Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial

Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial

The Stone of Hope at the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
Location in Central Washington, D.C.
Location in Central Washington, D.C.
Coordinates 38°53′10″N 77°2′39″W / 38.88611°N 77.04417°W / 38.88611; -77.04417Coordinates: 38°53′10″N 77°2′39″W / 38.88611°N 77.04417°W / 38.88611; -77.04417
Location Washington, D.C.:
1964 Independence Ave. SW, Washington, D.C.
Designer Lei Yixin
Material White granite
Height 30 ft (9.1 m)
Completion date 2011
Opening date August 22, 2011
Dedicated to Martin Luther King Jr.
Official website

The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial is located in West Potomac Park in Washington, D.C., next to the National Mall.[1] The Memorial covers four acres and includes the Stone of Hope, a granite statue of Civil Rights Movement leader Martin Luther King carved by sculptor Lei Yixin. The memorial opened to the public on August 22, 2011, after more than two decades of planning, fund-raising, and construction. [2][3]

The national memorial is America's 395th unit in the National Park Service.[4] The monumental memorial is located at the northwest corner of the Tidal Basin near the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial, on a sightline linking the Lincoln Memorial to the northwest and the Jefferson Memorial to the southeast. The official address of the monument, 1964 Independence Avenue, S.W., commemorates the year the Civil Rights Act of 1964 became law.[5]

A ceremony dedicating the Memorial was scheduled for Sunday, August 28, 2011, the 48th anniversary of the "I Have a Dream" speech that Martin Luther King Jr. delivered from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in 1963[6] but was postponed until October 16 (the 16th anniversary of the 1995 Million Man March on the National Mall) due to Hurricane Irene.[7][8][9]

Although this is not the first memorial to an African American in Washington, D.C., King is the first African American honored with a memorial on or near the National Mall and only the fourth non-President to be memorialized in such a way. The King Memorial is administered by the National Park Service (NPS).

Context

Delivering the "I Have a Dream" speech at the 1963 Washington, D.C. Civil Rights March.

Martin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968), an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the Civil Rights Movement, was an iconic figure in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world, and advocated for using nonviolent resistance, inspired by Mahatma Gandhi.[10] Although during his life he was monitored by the FBI for presumed communist sympathies, King is now presented as a heroic leader in the history of modern American liberalism.[11][12]

At the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, King imagined an end to racial inequality in his "I Have a Dream" speech.[13] This speech has been canonized as one of the greatest pieces of American oratory.[14] In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his work to end racial segregation and racial discrimination through civil disobedience and other nonviolent means.[15]

At the time of his death, he had refocused his efforts on ending poverty and stopping the Vietnam War.[16][17] King was backing the Memphis Sanitation Strike and organizing a mass occupation of Washington, D.C. – the Poor People's Campaign[18] – when he was killed in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968.[19]

Vision statement

The official vision statement for the King Memorial notes:

Harry E. Johnson, the President and Chief Executive Officer of the memorial foundation, added these words in a letter posted on the memorial's website:

Project proposal

Memorial site, shown in relation to areas including the National Mall, West Potomac Park, and the Tidal Basin

The memorial is a result of an early effort of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity to erect a monument to King.[22] King was a member of the fraternity, initiated into the organization via Sigma Chapter on June 22, 1952,[23] while he was attending Boston University.[24] King remained involved with the fraternity after the completion of his studies, including delivering the keynote speech at the fraternity's 50th anniversary banquet in 1956.[24] In 1968, after King's assassination, Alpha Phi Alpha proposed erecting a permanent memorial to King in Washington, D.C. The fraternity's efforts gained momentum in 1986, after King's birthday was designated a national holiday.[25]

In 1996, the United States Congress authorized the Secretary of the Interior to permit Alpha Phi Alpha to establish a memorial on Department of Interior lands in the District of Columbia, giving the fraternity until November 2003 to raise $100 million and break ground. In 1998, Congress authorized the fraternity to establish a foundation—the Washington, D.C. Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation—to manage the memorial's fundraising and design, and approved the building of the memorial on the National Mall. In 1999, the United States Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) and the National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC) approved the site location for the memorial.

External video
Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Groundbreaking, November 13, 2006, C-SPAN

The memorial's design, by ROMA Design Group, a San Francisco-based architecture firm, was selected out of 900 candidates from 52 countries. On December 4, 2000, a marble and bronze plaque was laid by Alpha Phi Alpha to dedicate the site where the memorial was to be built.[26] Soon thereafter, a full-time fundraising team began the fundraising and promotional campaign for the memorial. A ceremonial groundbreaking for the memorial was held on November 13, 2006, in West Potomac Park.

