Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)

Martin Harris
Latter Day Saint Apostle
date unknown – ca. 1837
Personal details
Born Martin Harris
(1783-05-18)May 18, 1783
Easton, New York, United States
Died July 10, 1875(1875-07-10) (aged 92)
Clarkston, Utah Territory, United States
Resting place Clarkston City Cemetery, Utah, United States
41°55′52.08″N 112°2′24.74″W / 41.9311333°N 112.0402056°W / 41.9311333; -112.0402056 (Clarkston City Cemetery, Utah)
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Martin Harris (May 18, 1783 – July 10, 1875) was an early convert to the Latter Day Saint movement who guaranteed the first printing of the Book of Mormon and also served as one of Three Witnesses who testified that they had seen the golden plates from which Joseph Smith said the Book of Mormon had been translated.

Biography

Harris was born in Eastown, New York, the second of the eight children born to Nathan Harris and Rhoda Lapham.[1]

Early life

According to historian Ronald W. Walker, little is known of his youth, "but if his later personality and activity are guides, the boy partook of the sturdy values of his neighborhood which included work, honesty, rudimentary education, and godly fear."[2] In 1808, Harris married his first cousin Lucy Harris.[3]

Harris served with the New York militia in the War of 1812. Harris inherited 150 acres.

Until 1831, Harris lived in Palmyra, New York, where he was a prosperous farmer. Harris's neighbors considered him both an honest and superstitious man.[4] A biographer wrote that Harris's "imagination was excitable and fecund." For example, Harris once perceived a sputtering candle to be the work of the devil.[5] An acquaintance said that Harris claimed to have seen Jesus in the shape of a deer and walked and talked with him for two or three miles.[6][7] The local Presbyterian minister called him "a visionary fanatic."[8] A friend, who praised Harris as being "universally esteemed as an honest man," also declared that Harris's mind "was overbalanced by 'marvellousness'" and that his belief in earthly visitations of angels and ghosts gave him the local reputation of being crazy.[9] Another friend said, "Martin was a man that would do just as he agreed with you. But, he was a great man for seeing spooks."[10] Nevertheless, even early anti-Mormons who knew Harris believed that he was "honest," "industrious," "benevolent," and a "worthy citizen."[11]

On Harris's departure from New York with the Latter Day Saints the local paper wrote: "Several families, numbering about fifty souls, took up their line of march from this town last week for the 'promised land,' among whom was Martin Harris, one of the original believers in the 'Book of Mormon.' Mr. Harris was among the early settlers of this town, and has ever borne the character of an honorable and upright man, and an obliging and benevolent neighbor. He had secured to himself by honest industry a respectable fortune—and he has left a large circle of acquaintances and friends to pity his delusion."[12]

Early interaction with Smith

The Smith family moved to Palmyra in 1816, and in 1824, Harris employed Joseph Smith, Sr. to dig a well and a cistern. Smith, Sr. reportedly told Harris about the gold plates in 1824.[3] Harris later recounted the first time he saw Joseph Smith use a seer stone, when Smith, Jr. used it to locate a lost object for Harris.[13]

Role in the Anthon transcript

Because Harris desired assurance of the Book of Mormon's authenticity, Smith transcribed characters from the golden plates to a piece of paper, perhaps the one now known as the Anthon transcript, yet there is much to cast doubt on this document being the original as both Harris's and Anthon's accounts describe it differently. In the winter of 1828, Harris took the transcript of characters to New York City, where he met with Charles Anthon, a professor of linguistics at Columbia College. The two men's accounts of the meeting conflict on almost every point. Harris's account is recorded in Smith's History of the Church.[14] According to the account, Harris said that Anthon gave him a certificate verifying the authenticity of the characters and the translations, but that when Anthon learned that Smith claimed to have received the plates from an angel, he took the certificate back and tore it to pieces. Anthon, for his part, gave written accounts in 1834 and 1841. Despite the years between, both accounts are in good agreement, save a contradiction as to whether he had given Harris a written opinion about the transcript or not. In both accounts, Anthon maintained that he told Harris that he (Harris) was a victim of a fraud and not to get involved. In either case, the episode apparently satisfied Harris's doubts about the authenticity of the golden plates and the translation enough to mortgage his farm to have the book printed.[15] Harris's wife continued to oppose his collaboration with Smith.

