Marinid dynasty

Marinid dynasty
ⵉⵎⵔⵉⵏⴻⵏ Imrinen (ber)
المرينيون Al Marīniyūn (ar)
Ruling dynasty of Morocco[1][2]
1244–1465
Flag
Emblem
The Marinid realm at its maximal extent (1347–1348)
Capital Fes
Religion Sunni Islam
Government Sultanate
Sultan
 •  1215–1217 Abd al-Haqq I
 • 1420–1465 Abd al-Haqq II
History
 •  Established 1244
 •  Disestablished 1465
Currency Dinar
Preceded by 		Succeeded by
Almohad dynasty
Wattasid dynasty
Banu Abd al-Haqq
Country Morocco
Parent house Banu Marin
Titles Sultan of Morocco
Style(s) Amir al-Muslimin
Founded 1215
Founder Abd al-Haqq I
Final ruler Abd al-Haqq II
Current head none
Deposition 1465
Cadet branches Wattasid dynasty
Ouartajin dynasty

The Marinid dynasty (Berber: Imrinen, Arabic: Marīniyūn) or Banu abd al-Haqq was a Sunni Muslim[3] dynasty of Zenata Berber descent that ruled Morocco from the 13th to the 15th century.[1][4]

In 1244, the Marinids overthrew the Almohad dynasty, which controlled Morocco.[5] The Marinid dynasty briefly held sway over all the Maghreb in the mid-14th century. It supported the Kingdom of Granada in Al-Andalus in the 13th and 14th centuries; an attempt to gain a direct foothold on the European side of the Strait of Gibraltar was however defeated at the Battle of Río Salado in 1340 and finished after the Castilian conquest of Algeciras from the Marinids in 1344.[6]

The Marinids were overthrown after the 1465 revolt. The Wattasids, a related dynasty, came to power in 1472.

History

Origins

The Marinids were a branch of the Wassin,[7] a nomadic Zenata Berber tribe that lived in the Zibans (present-day Algeria) before being driven towards Tlemcen by the Arab invasion in the 11th century.[8]

The tribe had first frequented the area between Sijilmasa and Figuig, Morocco.[9] Following the arrival of Arab tribes in the area in the 11th-12th centuries, Marinids moved to the north-west of present-day Algeria,[9] before settling into northern Morocco by the beginning of the 13th century.[10]

The Marinids took their name from their ancestor, Marin ibn Wartajan al-Zenati.[11]

Rise

After arriving in Morocco, they initially submitted to the Almohad dynasty, which was at the time the ruling house. After successfully contributing to the Battle of Alarcos, in central Spain, the tribe started to assert itself as a political power.[12] Starting in 1213, they began to tax farming communities of north-eastern Morocco (the area between Nador and Berkane). The relationship between them and the Almohads became strained and starting in 1215, there were regular outbreaks of fighting between the two parties. In 1217 they tried to occupy eastern Morocco, but they were expelled, after which they pulled back and settled in the eastern Rif mountains. Here they remained for nearly 30 years. During their stay in the Rif, the Almohad state suffered huge blows, losing large territories to the Christians in Spain, while the Hafsids of Ifriqia broke away in 1229, followed by the Zayyanid dynasty of Tlemcen in 1235.

Between 1244 and 1248 the Marinids were able to take Taza, Rabat, Salé, Meknes and Fes from the weakened Almohads.[13] The Marinid leadership installed in Fes declared war on the Almohads, fighting with the aid of Christian mercenaries. Abu Yusuf Yaqub (1259–1286) captured Marrakech in 1269.[14]

Height

After the Nasrids ceded Algeciras to the Marinids, Abu Yusuf went to Al-Andalus to support the ongoing struggle against the Kingdom of Castile. The Marinid dynasty then tried to extend its control to include the commercial traffic of the Strait of Gibraltar.