In August 2008, the foundation's leaders estimated the memorial would take 20 months to complete with a total cost of $120 million USD.[27] As of December 2008, the foundation had raised approximately $108 million,[28] including substantial contributions from such donors as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation,[27] The Walt Disney Company Foundation, the National Association of Realtors,[29] and filmmaker George Lucas. The figure also includes $10 million in matching funds provided by the United States Congress.

In October 2009, the memorial's final project was approved by federal agencies and a building permit was issued.[30] Construction began in December 2009[31] and was expected to take 20 months to complete.[32] The foundation conducted a press tour on December 1, 2010, as the "Stone of Hope" was nearing completion. At that time only $108 million of the $120 million project cost had been raised.[33]

Description

Location

The street address for the memorial is 1964 Independence Avenue SW in Washington, D.C. The address "1964" was chosen as a direct reference to the 1964 Civil Rights Act, a milestone in the Civil Rights Movement in which King played an important role.[5] The memorial is located on a 4-acre (1.6 ha) site in West Potomac Park that borders the Tidal Basin, southwest of the National Mall.[5] The memorial is near the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial and is intended to create a visual "line of leadership" from the Lincoln Memorial, on whose steps King gave his "I Have a Dream" speech at the March on Washington, to the Jefferson Memorial.[5][6]

Structure

The centerpiece for the memorial is based on a line from King's "I Have A Dream" speech: "Out of the mountain of despair, a stone of hope."[34] A 30 feet (9.1 m)-high relief of King named the Stone of Hope stands past two other pieces of granite that symbolize the "mountain of despair."[34] Visitors figuratively "pass through" the Mountain of Despair on the way to the Stone of Hope, symbolically "moving through the struggle as Dr. King did during his life."[35]

A 450 feet (140 m)-long inscription wall includes excerpts from many of King's sermons and speeches.[3] On this crescent-shaped granite wall, fourteen of King's quotes are inscribed, the earliest from the time of the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott in Alabama, and the latest from his final sermon, delivered in 1968 at Washington, D.C.'s National Cathedral, just four days before his assassination.[35]

The relief of King is intended to give the impression that he is looking over the Tidal Basin toward the horizon, and that the cherry trees that "adorn the site" will bloom every year during the anniversary of King's death.[36]

This memorial is not the first in Washington, D.C., to honor an African American, as one already exists for Mary McLeod Bethune, founder of the National Council of Negro Women, who also served as an unofficial advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt.[37] A 17 feet (5.2 m)-tall bronze statue of her is located in Lincoln Park, East Capitol St. and 12th St., NE.[37] The King Memorial is the first memorial to an African American on or near the National Mall.[37]

The memorial is the fourth that commemorates a non-United States president that is located on or near the National Mall.[38] The others include the George Mason Memorial, honoring George Mason, author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights (the basis for the U.S. Constitution's Bill of Rights), near the Thomas Jefferson Memorial; the John Ericsson Memorial, erected to honor John Ericsson,[39] the Swedish-born engineer and inventor who designed the USS Monitor during the Civil War; and the John Paul Jones Memorial, erected in 1912 near the Tidal Basin in memory of John Paul Jones, the Scottish-born American naval hero who served during the American Revolution.[38][40]

Inscriptions

Sculptor Lei Yixin's signature on the memorial

The Inscription Wall

Fourteen quotes from King's speeches, sermons, and writings are inscribed on the Inscription Wall.[41] The "Council of Historians" created to choose the quotations included Maya Angelou, Lerone Bennett, Clayborne Carson, Henry Louis Gates, Marianne Williamson and others,[42][43] though the memorial's executive architect stated that Maya Angelou did not attend the meetings at which the quotations were selected.[44] According to the official National Park Service brochure for the Memorial, the inscriptions that were chosen "stress four primary messages of Dr. King: justice, democracy, hope, and love."[45]

The earliest quote is from 1955, spoken during the time of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and the latest is from a sermon King delivered at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., four days before he was assassinated.[35] The quotes are not arranged in chronological order, so that no visitor must follow a "defined path" to follow the quotations, instead being able to start reading at any point he or she might choose.[35] Because the main theme of the Memorial is linked to King's famous "I Have a Dream" speech, none of the quotations on the Inscription Wall come from that speech.[35]