In both of Anthon's accounts, he states that Harris visited him again after the Book of Mormon was printed and brought him a copy, which Anthon refused to accept. Anthon records that he again advised Harris he had been defrauded and should go straight home and ask to examine the plates locked in the chest, to which Harris responded that he could not look at the plates or he and his family would be cursed.

Scribe to Joseph Smith

In February 1828, Harris traveled to Harmony, Pennsylvania to serve as a scribe while Smith dictated the translation of the golden plates. By June 1828, Smith and Harris's work on the translation had resulted in 116 pages of manuscript.[16]

Harris asked Smith for permission to take the 116 pages of manuscript back to his wife in order to convince her of its authenticity; Smith reluctantly agreed. After Harris had shown the pages to his wife and some others, the manuscript disappeared.[17] The loss temporarily halted the translation of the plates, and when Smith began again, he used other scribes, primarily Oliver Cowdery.

The first extant written revelation to Joseph Smith, dated July 1828, refers to Smith's delivering the 116 pages to Harris. Addressing Smith, the revelation says: "thou deliveredst up that which was sacred, into the hands of a wicked man, who has set at nought the counsels of God, and has broken the most sacred promises, which were made before God, and has depended upon his own judgement, and boasted in his own wisdom"[18][19]

Book of Mormon financier

Nevertheless, Harris continued to support Smith financially. The translation was completed in June 1829. By August, Smith contracted with publisher E. B. Grandin of Palmyra to print the Book of Mormon. Harris mortgaged his farm to Grandin to ensure payment of the printing costs, and he later sold 151 acres of his farm to pay off the mortgage.[16] In March 1830, Smith announced a revelation to Harris saying "I command you, that thou shalt not covet thine own property, but impart freely to the printing of the book of Mormon", warning that "Misery thou shalt receive, if thou wilt slight these counsels: Yea, even destruction of thyself and property. Impart a portion of thy property; Yea, even a part of thy lands and all save the support of thy family. Pay the printer's debt."[20]

Witness to the golden plates

As the translation neared completion, Smith revealed that three men would be called as special witnesses to the existence of the golden plates. Harris, along with Oliver Cowdery and David Whitmer, was chosen as one of these Three Witnesses.

In the words of David Whitmer, one of the other two witnesses, "It was in the latter part of June, 1829...Joseph, Oliver Cowdery and myself were together, and the angel showed them [the plates] to us. ... [We were] sitting on a log when we were overshadowed by a light more glorious than that of the sun. In the midst of this light, but a few feet from us, appeared a table upon which were many golden plates, also the sword of Laban and the directors. I saw them as plain as I see you now, and distinctly heard the voice of the Lord declaiming that the records of the plates of the Book of Mormon were translated by the gift and power of God.”[21]

Joseph Smith and Martin Harris had a similar experience, and as the manuscript was prepared for printing, Cowdery, Whitmer, and Harris signed a joint statement that has been included in each of the more than 120 million copies of the Book of Mormon printed since then. It reads in part:

“And we declare with words of soberness, than an angel of God came down from heaven, and he brought and laid before our eyes, that we beheld and saw the plates, and the engravings thereon; and we know that it is by the grace of God the Father, and our Lord Jesus Christ, that we beheld and bear record that these things are true.[22]


In 1839, Smith indicated that Harris's experience in seeing the plates occurred separately from that of Whitmer and Cowdery.[23] The Three Witnesses's attestation was printed with the book, and it has been included in nearly every subsequent edition.

Marital conflict

In part due to their continued disagreement over the legitimacy of Smith and the golden plates, and because of the loss of his farm, Harris and his wife separated. Lucy Harris was described by Lucy Mack Smith as a woman of "irascible temper," but claims have been made that Harris had abused her.[24] Lucy Harris also claimed that her husband may have committed adultery with a neighboring "Mrs. Haggart."[24][25][26]

High Priest in the Church

Harris became an early member of the Church of Christ, which Smith organized on April 6, 1830.

In 1830, Harris prophesied "'Jackson would be the last president that we would have; and that all persons who did not embrace Mormonism in two years' time would be stricken off the face of the earth.' He said that Palmyra was to be the New Jerusalem, and that her streets were to be paved with gold."(Gilbert 1892).

