Manley–Rowe relations

The Manley–Rowe relations are mathematical expressions developed originally for electrical engineers to predict the amount of energy in a wave that has multiple frequencies.

The original papers, written by two researchers at Bell Labs, J. M. Manley and H. E. Rowe between 1956 and 1960[1][2][3][4] was for an electrical circuit containing nonlinear capacitors and inductors. One or more oscillators, operating at specified frequencies, are connected to the input of this circuit. The Manley–Rowe relations predict the energy present in waves at various frequencies, including new frequencies (such as harmonics and sidebands) that arise in the circuit due to nonlinearity. The theory is based partly on the principle of conservation of energy. It requires that energy storage in the circuit is a stationary process that varies with time only due to the oscillations and not due to some steady increase or decrease with time.

Because the Manley–Rowe relations are based on general concepts like nonlinear waves and conservation of energy, their use is not limited to the original application in radio-frequency electrical circuits. They have also found use in other scientific fields, for example nonlinear optics.[5] In the electrical circuit for the original derivation of Manley–Rowe relations, capacitors and inductors store energy from a wave and then release it. Other physical systems that involve energy storage for waves, and nonlinear generation of new waves, can make use of the same relations.

John Manley and Harrison Rowe were protégés of Ralph Hartley at Bell Laboratories (although I believe that this information is not related to the Manley–Rowe relations). The work with nonlinear reactances (inductors and capacitors) was started back in 1917 by John Burton and Eugene Peterson.[6] When Hartley joined Bell Laboratories after being part of Western Electric, he started a research group on nonlinear oscillations. This group was later joined by Peterson, Manley, and Rowe.

Notes

  1. ↑ Manley J. M and Rowe, H. E., "Some General Properties of Nonlinear Elements – Part I: General Energy Relations", Proceedings of the IRE, July 1956, p. 904 – 913.
  2. ↑ Rowe H.E., “Some General Properties of Nonlinear Elements – Part II: Small Signal Theory”, Proceedings of the IRE, Volume 46, May 1958, pp 850 – 860
  3. ↑ Manley J.M., Rowe H.E., “General Energy Relations in Nonlinear Reactances”, Proceedings of the IRE, Volume 47, December 1959, pp 2115–2116
  4. ↑ Manley J.M., “Some Properties of Time Varying Networks”, IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory, CT-7, August 1960, pp 69–78
  5. ↑ Geoffrey New (2011). Introduction to Nonlinear Optics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-521-87701-5.
  6. ↑ Peterson E., “Atomic Physics and Circuit Theory”; Bell Laboratories Record, Volume 7, February 1929, pp 231–233
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