The selection of quotes was announced at a special event at the National Building Museum on February 9, 2007 (at the same time the identity of the sculptor was revealed).[46] The fourteen quotes on the Inscription Wall are:[41]

Some of King's words reflected in these quotations are based on other sources, including the Bible, and in one case—"the arc of the moral universe" quote— paraphrases the words of Theodore Parker, an abolitionist and Unitarian minister, who died shortly before the beginning of the Civil War.[47][48][49]

Inscriptions on the Stone of Hope

In addition to the fourteen quotations on the Inscription Wall, each side of the Stone of Hope includes an additional statement attributed to King.[44] The first, from the "I Have a Dream" speech, is "Out of the Mountain of Despair, a Stone of Hope"—the quotation that serves as the basis for the monument's design.[44] The words on the other side of the stone used to read, "I Was a Drum Major for Justice, Peace, and Righteousness", which is a paraphrased version of a longer quote by King: "If you want to say that I was a drum major, say that I was a drum major for justice. Say that I was a drum major for peace. I was a drum major for righteousness. And all of the other shallow things will not matter." The memorial's use of the paraphrased version of the quote was criticized,[44][50] and was removed in August 2013.[51]

Artists

Artists involved in the design and construction of the memorial include:[52]

Opening, dedication, and administration

Sheryl Crow with Stevie Wonder at the dedication concert
Hats given to attendees at the dedication ceremony
Aretha Franklin speaks to the crowd at the dedication of the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial. At right Vice President Joe Biden, his wife Jill Biden, and President Barack Obama

The memorial opened to visitors before its planned dedication, with visiting hours on August 22–25, 2011.[53] The official dedication was initially scheduled to have taken place at 11 am Sunday August 28. The dedication was to follow a pre-dedication concert at 10 am.[3] A post-dedication concert was scheduled for 2 pm.[3] However, on August 25, the event's organizers postponed most Saturday and Sunday activities because of safety concerns related to Hurricane Irene, which was expected to impact the Washington area during the weekend.[54][55][56] The organizers subsequently rescheduled the dedication to October 16, 2011, the 16th anniversary of the 1995 Million Man March on the National Mall.[8][9]

Before the event's postponement, President Barack Obama was expected to deliver remarks at the dedication ceremony. Aretha Franklin and Stevie Wonder were scheduled to perform.[57] Many other individuals were also expected to participate in the event, including members of the King family; civil rights leaders John Lewis, Jesse Jackson, and Andrew Young; actor Jamie Foxx; and filmmaker George Lucas.[57] As many as 250,000 people were predicted to attend the dedication.[57]

In addition to the August 28 ceremony and concerts, an interfaith prayer service was scheduled to take place at the Washington National Cathedral on August 27, as well as a day-long youth event and gala/pre-dedication dinner at the Washington D.C. Convention Center, also on the 27th.[57] However, the prayer service was moved to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in northeast Washington after the 2011 Virginia earthquake damaged the Cathedral on August 23.[58]

Although the dedication ceremony did not take place on August 28, the memorial officially became a United States national park on that day. The National Park Service has administered the memorial since it opened, and assumes responsibility for the memorial's operation and maintenance.[59] On August 28, Bob Vogel, superintendent of the National Mall and Memorial Parks unit of the National Park Service proclaimed:

The rescheduled dedication on October 16 was a smaller affair than the one that organizers had planned for August 28. President Obama, First Lady Michelle Obama, Vice President Joe Biden, Congresswoman Nancy Pelosi, Congressman John Lewis, Congressman Elijah Cummings and former Congressman Walter E. Fauntroy were among the more than 10,000 people that attended the event, which occurred on a temperate day.[60][61] Obama gave a keynote address that linked the Civil Rights Movement to his own political struggles during the late-2000s recession.[60] Jesse Jackson, Andrew Young, Al Sharpton and Martin Luther King III also spoke during the ceremony.[61] Aretha Franklin, Stevie Wonder, Sheryl Crow, James Taylor, Jennifer Holiday and Sweet Honey in the Rock performed.[62]

President's remarks

External video

MLK Memorial Dedication, Washington DC (3:34:41), C‑SPAN[63]

President Obama's remarks begin at time 2:50
Guests listen to President Obama's remarks during the dedication
President Obama makes remarks at the dedication of the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial and from left to right, Vice President Joe Biden; Jill Biden; Interior Secretary Ken Salazar; and Herman "Skip" Mason, President of the Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Inc., applaud.