On June 3, 1831, at a conference at the headquarters of the church in Kirtland, Ohio, Harris was ordained to the office of high priest and served as a missionary in the Midwest, Pennsylvania, and New York.

On February 12, 1834, Sidney Rigdon charged Harris before the Kirtland High Council, which was then the chief judicial and legislative council of the church. Among the charges was the allegation that Harris had "told Edqr. A.C. Russell that Joseph drank too much liquor when he was translating the Book of Mormon and that he wrestled with many men and threw them &c. Another charge was, that he exalted himself above Bro. Joseph, in that he said bro. Joseph knew not the contents of the Book of Mormon until after it was translated." Harris reportedly admitted that he "had said many things inadvertently calculating to wound the feelings of his brother and promised to do better. The council forgave him and gave him much good advice."[27][28]

On February 17, 1834, Harris was ordained a member of Kirtland High Council. In response to the conflicts between Mormons and non-Mormons in Missouri, Harris joined what is now known as Zion's Camp and marched from Kirtland to Clay County, Missouri. Afterwards, Harris—along with Oliver Cowdery and David Whitmer—selected and ordained a "traveling High Council" of twelve men that eventually became the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.[29] (Some early church leaders claimed that Harris, like Smith and Cowdery, was ordained to the priesthood office of apostle;[30] however, there is no record of this ordination, and Harris—as with Cowdery—was never a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.)

Marriage to Caroline Young

Lucy Harris died in the summer of 1836, and on November 1, 1836, Harris married Caroline Young, the 22-year-old daughter of Brigham Young's brother, John. Harris was thirty-one years older than his new wife; they had seven children together.

Split with Joseph Smith

In 1837, dissension arose in Kirtland over the failure of the church's Kirtland Safety Society bank. Harris called it a "fraud" and was among the dissenters who broke with Smith and attempted to reorganize the church. Led by Warren Parrish, the reformers excommunicated Smith and Rigdon, who relocated to Far West, Missouri. In December 1837, Smith and the Kirtland High Council excommunicated twenty-eight individuals, Harris among them.[28]

In 1838, Smith called the Three Witnesses Cowdery, Harris, and Whitmer "too mean to mention; and we had liked to have forgotten them."[31] Parrish's church in Kirtland took control of the temple and became known as The Church of Christ. In its 1838 articles of incorporation, Harris was named one of the church's three trustees.

In 1838, Harris is said to have told "he never saw the plates with his natural eyes, only in vision or imagination."[32] A neighbor of Harris in Kirtland, Ohio, said that Harris "never claimed to have seen [the plates] with his natural eyes, only spiritual vision."[33]

In March 1838, disillusioned church members said that Harris had publicly denied that any of the Witnesses to the Book of Mormon had ever seen or handled the golden plates. Harris's statement reportedly induced five influential members, including three apostles, to leave the church.[34]

By 1839, Parrish and other church leaders had rejected the Book of Mormon and consequently broke with Harris, who continued to testify to its truth.

In June 1841, the Painesville Telegraph reported that "Martin Harris believes that the work in its commencement was a genuine work of the Lord, but that Smith, having become worldly and proud, has been forsaken of the Lord, and has become a knave and impostor. He expects that the work will be yet revived, through other instrumentalities."[28]

Strangite, Whitmerite, Gladdenite, Williamite, Shaker

Even before he had become a Mormon, Harris had changed his religion at least five times.[35] After Smith's death, Harris continued this earlier pattern, remaining in Kirtland and accepting James J. Strang as Mormonism's new prophet, who claimed to have a new set of supernatural plates and witnesses to authenticate them. In August 1846, Harris traveled on a mission to England for the Strangite church, but the Mormon conference there declined to listen to him; when he insisted on preaching outside the building, police removed him.[36]

