Mallee (biogeographic region)
Mallee, also known as Roe Botanical District, is a biogeographic region in southern Western Australia. Located between the Esperance Plains, Avon Wheatbelt and Coolgardie regions, it has a low, gently undulating topography, a semi-arid mediterranean climate, and extensive Eucalyptus mallee vegetation. About half of the region has been cleared for intensive agriculture. Recognised as a region under the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA), it was first defined by John Stanley Beard in 1980.
Geography and geology
The Mallee region has a complex shape with tortuous boundaries, but may be roughly approximated as the triangular area south of a line from Bruce Rock to Eyre, but not within 40 kilometres (25 mi) of the south coast, except at its eastern limits. It has an area of about 79000 square kilometres (31000 mi²), making it about a quarter of the South West Botanic Province, 3% of the state, and 1% of Australia. It is bounded to the south by the Esperance Plains region; to the west and northwest by the Avon Wheatbelt region; and to the east by the Coolgardie region.[1]
There are a number of small towns in the west of the region, where wheat is grown. These include Gnowangerup, Lake Grace, Newdegate, Kondinin and Hyden. Also of note is the tourist attraction Wave Rock. Further east, the area is virtually uninhabited, except for Lake King, and a few small towns along the road from Norseman to Esperance, such as Grass Patch and Salmon Gums.
Most soil is sand over clay, overlying Archean and Proterozoic granite of the Yilgarn Craton. At the eastern limits there is some calcareous soil overlying Eocene limestone.[2][3] The region has a low, gently undulating topography, with somewhat occluded drainage, resulting in a series of playa lakes.[2]
Climate
Mallee is semi-arid, with a warm, dry, Mediterranean climate. It has seven to eight dry months. Rainfall in winter is typically between 300 and 500 millimetres (11½–19 in).[2]
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean daily maximum temperature | 30.5°C 86.9°F |
29.5 °C 85.1 °F |
27.2 °C 81.0 °F |
23.5 °C 74.3 °F |
19.6 °C 67.3 °F |
16.8 °C 62.2 °F |
16.0 °C 60.8 °F |
17.2 °C 63.0 °F |
20.4 °C 68.7 °F |
23.2 °C 73.8 °F |
26.1 °C 79.0 °F |
28.9 °C 84.0 °F |
23.2 °C 73.8 °F |
| Mean daily minimum temperature | 14.0 °C 57.2 °F |
14.2 °C 57.6 °F |
12.7 °C 54.9 °F |
10.0 °C 50.0 °F |
7.2 °C 45.0 °F |
5.6 °C 42.1 °F |
4.6 °C 40.3 °F |
4.7 °C 40.5 °F |
5.8 °C 42.4 °F |
7.5 °C 45.5 °F |
10.1 °C 50.2 °F |
12.3 °C 54.1 °F |
9.0 °C 48.2 °F |
| Mean total rainfall | 19.3 mm 0.7 in |
23.4 mm 0.9 in |
23.1 mm 0.9 in |
26.0 mm 1.0 in |
35.1 mm 1.4 in |
40.9 mm 1.6 in |
36.7 mm 1.4 in |
33.9 mm 1.3 in |
31.5 mm 1.2 in |
26.8 mm 1.0 in |
25.8 mm 1.0 in |
19.3 mm 0.7 in |
341.9 mm 13.2 in |
| Mean number of rain days | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.9 | 7.1 | 9.4 | 10.8 | 11.9 | 11.5 | 9.7 | 7.7 | 5.7 | 4.2 | 90.9 |
Vegetation
The region's vegetation is predominantly Eucalyptus mallee over myrtaceous and proteaceous heath. Over 50% of the area is vegetated entirely by mallee, and a further 25% is mainly mallee but with patches of woodland; the latter vegetation occurs mainly on the calcareous soils to the east. The mallee consists of numerous Eucalyptus species, the most consistent being E. eremophila (Tall Sand Mallee).[2][3] Seasonally wet and alluvial areas are vegetated by Melaleuca shrublands where fresh, and Tecticornia low shrublands where saline. There are also occasional thickets of Allocasuarina, especially on greenstone hills.[2][3]
As of 2007, the Mallee region is known to contain 3443 indigenous vascular plant species, and a further 239 naturalised alien species. As with other regions in semi-arid areas of the South West, it exhibits high endemism, especially with respect to Eucalyptus and Acacia species. The endangered flora of the Mallee region consists of 55 species, with a further 325 species having been declared Priority Flora under the Department of Environment and Conservation's Declared Rare and Priority Flora List.[5]