At the ceremony, President Obama's keynote address included the following remarks:[64]

Reception

Fees to King family

In 2001, the foundation's efforts to build the memorial were stalled because Intellectual Properties Management Inc., an organization operated by King's family, wanted the foundation to pay licensing fees to use his name and likeness in marketing campaigns. The memorial's foundation, beset by delays and a languid pace of donations, stated that "the last thing it needs is to pay an onerous fee to the King family." Joseph Lowery, past president of the King-founded Southern Christian Leadership Conference stated in The Washington Post, "If nobody's going to make money off of it, why should anyone get a fee?"[65] Cambridge University historian David Garrow, who won a Pulitzer Prize for Bearing the Cross, his biography of King, said of King's family's behavior, "One would think any family would be so thrilled to have their forefather celebrated and memorialized in D.C. that it would never dawn on them to ask for a penny." He added that King would have been "absolutely scandalized by the profiteering behavior of his children."[66] The family pledged that any money derived would go back to the King Center's charitable efforts.[30][67]

The foundation has paid various fees to the King family's Intellectual Properties Management Inc., including a management fee of $71,700 in 2003.[68] In 2009, the Associated Press revealed that the King family had negotiated an $800,000 licensing deal with the foundation for the use of King's words and image in fundraising materials for the memorial.[69]

Conflicts between federal agencies

Further delay was encountered in 2008, due to a disagreement between the three federal agencies that must approve the memorial. The memorial design that was approved by the CFA and the NCPC was not approved by the NPS, due to security concerns. The NPS insisted upon the inclusion of a barrier that would prevent a vehicle from crashing into the memorial area. However, when the original design was submitted to the other two agencies, including such a barrier, the CFA and the NCPC rejected the barrier as being restrictive in nature, which would run counter to King's philosophy of freedom and openness.[70] Eventually, a compromise was reached, which involved the use of landscaping to make the security barriers appear less intrusive upon the area.[71] The compromise plan was approved in October 2009,[71] clearing the way for construction of the memorial to begin.[30]

The controversial "donor wall"

The NCPC disapproved the design and location of the proposed donor wall within the memorial's visitor center in September 2010. The inclusion of the donor wall violates the Commemorative Works Act (40 U.S.C. 8905) as amended, as well as the Commission's policies on donor recognition.[72] The relevant section of the Commemorative Works Act states that "contributions to commemorative works shall not be acknowledged in any manner as part of the commemorative work or its site."[73]

Design choices

Sculptor and laborers

It was announced in January 2007 that Lei Yixin, an artist from the People's Republic of China, would sculpt the centerpiece of the memorial including the Stone of Hope, his statue of King.[74] The commission was criticized by human rights activist Harry Wu on the grounds that Lei had previously sculpted Mao Zedong. It also stirred accusations that it was based on financial considerations, because the Chinese government would make a $25 million donation to help meet the projected shortfall in donations. The president of the memorial's foundation, Harry E. Johnson, who first met Lei in a sculpting workshop in Saint Paul, Minnesota, stated that the final selection was done by a mostly African American design team and was based solely on artistic ability.[75]

Gilbert Young, an artist known for a work of art entitled He Ain't Heavy, led a protest against the decision to hire Lei by launching the website "King Is Ours", which demanded that an African American artist be used for the monument.[76] Human-rights activist and arts advocate Ann Lau and American stone-carver Clint Button joined Young and national talk-show host Joe Madison in advancing the protest when the use of Chinese granite was discovered.[77] Lau decried the human rights record of the Chinese government and asserted that the granite would be mined by workers forced to toil in unsafe and unfair conditions, unlike that used in the National World War II Memorial, for example.[78] Button argued that the $10 million in federal money that has been authorized for the King project required it to be subject to an open bidding process.[79]

In September 2010, the foundation gave written promises that it would use local stonemasons to assemble the memorial. However, when construction began in October, it appeared that only Chinese laborers would be used. An investigator working for the Washington area local of the International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers was reportedly told that the Chinese workers did not know what they would be paid for their work on the memorial and that they expected to be paid when they returned home.[80]

Stone used

President Obama talks with President Dilma Rousseff of Brazil as they tour the Martin Luther King Memorial in Washington, D.C., June 29, 2015.