By 1847, Harris had broken with Strang and accepted the leadership claims of fellow Book of Mormon witness David Whitmer. Mormon Apostle William E. McLellin organized a Whitmerite congregation in Kirtland, and Harris became a member. By 1851, Harris had accepted another Latter Day Saint factional leader, Gladden Bishop, as prophet and joined Bishop's Kirtland-based organization.[37] In 1855, Harris joined with the last surviving brother of Joseph Smith, William Smith and declared that William was Joseph's true successor. Harris was also briefly intrigued by the "Roll and Book," a supernatural scripture delivered to the Shakers.[38] By the 1860s, all of these organizations had either dissolved or declined. In 1856, his wife Caroline left him to gather with the Mormons in Utah Territory while he remained in Kirtland and gave tours of the temple to curious visitors.[39]

In 1859, Harris gave an interview which described him as "an earnest and sincere advocate of the spiritual and divine authority of the Book of Mormon." It clarified that Harris "does not sympathize with Brigham Young and the Salt Lake Church. He considers them apostates from the true faith; and as being under the influence of the devil. Mr. Harris says, that the pretended church of the 'Latter Day Saints,' are in reality 'latter day devils,' and that himself and a very few others are the only genuine Mormons left." [28][40]

Rebaptism into the LDS faith

The Martin Harris gravesite in Clarkston, Utah is listed on the National Register of Historic Places

In 1870, at age 87, Harris moved to the Utah Territory and shortly thereafter was rebaptized into The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Harris, who had been left destitute and without a congregation in Kirtland, accepted the assistance of members of the LDS Church, who raised $200 to help him move west. Harris lived the last four-and-a-half years of his life with relatives in Cache Valley. He died on July 10, 1875, in Clarkston, Utah Territory, and was buried there.

Testimony to the Book of Mormon

Although he was estranged from Mormon leaders for most of his life, Harris continued to testify to the truth of the Book of Mormon. Nevertheless, at least during the early years, Harris "seems to have repeatedly admitted the internal, subjective nature of his visionary experience."[41] The foreman in the Palmyra printing office that produced the first Book of Mormon said that Harris "used to practice a good deal of his characteristic jargon and 'seeing with the spiritual eye,' and the like."[42] John H. Gilbert, the typesetter for most of the book, said that he had asked Harris, "Martin, did you see those plates with your naked eyes?" According to Gilbert, Harris "looked down for an instant, raised his eyes up, and said, 'No, I saw them with a spiritual eye.'"[43] Two other Palmyra residents said that Harris told them that he had seen the plates with "the eye of faith" or "spiritual eyes."[44][45] In 1838, Harris is said to have told an Ohio congregation that "he never saw the plates with his natural eyes, only in vision or imagination."[32] A neighbor of Harris in Kirtland, Ohio, said that Harris "never claimed to have seen [the plates] with his natural eyes, only spiritual vision."[33]

In March 1838, disillusioned church members said that Harris had publicly denied that any of the Witnesses to the Book of Mormon had ever seen or handled the golden plates—although Harris had not been present when Whitmer and Cowdery first claimed to have viewed them—and they claimed that Harris's recantation, made during a period of crisis in early Mormonism, induced five influential members, including three apostles, to leave the church.[34] Even at the end of his long life, Harris said that he had seen the plates in "a state of entrancement."[46] Nevertheless, in 1853, Harris told one David Dille that he had held the forty- to sixty-pound plates on his knee for "an hour-and-a-half" and handled the plates with his hands, "plate after plate."[47] Even later, Harris affirmed that he had seen the plates and the angel with his natural eyes: "Gentlemen," holding out his hand, "do you see that hand? Are you sure you see it? Or are your eyes playing you a trick or something? No. Well, as sure as you see my hand so sure did I see the Angel and the plates."[48] The following year Harris affirmed that "No man heard me in any way deny the truth of the Book of Mormon [or] the administration of the angel that showed me the plates."[49][50]

At the end of his life, Harris responded when he was asked if he still believed in Smith and the Book of Mormon: "Do I believe it! Do you see the sun shining! Just as surely as the sun is shining on us and gives us light, and the [moon] and stars give us light by night, just as surely as the breath of life sustains us, so surely do I know that Joseph Smith was a true prophet of God, chosen of God to open the last dispensation of the fulness of times; so surely do I know that the Book of Mormon was divinely translated. I saw the plates; I saw the Angel; I heard the voice of God. I know that the Book of Mormon is true and that Joseph Smith was a true prophet of God. I might as well doubt my own existence as to doubt the divine authenticity of the Book of Mormon or the divine calling of Joseph Smith."[51]