It was in this period that the Spanish Christians were first able to take the fighting to Morocco: in 1260 and 1267 they attempted an invasion of Morocco, but both attempts were defeated. After gaining a foothold in Spain, the Marinids became active in the conflict between Muslims and Christians in Iberia. To gain absolute control of the trade in the Strait of Gibraltar, from their base at Algeciras they started the conquest of several Spanish towns: by the year 1294 they had occupied Rota, Tarifa and Gibraltar.

In 1276 they founded Fes Jdid, which they made their administrative and military centre. While Fes had been a prosperous city throughout the Almohad period, even becoming the largest city in the world during that time,[15] it was in the Marinid period that Fes reached its golden age, a period which marked the beginning of an official, historical narrative for the city.[16][17] It is from the Marinid period that Fes' reputation as an important intellectual centre largely dates, they established the first madrassas in the city and country.[18][19][20] The principal monuments in the medina, the residences and public buildings, date from the Marinid period.[21]

Despte internal infighting, Abu Said Uthman II (1310–1331) initiated huge construction projects across Morocco. Several madrassas were built, the Al-Attarine Madrasa being the most famous. The building of these madrassas were necessary to create a dependent bureaucratic class, in order to undermine the marabouts and Sharifian elements in Morocco.

The Marinids also strongly influenced the policy of the Emirate of Granada, from which they enlarged their army in 1275. In the 13th century, the Kingdom of Castile made several incursions into Morocco. In 1260, Castilian forces raided Salé and, in 1267, initiated a full-scale invasion of Morocco, but the Marinids repelled them.

At the height of their power, during the rule of Abu al-Hasan 'Ali (1331–1348), the Marinid army was large and disciplined. It consisted of 40.000 Zenata cavalry, while Arab nomads contributed to the cavalry and Andalusians were included as archers. The personal bodyguard of the sultan consisted of 7.000 men, and included Christian, Kurdish and Black African elements.[12] Under Abu al-Hasan another attempt was made to reunite the Maghreb. In 1337 the Abdalwadid kingdom of Tlemcen was conquered, followed in 1347 by the defeat of the Hafsid empire in Ifriqiya, which made him master of a huge territory, which spanned from southern Morocco to Tripoli. However, in 1340 the Marinids suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of a Portuguese-Castilian coalition in the Battle of Río Salado, and finally had to withdraw from Andalusia, only holding on to Algeciras. In that same year a revolt of Arab tribes in southern Tunisia, made them lose their eastern territories.

In 1348 Abu al-Hasan was deposed by his son Abu Inan Faris, who tried to reconquer Algeria and Tunisia. Despite several successes, he was strangled by his own vizir in 1358, after which the dynasty began to decline.

Decline

After the death of Abu Inan Faris in 1358, the real power lay with the viziers, while the Marinid sultans were paraded and forced to succeed each other in quick succession. The county was divided and political anarchy set in, with different viziers and foreign powers supporting different factions. In 1359 Hintata tribesmen from the High Atlas came down and occupied Marakesh, capital of their Almohad ancestors, which they would govern independently until 1526. To the south of Marakesh, Sufi mystics claimed autonomy, and in the 1370s Azemmour broke off under a coalition of merchants and Arab clan leaders of the Banu Sabih. To the east, the Zianid and Hafsid families reemerged and to the north, the Europeans were taking advantage of the Moroccan instability by attacking the Moroccan coast. Meanwhile, unruly wandering Arab Bedouin tribes increasingly spread anarchy in Morocco, which accelerated the decline of the empire.

In the 15th century Morocco was hit by a financial crisis, after which the state had to stop financing the different marabouts and Sharifian families, which had previously been useful instruments in controlling the country. The political support of these marabouts and Sharifians halted, and Morocco splintered into different entities. In 1399 Tetouan was taken and its population was massacred and in 1415 the Portuguese captured Ceuta. After the sultan Abdalhaqq II (1421–1465) tried to break the power of the Wattasids, he was executed.