The memorial's design team visited China in October 2006 to inspect potential granite to be used.[81] The project's foundation has argued that only China could provide granite of that hue in sufficient quantity.[82] Some questioned why such white granite would be used to portray a black man.[83]

Young's "King Is Ours" petition demanded that an African American artist and American granite be used for the national monument, arguing the importance of such selections as a part of the memorial's legacy. The petition received support from American granite workers[84][85] and from the California State Conference of the NAACP.[86][87]

Style

In May 2008, the Commission of Fine Arts, one of the agencies which had to approve all elements of the memorial, raised concerns about "the colossal scale and Social Realist style of the proposed sculpture", noting that it "recalls a genre of political sculpture that has recently been pulled down in other countries."[82] The Commission did, however, approve the final design in September 2008.[70]

Depiction

New York Times art critic Edward Rothstein was among those who criticized the Stone of Hope's depiction of King as overly "stern" and not the proper depiction of a man famous for a speech like "I Have a Dream" or the Nobel Peace Prize: [88]

We don’t even see his feet. He is embedded in the rock like something not yet fully born, suited and stern, rising from its roughly chiseled surface. His face is uncompromising, determined, his eyes fixed in the distance, not far from where Jefferson stands across the water. But kitsch here strains at the limits of resemblance: Is this the Dr. King of the "I Have a Dream" speech? Or the writer of the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech?

The way King is depicted with his arms crossed contributed to criticism that he appears stern. [89]

On the other hand, King's son, Martin Luther King III, was quoted as being pleased with the sternness of the depiction, saying that "Well if my father was not confrontational, given what he was facing at the time, what else could he be?"[89]

Paraphrase of a quote

One of the two quotes appearing on the Stone of Hope and attributed to King, "I was a drum major for justice, peace and righteousness", is a paraphrased version of King's actual words, which were: "If you want to say that I was a drum major, say that I was a drum major for justice. Say that I was a drum major for peace. I was a drum major for righteousness. And all of the other shallow things will not matter."[44] The Washington Post's Rachel Manteuffel noticed the change and publicized it in an August 25, 2011 column, arguing that the revised quote misrepresented both King himself and the meaning of the 1968 sermon from which it was taken, in which King imagined the sort of eulogy he might receive.[90]

In a September 1, 2011 piece, and again on December 31 of the same year, The Post's editorial board agreed with Manteuffel that the wording on the monument should be changed.[50][91] Poet and author Maya Angelou, a consultant on the memorial, also emphatically agreed, telling the Post: "The quote makes Dr. Martin Luther King look like an arrogant twit....It makes him seem less than the humanitarian he was....It makes him seem an egotist." She also pointed out, "The 'if' clause that is left out is salient. Leaving it out changes the meaning completely."[44]

The memorial's planners had originally intended to use the unrevised version of King's words, but adopted the paraphrased version when changes to the monument's design left them without enough space on the sculpture. "We sincerely felt passionate that the man's own eulogy should be expressed on the stone", said the memorial's executive architect, Ed Jackson Jr. "We said the least we could do was define who he was based on his perception of himself: 'I was a drum major for this, this and this.'"[44]  Jackson said the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts and two memorial advisers had not objected to the change, and that Angelou had not attended meetings where the inscription was discussed.[44]

On January 13, 2012, United States Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar ordered the quotation corrected.[92] Salazar stated that he believed it was important that the inscription be changed and that he put a deadline on the delivery of the report because "things only happen when you put a deadline on it."[92] According to the project's lead architect, the correction of the quote was not a simple matter, as the current inscription is chiseled into the existing granite blocks.[92] As the entire quotation will not fit on the monument, the replacement was still expected to be a paraphrase; however, project officials would not comment on proposed corrections until they were presented to Secretary Salazar.[92]