On his death bed, Harris said: "The Book of Mormon is no fake. I know what I know. I have seen what I have seen and I have heard what I have heard. I have seen the gold plates from which the Book of Mormon is written. An angel appeared to me and others and testified to the truthfulness of the record, and had I been willing to have perjured myself and sworn falsely to the testimony I now bear I could have been a rich man, but I could not have testified other than I have done and am now doing for these things are true."[52]

Notes

  1. ↑ "Harris, Martin - Details". Josephsmithpapers.org. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
  2. ↑ Walker 1986, p. 31
  3. 1 2 "Harris, Martin - The Encyclopedia of Mormonism". Eom.byu.edu. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
  4. ↑ More "than a dozen of Harris's Palmyra contemporaries left descriptions of the man that describe his honor, honesty, industry, peacefulness, and respectability, his hard-headed Yankee shrewdness and his wealth." (Walker 1986, p. 35)
  5. ↑ "Once while reading scripture, he reportedly mistook a candle's sputtering as a sign that the devil desired him to stop. Another time he excitedly awoke from his sleep believing that a creature as large as a dog had been upon his chest, though a nearby associate could find nothing to confirm his fears. Several hostile and perhaps unreliable accounts told of visionary experiences with Satan and Christ, Harris once reporting that Christ had been poised on a roof beam." (Walker 1986, pp. 34–35)
  6. ↑ John A. Clark letter, August 31, 1840: "No matter where he went, he saw visions and supernatural appearances all around him. He told a gentleman in Palmyra, after one of his excursions to Pennsylvania, while the translation of the Book of Mormon was going on, that on the way he met the Lord Jesus Christ, who walked along by the side of him in the shape of a deer for two or three miles, talking with him as familiarly as one man talks with another." (Vogel & 1996-2003, 2: 271)
  7. ↑ According to two Ohio newspapers, shortly after Harris arrived in Kirtland, Ohio, he began claiming to have "seen Jesus Christ and that he is the handsomest man he ever did see. He has also seen the Devil, whom he described as a very sleek haired fellow with four feet, and a head like that of a Jack-ass." (Vogel & 1996-2003, 2: 271, note 32)
  8. ↑ Walker 1986, pp. 34–35
  9. ↑ Pomeroy Tucker reminiscence, 1858, in Vogel & 1996-2003, 3: 71
  10. ↑ Lorenzo Saunders Interview, November 12, 1884, in Vogel & 1996-2003, 2: 149
  11. ↑ Richard Lloyd Anderson, Investigating the Book of Mormon Witnesses (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book, 1981) pp. 96–98. ISBN 0877478465.
  12. ↑ "[Several families] :: 19th Century Publications about the Book of Mormon (1829-1844)". Contentdm.lib.byu.edu. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
  13. ↑ "Interview with Martin Harris in Tiffany's Monthly 1859". Utlm.org. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
  14. ↑ History of the Church 1:20; also reproduced as Joseph Smith–History 1:64–65.
  15. ↑ Vogel & 1996-2003, 4: 377-86
  16. 1 2 "The Life and Ministry of Joseph Smith", Teachings of Presidents of the Church: Joseph Smith (2011, Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church), xxii–25.
  17. ↑ Doctrine and Covenants 3
  18. ↑ Book of Commandments ch. 1.
  19. ↑ Phelps 1833, sec. 2:5.
  20. ↑ "Book of commandments: 1833 Independence edition". Sidneyrigdon.com. 2011-06-21. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
  21. ↑ David Whitmer, interview with the Kansas City Journal, June 1, 1881, in Lyndon Cook, ed., David Whitmer Interviews: A Restoration Witness (Orem, UT: Grandin Book, 1991), 63.
  22. ↑ Note × “The Testimony of Three Witnesses,” Book of Mormon.
  23. ↑ Joseph Smith-History, 1839.
  24. 1 2 Lucy Mack Smith, 1853, in Vogel & 1996-2003, 1: 367