Marinid rulers after 1420 came under the control of the Wattasids, who exercised a regency as Abd al-Haqq II became Sultan one year after his birth. The Wattasids however refused to give up the Regency after Abd al-Haqq came to age.[22]

In 1459, Abd al-Haqq II managed a massacre of the Wattasid family, breaking their power. His reign, however, brutally ended as he was murdered during the 1465 revolt.[23] This event saw the end of the Marinid dynasty as Muhammad ibn Ali Amrani-Joutey, leader of the Sharifs, was proclaimed Sultan in Fes. He was in turn overthrown in 1471 by Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya, one of the two the surviving Wattasids from the 1459 massacre, who instigated the Wattasid dynasty.

Chronology of events

The Marinid Tombs in Fes, Morocco
Coin minted during the reign of Abu Inan Faris (1348–1358)
Remnants of the city of al-Mansoura constructed by the Marinids during their siege of Tlemcen.

Marinid rulers

Court of the medersa Bou Inania in Meknes, Morocco

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Marinid dynasty (Berber dynasty) - Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2014-02-24.
  2. ↑ "Marinides ou Mérinides ; Dynastie marocaine (1269-1465) - Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne". Larousse.fr. Retrieved 2016-06-05.
  3. ↑ Ira M. Lapidus, Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History, (Cambridge University Press, 2012), 414.
  4. ↑ C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, (Columbia University Press, 1996), 41-42.
  5. ↑ (in French)"Les Merinides" on Universalis
  6. ↑ Niane, D.T. (1981). General History of Africa. IV. p. 91. Retrieved 2014-02-24.
  7. ↑ Abd al-Rahman b. Muhammad Ibn Khaldûn (1856). Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale, tr. par le baron de Slane. p. 25.
  8. ↑ V. Piquet, Les civilisations de l'Afrique du nord: Berbères-Arabes Turcs, Ed. Colin, 1909
  9. 1 2 C.E. Bosworth. The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Vol 4. Brill Archives. p. 571.
  10. ↑ Yassir Benhima, Les Mérinides et les Wattasides (1196-1549), on qantara-med.org
  11. ↑ Idris El Hareir (2011). The Spread of Islam Throughout the World. UNESCO. p. 420. ISBN 9789231041532.
  12. 1 2 The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 6, Fascicules 107-108 - Clifford Edmund Bosworth - Google Boeken. Books.google.nl. Retrieved 2014-02-24.
  13. ↑ "Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne - Marinides ou Mérinides". Larousse.fr. Retrieved 2014-02-24.
  14. ↑ C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, 42.
  15. ↑ The Report: Morocco 2009 - Oxford Business Group - Google Boeken. Books.google.nl. Retrieved 2014-02-24.
  16. ↑ "An Architectural Investigation of Marrind and Wattasid Fes Medina (674-961/1276-1554), In Terms of Gender, Legend, and Law" (PDF). Etheses.whiterose.ac.uk. Retrieved 2014-02-24.
  17. ↑ "An architectural Investigation of Marinid and Watasid Fes" (PDF). Etheses.whiterose.ac.uk. p. 23. Retrieved 2014-02-24.
  18. ↑ E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936 - Google Boeken. Books.google.nl. Retrieved 2014-02-24.
  19. ↑ The Berbers and the Islamic State - Maya Shatzmiller - Google Boeken. Books.google.nl. Retrieved 2014-02-24.
  20. ↑ Islamic Art and Visual Culture: An Anthology of Sources - Google Boeken. Books.google.nl. 2011-04-25. Retrieved 2014-02-24.
  21. ↑ "Al- Hakawati". Al-hakawati.net. Retrieved 2014-02-24.
  22. ↑ Julien, Charles-André, Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, des origines à 1830, Payot 1931, p.196
  23. ↑ C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic dynasties, p.42 Edinburgh University Press 1996. ISBN 978-0-231-10714-3.
  24. ↑ E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, M. Th Houtsma

Bibliography

— Royal house —
Banu Marin
Preceded by
Almohad dynasty		 Ruling house of Morocco
1269–1465 		Succeeded by
Idrisid dynasty
Joutey branch
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