In December 2012, Salazar announced that the entire quote would be removed, starting in February or March 2013; it will not be replaced.[51] To avoid leaving an impression of the erased inscription, the entire statue will be reworked on both sides, at a cost of $700,000 to $900,000. Harry Johnson, head of the memorial foundation, said, "We have come up with a design solution that will not harm the integrity of this work of art."[93] In August 2013, the sculptor removed the disputed inscription from the statue, and created a new finish for the side of the artwork. Sculptor Lei Yixin carved grooves over the former words to match existing horizontal "striation" marks in the memorial and deepened all the memorial's grooves so that they match.[94][95][96]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "The National Mall". National Mall Plan (PDF). Foundation statement for the National Mall and Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Park. National Park Service. pp. 6–10. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
  2. ↑ Tavernise, Sabrina (August 23, 2011). "A Dream Fulfilled, Martin Luther King Memorial Opens". The New York Times.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Cooper, Rachel. "Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial in Washington, DC: Building a Memorial Honoring Martin Luther King Jr.". About.com (part of The New York Times Company). Retrieved August 24, 2011.
  4. 1 2 Adam Fetcher; David Barna; Carol Johnson (August 29, 2011). "National Park Service Press Release: Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Becomes 395th National Park". nps.gov. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Site Location - Build the Dream". Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original on September 19, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  6. 1 2 "Lincoln Memorial". We Shall Overcome: Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary. National Park Service. Retrieved September 14, 2011.
  7. ↑ "Dedication of MLK Memorial postponed by hurricane". USA Today. Associated Press. August 25, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
  8. 1 2 Weil, Martin (September 11, 2011). "MLK memorial dedication set for Oct. 16". The Washington Post. Post Local. Retrieved September 12, 2011.
  9. 1 2 "New date set for MLK memorial dedication". CBS News. Associated Press. September 14, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2011.
  10. ↑ D'Souza, Placido P. (January 20, 2003). "Commemorating Martin Luther King Jr.: Gandhi's influence on King". San Francisco Chronicle.
  11. ↑ Avlon, John (January 16, 2012). "The MLK Whitewash". Daily Beast. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
  12. ↑ Krugman, Paul R. (2007), The Conscience of a Liberal, p. 85
  13. ↑ "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom". King Encyclopedia. King Research and Education Institute. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
  14. ↑ Dlugan, Andrew (January 16, 2012). "‘I Have a Dream’ holds 5 lessons for speechwriters: Rev. King’s stirring address resonates in oratorical circles as well as historical ones.". Ragan.com. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
  15. ↑ "Martin Luther King - Biography". Nobel Media AB. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  16. ↑ Michael E. Eidenmuller. "Martin Luther King, Jr: A Time to Break Silence (Declaration Against the Vietnam War)". American Rhetoric. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  17. ↑ Sullivan, Bartholomew. "Martin Luther King Jr. focused on ending poverty". The Commercial Appeal. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  18. ↑ Honey, Michael K. Going Down Jericho Road: The Memphis strike, Martin Luther King's last campaign. New York: Norton, 2007. ISBN 9780393043396.
  19. ↑ "1968: Martin Luther King shot dead". On This Day. BBC. 2006. Retrieved August 27, 2008.
  20. ↑ "Mission & Vision - Build the Dream". Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original on September 16, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  21. ↑ "The President's Letter - Build the Dream". Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation, Inc. August 28, 2011. Archived from the original on September 19, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  22. ↑ "Martin Luther King Jr.". Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Eta Lambda chapter. Archived from the original on October 16, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  23. ↑ "1950-59". Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc., Sigma Chapter: 17th-House. 2009. Archived from the original on September 6, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  24. 1 2 Wesley, Charles H. (1981). The History of Alpha Phi Alpha, A Development in College Life (14th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Foundation. pp. 381–386. ASIN: B000ESQ14W.
  25. ↑ Gray, Butler T. (2006). "National Mall Site Chosen for Memorial to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.". black-collegian.com. Archived from the original on October 19, 2006. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
  26. ↑ Wheeler, Linda (December 5, 2000). "'Sacred Ground' Dedicated to King; Plaque Placed at Site of Memorial for Civil Rights Leader". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 16, 2009.
  27. 1 2 "King Memorial Raises Goal by $20 million". Alpha Phi Alpha. Associated Press. August 13, 2008. Retrieved April 16, 2009.
  28. ↑ Malone, Julie (December 4, 2008). "Rights pioneers visit King site]". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  29. ↑ "NAR Donates $1 million to the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial". National Association of Realtors. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  30. 1 2 3 Zongker, Brett (October 29, 2009). "Construction to begin on King memorial in DC". Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 5, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  31. ↑ Ruane, Michael E. (February 11, 2011). "Massive King memorial nearly ready for trip to Mall for assembly". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