  25. ↑ Lucy Harris statement: "In one of his fits of rage he struck me with the butt end of a whip, which I think had been used for driving oxen, and was about the size of my thumb, and three or four feet long. He beat me on the head four or five times, and the next day turned me out of doors twice, and beat me in a shameful manner....Whether the Mormon religion be true or false, I leave the world to judge, for its effects upon Martin Harris have been to make hi more cross, turbulent and abusive to me."(Vogel & 1996-2003, 2: 34-36)
  26. ↑ In March 1830, a revelation from Smith warned Harris not to "covet thy neighbor's wife." (Doctrine and Covenants 19:25)
  27. ↑ "Records of Mormon Leaders at Kirtland (excerpts)". Olivercowdery.com. 2006-03-16. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
  28. 1 2 3 4 H. Michael Marquardt. "Martin Harris : The Kirtland Years, 1831 - 1870" (PDF). Dialoguejournal.com. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
  29. ↑ Joseph Smith, B. H. Roberts (ed.), (1902) History of the Church, 2:186–87.
  30. ↑ See, e.g., Heber C. Kimball, Journal of Discourses 6:29.
  31. ↑ B.H. Roberts, ed. History of the Church (Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1905), 3: 232.
  32. 1 2 Stephen Burnett to Lyman E. Johnson, 15 April 1838, in Vogel & 1996-2003, 2: 291
  33. 1 2 Reuben P. Harmon statement, c. 1885, in Vogel & 1996-2003, 2: 385
  34. 1 2 Stephen Burnett to Luke S. Johnson, 15 April 1838, in Joseph Smith's Letterbook, Vogel & 1996-2003, 2: 290-92
  35. ↑ Harris had been a Quaker, a Universalist, a Restorationist, a Baptist, a Presbyterian, and perhaps a Methodist. (Walker 1986, pp. 30–33)
  36. ↑ Terryl L. Givens and Matthew J. Grow, Parley P. Pratt: The Apostle Paul of Mormonism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 260.
  37. ↑ Walker 1986, pp. 29–30
  38. ↑ Roper, Matthew (1993), "Comments on the Book of Mormon Witnesses: A Response to Jerald and Sandra Tanner", Journal of Book of Mormon Studies, Provo, Utah: Maxwell Institute, 2 (2): 164–193
    Harris never joined the Shakers: they advocated celibacy, and Harris was married. But Phineas H. Young told Brigham Young that Harris's testimony of Shakerism was "greater than it was of the Book of Mormon." Letter of Phineas H. Young to Brigham Young, Dec. 31, 1844.
  39. ↑ Vogel & 1996-2003, 2: 258
  40. ↑ "Smith History Vault: 1859 Joel Tiffany Articles". Olivercowdery.com. 2009-03-19. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
  41. ↑ Vogel & 1996-2003, 2: 255
  42. ↑ Pomeroy Tucker, Origin, Rise, and Progress of Mormonism (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1867), p. 71, in Vogel & 1996-2003, 3: 122
  43. ↑ John H. Gilbert, "Memorandum," 8 September 1892, in Vogel & 1996-2003, 2: 548
  44. ↑ Martin Harris interviews with John A. Clark, 1827 & 1828, in Vogel & 1996-2003, 2: 270
  45. ↑ Jesse Townsend to Phineas Stiles, 24 December 1833, in Vogel & 1996-2003, 3: 22
  46. ↑ Metcalf in Vogel & 1996-2003, 2: 347
  47. ↑ Martin Harris interview with David B. Dille, 15 September 1853, in Vogel & 1996-2003, 2: 296-97
  48. ↑ Martin Harris interview with Robert Barter, c. 1870, in Vogel & 1996-2003, 2: 390
  49. ↑ Letter of Martin Harris, Sr., to Hanna B. Emerson, January 1871, Smithfield, Utah Territory, Saints' Herald 22 (15 October 1875):630, in Vogel & 1996-2003, 2: 338
  50. ↑ Anderson 1981, p. 118
  51. ↑ William Harrison Homer, "The Passing of Martin Harris," Improvement Era vol. 29, no. 5 (March 1926): 472.
  52. ↑ Martin Harris on his death bed. Cited by George Godfrey, “Testimony of Martin Harris,” from an unpublished manuscript copy in the possession of his descendants, quoted in Eldin Ricks, The Case of the Book of Mormon Witnesses [Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1971], 65–66.
  53. ↑ Archived February 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.

References

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