Species richness ranges from 17 to 48 species per 1000 m². The lowest species richness occurs in severe habitats such as alongside salt lakes, but also in the areas of highest soil nutrition, where dominant species suppress associated species. Conversely, the highest species richness occurs in soils with the lowest soil nutrition.[6] Most species are killed by fire and regenerate from seed, suggesting that they have evolved in an environment in which fire is infrequent.[7]
| Major Vegetation Group | Area before European settlement | Area circa 1997 |
|---|---|---|
| Cleared / modified native vegetation | - | 3,389,464 ha (45.8%) |
| Mallee woodlands and shrublands | 4,208,658 ha (56.9%) | 2,152,520 (29.1%) |
| Eucalyptus open woodlands | 1,860,688 ha (25.2%) | 896,404 (12.1%) |
| Eucalpt woodlands | 587,132 ha (7.9%) | 587,132 (7.9%) |
| Heath | 432,536 ha (5.8%) | 196,164 ha (2.7%) |
| Mangroves, tidal mudflat, samphire and bare areas, claypan, sand, rock, salt lakes, lagoons, lakes | 212,504 ha (2.9%) | 105,308 ha (1.4%) |
| Other shrublands | 58,628 ha (0.8%) | 53,316 ha (0.7%) |
| Chenopod shrub, samphire shrub and forblands | 22,652 ha (0.3%) | 5,516 ha (0.1%) |
| Eucalypt low open forest | 6,100 ha (0.1%) | 4,492 ha (0.1%) |
| Low closed forest and closed shrublands | 2,912 ha (0.0%) | 2,668 ha (0.0%) |
| Acacia shrublands | 1,352 ha (0.0%) | 1,348 ha (0.0%) |
| Other grasslands, herblands, sedgelands and rushlands | 820 ha (0.0%) | 364 ha (0.0%) |
| Casuarina forest and woodlands | 612 ha (0.0%) | 116 ha (0.0%) |
| Tussock grasslands | 28 ha (0.0%) | 4 ha (0.0%) |
| Melaleuca forest and woodlands | 12 ha (0.0%) | 4 ha (0.0%) |
Land use
Approximately 56% of the Mallee region falls within what the Department of Agriculture and Food calls the "Intensive Land-use Zone" (ILZ), the area of Western Australia that has been largely cleared and developed for intensive agriculture such as cropping and livestock production. This includes most of the western parts of the region, and a smaller area along the road from Norseman to Esperance. Within this area, only 19.5% of the native vegetation remains uncleared. The remaining 44% of the region falls within the "Extensive Land-use Zone" (ELZ), where the native vegetation has not been cleared but may have been degraded by the grazing of introduced animals and/or changes to the fire regime. Thus about 44.9% of the total Mallee region has been cleared.[9] The majority of clearing was undertaken by the Government of Western Australia between 1958 and 1969, under a program of assisted settlement in which the Government cleared, fenced and stocked virgin crown land, then sold it to aspiring settlers.[10] There has been virtually no further clearing since 1980, when Beard estimated the cleared proportion of the region at 44%.[2]
About 30% of the Esperance Plains region is now in protected areas.[9] It therefore has only medium priority under Australia's National Reserve System.[11]
Biogeography
Early biogeographic regionalisations of Western Australia do not recognise the Mallee region. It cannot be distinguished in Ludwig Diels' 1906 regionalisation of the South West, and is treated as part of the Wheatbelt in Edward de Courcy Clarke's 1926 map. It first appeared in Beard's 1980 phytogeographic regionalisation of Western Australia, but with an eastern limit of Point Culver. Beard named it "Roe Botanical District" in honour of John Septimus Roe, who explored the area in 1848. By 1984, Beard's phytogeographic regions were being presented more generally as "natural regions", and as such were given more widely recognisable names. Thus the "Roe Botanical District" became "Mallee".[2]
When the IBRA was published in the 1990s, Beard's regionalisation was used as the baseline for Western Australia. The Mallee region was accepted as defined by Beard, and has since survived a number of revisions. The only significant change to its boundary is the extension of its eastern boundary eastwards along the coast as far as Eyre.[3] The most recent revision, Version 6.1, defines two sub-regions for the Mallee region, Western Mallee and Eastern Mallee.[12]
Under the World Wildlife Fund's biogeographic regionalisation of the Earth's land into "ecoregions", Mallee is combined with Esperance Plains to form the Esperance mallee ecoregion.