  32. ↑ Quinn, Christopher (January 17, 2010). "King Memorial done by 2011, construction started". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  33. ↑ Ruane, Michael (December 2, 2010). "Stone by Stone, 'Hope' rises". The Washington Post. p. B1.
  34. 1 2 "Tears Fall At The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial". WUSA. June 30, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 "Design Elements - Build the Dream". Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation, Inc. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  36. ↑ "King's Memorial To Stand Among D.C.'s Honored". Around the Nation. NPR. January 15, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  37. 1 2 3 "Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Review". Fodor's Travel Guides. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  38. 1 2 Johnston, Lori (February 8, 2010). "Q: How is it that Martin Luther King Jr. gets a memorial on the mall in Washington, D.C.? I was under the impression that only presidents were entitled to have a memorial.". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  39. ↑ "John Ericsson National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service)". National Park Service. February 14, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  40. ↑ "JONES, John Paul: Memorial north of - across Independence Ave - near the Tidal Basin in Washington, D.C. by Charles Henry Niehaus located in James M. Goode's The Mall area". dcmemorials.com. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  41. 1 2 Golub, Evan. "Quotations from Inscription Wall of Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial". Demotix. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  42. ↑ "Martin Luther King Memorial Wall". About.com. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  43. ↑ "Council of Historians SelectsMartin Luther King Jr. Quotations to Be Engraved Into Memorial - Build the Dream". Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation, Inc. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Weingarten, Gene; Ruane, Michael (August 31, 2011). "Maya Angelo Says King Memorial Inscription Makes Him Look Arrogant". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
  45. ↑ "Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial, official brochure prepared by the National Mall and Memorial Parks, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
  46. ↑ "Announcement of Quotations to Be Engraved on Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial - 'Stone of Hope' Sculptor to Be Named - Build the Dream". Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  47. ↑ Henry J. Reske (August 26, 2011). "Obama, MLK Memorial Wrong on 'Arc' Quote". Newsmax. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  48. ↑ Stiehm, Jamie (August 26, 2012). "At King ceremony, a chance to bend toward justice". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
  49. ↑ Stiehm, Jamie (September 4, 2010). "Oval Office rug gets history wrong". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
  50. 1 2 Wemple, Erik (August 29, 2011). "A monumental misquote on the Martin Luther King Jr. memorial". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  51. 1 2 "Controversial MLK Memorial inscription to be removed". CNN. December 12, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2012.
  52. ↑ "National Mall Times", National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Vol. 4, Issue 8, August 2011, pages 5-6.
  53. ↑ "Week of Dedication". Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation, Inc. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  54. ↑ "MLK Jr. Memorial Dedication Postponed Indefinitely". NBC News. August 25, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
  55. ↑ "Dedication of King memorial postponed due to Irene". CNN. August 25, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
  56. ↑ Nuckols, Ben (August 25, 2011). "Dedication of MLK Memorial Postponed by Hurricane". ABC News. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
  57. 1 2 3 4 Ruane, Michael E. (August 4, 2011). "Obama to speak at King memorial dedication in D.C.". PostLocal. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  58. ↑ Boorstein, Michelle (August 25, 2011). "Earthquake-damaged Washington National Cathedral needs to raise millions". The Washington Post. Post Local. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
  59. ↑ "MLK memorial taking shape on Washington's Tidal Basin". ABC Action News. January 17, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  60. 1 2 Spivack, Miranda S. (October 16, 2011). "President Obama speaks at MLK Memorial dedication". National: Full Coverage: The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
  61. 1 2 McClain, Matt; Kahn, Nikki; Carioti, Ricky; Mara, Melina; Antonov (October 16, 2011). "The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial dedication". PostLocal: Full Coverage: The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
  62. ↑ Ruane, Michael E. (October 15, 2011). "MLK memorial dedication Sunday to feature Obama, stars and civil rights figures". PostLocal. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
  63. ↑ "MLK Memorial Dedication". C-SPAN. October 16, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
  64. ↑ President's dedication remarks, from Whitehouse.gov website. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
  65. ↑ Fears, Darryl (April 8, 2002). "Entrepreneurship of Profiteering? Critics Say King's Family Is Dishonoring His Legacy". jessejacksonjr.org. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  66. ↑ "King Family Takes Fees From Funds Raised for the MLK Memorial Project". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. April 17, 2009. Retrieved April 17, 2009.
