Mark IV tank

Mark IV

Mark IV male with unditching beam deployed
Type Tank
Place of origin  United Kingdom
Service history
Used by  British Army
 Imperial German Army
Reichswehr
 Imperial Japanese Army
Wars First World War
German Revolution of 1918–19
Production history
Designer Major Walter Gordon Wilson
Manufacturer see text
Unit cost about £5,000 [1]
Produced May 1917 – end 1918
No. built 1,220
Specifications
Weight 29 tons (28.4 tonnes)
Female: 27 tons (27.4 tonnes)
Length 26 ft 5 in (8.05 m)
Width Male: 13 ft 6 in (4.12 m)
Crew 8

Armour 0.25– 0.47 inches (6.1–12 mm)
Main
armament
Male: Two 6-pounder (57-mm) 6 cwt QF guns with 332 rounds
Female: five .303 Lewis guns
Secondary
armament
Male: Three .303 in Lewis guns
Engine Daimler-Foster, 6-cylinder in-line sleeve valve 16 litre petrol engine
105 bhp at 1,000 rpm
Transmission Primary: 2 Forward, 1 Reverse
Secondary – 2 speed
Fuel capacity 70 Imperial gallons
Operational
range
35 mi (56 km)
Speed 4 mph (6.4 km/h)

The Mark IV (pronounced "Mark Four") was a British tank of World War I. Introduced in 1917, it benefited from significant developments on the first British tank (the intervening designs being small batches used for training). The major improvements were in armour, the re-siting of the fuel tank, and easier transportation. A total of 1,220 were built: 420 "Males", 595 "Females" and 205 Tank Tenders (unarmed vehicles used to carry supplies), which made it the most numerous British tank of the War.

The Mark IV was first used in mid 1917 at the Battle of Messines Ridge. It remained in official British service until the end of the War, and a small number served briefly with other combatants afterwards.

Development

The director of the Tank Supply Department, Albert Gerald Stern, first intended to fit the Mark IV with a new engine and transmission. Production of battle tanks was halted until the new design was ready, necessitating the use of the Mark II and III as interim training tanks. Failing to complete development soon enough to start production in time to have 200 tanks ready for the promised date of 1 April 1917, Stern was ultimately forced to take a Mark IV into production in May 1917 that was only slightly different from the Mark I tank.

The inside of a Mark IV seen through a peephole on the starboard sponson. One machine gun is visible at the forefront above.

The Mark IV Male carried three Lewis machine guns – one in the cab front and one in each sponson[nb 1] – and a QF 6 pdr 6 cwt gun in each sponson, with its barrel shortened as it had been found that the longer original was apt to strike obstacles or dig into the ground. The sponsons were not mirror images of each other, as their configuration differed to allow for the 6 pdr's gun-layer operating his gun from the left and the loader serving the gun from the right. The guns had a 100 degree arc of fire but only the starboard gun could fire straight ahead.[2] The Female had five machine guns. Two of the machine guns were operated by the gun loaders.

The decision to standardise on the Lewis gun was due to the space available within the tanks. Despite its vulnerable barrel and a tendency to overheat or foul after prolonged firing, the Lewis used compact drum magazines which could hold up to 96 rounds. The Hotchkiss was fed from a rigid strip which was trimmed down to only 14 rounds for tank use; no sooner had the machine gunner guided the fall of shot onto the target then it was time to change the strip and the process repeated.[3] It was not until a flexible 50 round strip was fully developed in May 1917 that the Hotchkiss would become the standard machine gun for tanks again. The changes caused delays, such as adapting the design for the bulky Lewis cooling barrel, and later, problems when the Hotchkiss strips had to be stored in positions designed for Lewis gun magazines.[3]

This tank introduced the use of the fascine, a bundle of brushwood, bound with chains, about 10 ft (3.0 m) long and 4.5 ft (1.4 m) in diameter carried on the front. It was dropped into trenches to allow the tank to cross over more easily.[4]

A large number of these tanks were also used for development work. In an attempt to improve trench-crossing capability, the tadpole tail, an extension to the rear track horns, was introduced. However, it proved insufficiently rigid and does not appear to have been used in combat. Other experimental versions tested radios, mortars placed between the rear horns, and recovery cranes. Some of these devices were later used on operational tanks. Mark IVs were also the first tanks fitted with unditching beams by field workshops. A large wooden beam, reinforced with sheet metal, was stored across the top of the tank on a set of parallel rails. If the tank became stuck, the beam was attached to the tracks (often under fire) and then dragged beneath the vehicle, providing grip.

Production

The Mark IV was built by six manufacturers: Metropolitan (the majority builder), Fosters of Lincoln, Armstrong-Whitworth, Coventry Ordnance Works, William Beardmore and Company and Mirrlees, Watson & Co., with the main production being in 1917. The first order was placed for 1,000 tanks with Metropolitan in August 1916. It was then cancelled, reinstated and then modified between August and December 1916. The other manufacturers, contracted for no more than 100 tanks each, were largely immune to the conflict between Stern and the War Office.[5]

Service

The Mark IV was first used in large numbers on 7 June 1917, during the British assault on Messines Ridge. Crossing dry but heavily cratered terrain, many of the 60-plus Mark IVs lagged behind the infantry, but several made important contributions to the battle. By comparison, at the Third Battle of Ypres (also known as Passchendaele) from 31 July, where the preliminary 24-day long barrage had destroyed all drainage and heavy rain had soaked the field, the tanks found it heavy going and contributed little; those that sank into the swampy ground were immobilized and became easy targets for enemy artillery.[6]

Nearly 460 Mark IV tanks were used during the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917, showing that a large concentration of tanks could quickly overcome even the most sophisticated trench systems.

In the aftermath of the German Spring Offensive on the western front, the first tank-to-tank battle was between Mk IV tanks and German A7Vs in the Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux in April 1918.[nb 2]

About 40 captured Mark IVs were employed by the Germans as Beutepanzerwagen (the German word Beute means "loot" or "booty") with a crew of 12. These formed four tank companies from December 1917.[7] Some of these had their six pounders replaced by a German equivalent.[8]

The last Mark IV to see service was Excellent, a Mark IV male retained by the naval gunnery school on Whale Island, HMS Excellent. In the early years of the Second World War it was restored to operational status and driven to the mainland, where its new career was allegedly brought to an early end after a number of cars were damaged.

Surviving vehicles

Mark IV female on display in Ashford, Kent. The white-red-white stripes on the front are a British recognition marking that was also carried by British tanks early in WW II

. Seven Mark IVs survive.

See also

Notes

  1. A spare Lewis gun was carried on board
  2. part of the Battle of the Lys

Citations

  1. Glanfield, Devil's Chariots, Appendix 3
  2. Fletcher (2013), p.59
  3. 1 2 Glanfield, Devil's Chariots, p.169
  4. "Great Britain's Heavy Tanks". mailer.fsu.edu. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
  5. Glanfield, Devil's Chariots, Appendix 2
  6. Glanfield, Devil's Chariots, pp.198–200
  7. AFV Profile No. 3 Tanks Marks I to V
  8. Tanks and trenches: First hand accounts of tank warfare in the first world war. Alan Sutton publishing Ltd. 1994. p. 204. ISBN 0-7509-0346-5.
  9. Pullen, Richard (2007). The Landships of Lincoln (2nd ed.). Tucann. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-873257-79-1.
  10. http://www.tank-cambrai.com/pages/indexpag.html
  11. Fletcher (2007)
  12. "Tank Mark IV (Male) (E1972.63)". tankmuseum.org. Retrieved 2009-02-02.

References

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