References
- ↑ Beard, J. S. and B. S. Sprenger (1984). "Geographical Data from the Vegetation Survey of Western Australia". Occasional Paper No. 2.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Beard, J. S. (1980). "A new phytogeographic map of Western Australia". Western Australian Herbarium Research Notes (3): 37–58.
- 1 2 3 4 Environment Australia. "Revision of the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) and Development of Version 5.1 - Summary Report". Department of the Environment and Water Resources, Australian Government. Archived from the original on 5 September 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
- ↑ "Averages for SALMON GUMS RES.STNs". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
- ↑ "Florabase". Western Australian Herbarium, Department of Environment and Conservation, Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
- ↑ Van der Moezel, Paul G. and David T. Bell (1989). "Plant species richness in the mallee region of Western Australia". Australian Journal of Ecology. 14 (2): 221–226. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1989.tb01429.x.
- ↑ Van der Moezel, P. G. and D. T. Bell (1984). "Fire in the Western Australian Mallee". In B. Dell. MEDECOS IV: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Mediterranean Ecosystems. pp. 151–152.
- ↑ "Mallee". Australian Natural Resources Atlas: Biodiversity & Vegetation. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
- 1 2 Shepherd, D. P., G. R. Beeston and A. J. M. Hopkins. "Native vegetation in Western Australia: Extent, Type and Status". Resource Management Technical Report No. 249. Department of Agriculture and Food, Government of Western Australia. Archived from the original on 25 August 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
- ↑ Jarvis, N. T., ed. (1979). Western Australia: An Atlas of Human Endeavour: 1829–1979. Government of Western Australia.
- ↑ "Priority Bioregions for Developing National Reserve System". Department of Environment and Water Resources, Australian Government. Archived from the original on 3 July 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
- ↑ IBRA Version 6.1 Archived 8 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine. data
Further reading
- Burgman, Mark A. (1985). "Rare plants of the Eastern Roe Botanical District". Report 27, Rare and geographically restricted plants of Western Australia. Perth, Western Australia: Department of Conservation and Land Management, Government of Western Australia.
- Burgman, Mark A. (1985). "The flora, ecology and biogeography of the eastern Roe Botanical District". Report 5, Nature Conservation Values and Crown Land Under Consideration for Release for Agriculture.
- Thackway, R and I D Cresswell (1995) An interim biogeographic regionalisation for Australia : a framework for setting priorities in the National Reserves System Cooperative Program Version 4.0 Canberra : Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Reserve Systems Unit, 1995. ISBN 0-642-21371-2
- Young, Jennifer (2000). Hakeas of Western Australia: botanical districts of Roe and Eyre, the Mallee and the Esperance Plains. West Perth, Western Australia: J. Young. ISBN 0-9585778-1-1.
- Van der Moezel; P. G. (1985). "The Pre-Mining Assessment of a Coal Mining Lease North of Esperance, Western Australia". PhD Thesis. University of Western Australia.