  67. ↑ Shirek, John (April 22, 2009). "King Center: MLK's Children Not Making Money on Memorial]". WXIA-TV. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  68. ↑ Jonathan Turley (April 22, 2009). "Cashing in on Martin Luther King Jr.". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
  69. ↑ Haines (Associated Press) (August 23, 2011). "After long struggle, MLK has home on National Mall". Fox News Channel. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
  70. 1 2 Schwartzman, Paul (December 4, 2008). "King Memorial: Dispute Over Security Delays Construction". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  71. 1 2 Ruane, Michael E. (October 27, 2009). "Construction of MLK memorial on the Mall poised to begin". Metro. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  72. ↑ "Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Bench Modifications" (PDF). National Capital Planning Commission. September 30, 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
  73. ↑ "40 USC Chapter 89 - National Capital Memorials and Commemorative Works". United States House of Representatives. January 7, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  74. ↑ "Chinese master sculptor to produce MLK memorial carving". CNN. February 15, 2007. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  75. ↑ Cha, Ariana Eunjung (August 14, 2007). "A King Statue 'Made in China'?". The Washington Post. Arts & Living. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  76. ↑ Young, Gilbert; Lea Winfrey Young. "King is Ours". The He Ain't Heavy Foundation. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  77. ↑ Lau, Ann (September 18, 2007). "Dissing MLK". National Review. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  78. ↑ "Martin Luther King Jr. monument planners criticized for selecting Chinese sculptor for job". International Herald Tribune. August 24, 2007.
  79. ↑ Vondrasek, Sandy (November 15, 2007). "Button: Event Raised Profile of MLK Protest". The Herald of Randolph. Randolph, Vermont: OurHerald, Inc. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  80. ↑ Shin, Annys (November 23, 2010). "As Chinese workers build the Martin Luther King memorial, a union investigates". Metro. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  81. ↑ "History of the Memorial". Washington, D.C. Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  82. 1 2 Shaila Dewan (May 18, 2008). "Larger Than Life, More to Fight Over". The New York Times. Retrieved May 18, 2008.
  83. ↑ Page, Clarence (August 28, 2011). "Give King memorial a chance". Chicago Tribune. News Columns. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  84. ↑ Delcore, David (November 8, 2007). "Press conference on Martin Luther King Jr. memorial draws enthusiastic crowd". Barre Montpelier Times Argus. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
  85. ↑ McLean, Dan (November 9, 2007). "Granite workers: 'King is ours'". The Burlington Free Press. p. A.1. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  86. ↑ Fulbright, Leslie (November 28, 2007). "State NAACP joins protest of Chinese artist chosen for MLK monument". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
  87. ↑ JohnBeckWLD (January 21, 2008). "Resolved: CA NAACP Should Rescind the First Half of Resolution 11 This MLK Holiday". The Straight Dope. Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd. Retrieved October 20, 2011. Originally Posted by California NAACP: Therefore be it resolved, the California State Conference of the NAACP demands that the decision to use Lei Yixin, from the People's Republic of China, an artist renowned for glorifying Mao Zedong be overturned; and denounces the decision to use granite quarried using slave labor, and demands that stone for the monument to Dr. King be quarried and carved in America; Be it further resolved, NAACP California State Conference calls upon Congress to conduct a formal investigation into the dismissal of sculptor Ed Dwight, who was originally contracted to serve as consultant and Artist-of-Record for the King memorial, and into the replacement of the African American firm Devroaux & Purness Architects; Be it finally resolved, that the California State Conference of the NAACP demands that the King Memorial Project Foundation name an African American artistic team as Artists-of-Record for the monument to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and that an oversight committee be created to enforce these resolutions.
  88. ↑ Rothstein, Edward, "A Mirror of Greatness, Blurred", New York Times, August 25, 2011, retrieved September 2, 2012.
  89. 1 2 Eversley, Melanie, "MLK Memorial confronts controversy", USA Today, July 5, 2011. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
  90. ↑ Wemple, Erik (August 25, 2011). "Martin Luther King a drum major? If you say so". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
  91. ↑ Board&, Editorial (December 31, 2011). "Why hasn’t the government done the right thing with the MLK memorial?". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 31, 2011.
  92. 1 2 3 4 Morello, Carol and O’Keefe, Ed (January 13, 2012). "King Memorial inscription to be corrected, interior secretary order". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
  93. ↑ "Controversial King memorial inscription set to be erased, not replaced". The Washington Post. December 12, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2012.
  94. ↑ "DISPUTED INSCRIPTION REMOVED FROM MLK MEMORIAL". Associated Press. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
  95. ↑ Heitmann, Danny (August 27, 2013). "Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial and the danger of the misquote". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  96. ↑ Chin, Curits S (August 24, 2013). "From Martin Luther King through Lei Yixin, a message for Asia". The Nation. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
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