: MatlabControl JMI Wrapper, The MatlabJava Server, MatlabControl
• International Online Workshop on MATLAB and Simulink by WorldServe Education
• MATLAB tag on Stack Overflow.
• MATLAB Answers – a collaborative environment for finding the best answers to your questions about MATLAB, Simulink, and related products.
• Cody – a MATLAB Central game that challenges and expands your knowledge of MATLAB.
• MATLAB Online Programming Contest
• Trendy – a MATLAB based web service for tracking and plotting trends.
• Undocumented Matlab – a blog on undocumented/non-official aspects of MATLAB.
• Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. (2001) [1994], "Linear algebra software packages", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4 
• MATLAB free course on Wikiversity