Majdanek trials

Majdanek trials

Former SS-Obersturmbannfuehrer Anton Thernes (standing, left) in front of a penal court on trial for crimes committed at Majdanek, 1944, Lublin, Poland
Submitted November 27, 1944
Decided June 30, 1981, Düsseldorf
The case of the Majdanek death camp
Majdanek concentration camp (June 24, 1944) from the collections of the Majdanek Museum, lower half: the barracks under deconstruction; in the upper half, functioning barracks
Preserved original ovens in the second Crematorium at Majdanek, built in 1943 by Heinrich Kori.[1]
Original gas chamber with visible Zyklon B blue stain on the back wall, permanently burned into the cement

The Majdanek trials were a series of consecutive war-crime trials held in Poland and in Germany after World War II, constituting the overall longest Nazi war crimes trial in history spanning over 30 years.[2] The first judicial trial of Majdanek extermination camp officials took place from November 27, 1944, to December 2, 1944, in Lublin, Poland.[3][4] The last one, held at the District Court of Düsseldorf began on November 26, 1975, and concluded on June 30, 1981. It was Germany's longest and most expensive trial, lasting 474 sessions.[5][6]

A number of former high ranking SS men, camp officials, camp guards, and SS staff were arraigned before the courts on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity committed at Majdanek in the period between October 1, 1941, and July 22, 1944. Notably, only 170 Nazis who served at Majdanek had been prosecuted at all, of the 1,037 camp personnel known by name. Half of the defendants charged by the West German justice system were set free after complaining of aches and pains in detention, acquitted of killing. By contrast, those tried earlier by Poland were usually found guilty. During the 34 months of camp operation, more than 79,000 people were murdered at Majdanek main camp alone (59,000 of them Polish Jews) and between 95,000 and 130,000 people in the entire Majdanek, system including several subcamps.[7] Some 18,000 Jews were killed at Majdanek on November 3, 1943, during the largest single-day, single-camp massacre of the Holocaust,[6] named Harvest Festival (totalling 43,000 with 2 subcamps).[8]

Notably, two KL Majdanek concentration camp commandants were put on trial by the SS themselves in the course of the camp operation partly because of what Majdanek was initially, merely a storage depot for gold, money and furs stolen from trainloads of Holocaust victims at death factories in Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka.[9] Both SS men were charged with wholesale stealing from the Third Reich to become rich. Karl-Otto Koch (serving at Majdanek from July 1941 till August 24, 1942) was executed by firing squad on April 5, 1945; Hermann Florstedt, the third chief of Majdanek (from October 1942 on) was executed by the SS on April 15, 1945.[10]

First Majdanek trial

Retreating Germans did not have time to destroy the facility. It remained the best preserved example of an Holocaust death camp in history, with intact gas chambers and crematoria.[11] The advancing Soviets were shocked into disbelief after discovering it, and initially overestimated the total number of victims.[12]

A group of six members of Majdanek personnel – who had not managed to escape – were arraigned before the Soviet-Polish Special Criminal Court immediately following the camp's liberation of July 23, 1944. After the trial, and deliberations which lasted from November 27, 1944 to December 2, 1944 all accused were found guilty of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide, and sentenced to death by hanging.[6][11] They included SS-Obersturmführer Anton Thernes, SS-Hauptsturmführer Wilhelm Gerstenmeier, SS-Oberscharführer Hermann Vögel, Kapo Edmund Pohlmann, SS-Rottenführer Theodor Schöllen and Kapo Heinrich Stalp,[13] all of whom were executed by hanging on December 3, 1944 except for Pohlmann, who had committed suicide the night before.[14]

Second Majdanek trial (1946–1948)

The series of trials which took place between 1946 and 1948 in Poland – usually referred to as the Second trial of Majdanek – consisted of trials of many kinds. Some 95 SS-men, mostly guards (including those apprehended hiding in postwar Germany), were charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity. Seven of the defendants were given the death penalty. The most prominent of them was Elsa Ehrich, Oberaufseherin of the women and children camp division (liquidated in spring of 1944). She was responsible for the selections to gas chambers. Ehrich was found guilty of all charges, and hanged in July 1948. Apparently, Ehrich made an attempt to launch a Nazi brothel in 1943, but the project was abandoned before fruition after one of her slave sex-workers was diagnosed with typhus.[15]

Most other SS men were sentenced from 2 to 12 years' imprisonment.[16] Some of the more prominent defendants in the 1946–1948 series of trials included over 60 SS-Schütze camp guards. The multiple proceedings were held in Lublin, as well as in Radom and Świdnica (1947), Kraków, Wadowice, and Toruń (1948) and in Warsaw (1948), where the last appellate court case of Jacob Gemmel took place in November 1950.[10]

# Defendant [10] Born Rank Function Sentence
1Elsa Ehrich8.03.1914OberaufseherinSenior Overseer    death by hanging (carried out, 26.10.1948)
2Friedrich Gebhardt26.02.1899SS-Unterscharf.Camp guard    death by hanging (carried out, 15.11.1948)
3Kurt Möller (Moeller)11.01.1918SS-Oberscharf.Squad leader    death by hanging (carried out, 6.10.1948)
4Jacob Niessner19.01.1908SS-SchützeCamp guard    death by hanging (carried out, 14.07.1948)
5Michael Pelger27.03.1908SS-Rottenf.Squad leader    death by hanging (carried out)
6Peter Reiss22.02.1901SS-SturmmannStormtrooper    death by hanging (carried out, 23.06.1948)
7Franz Söss (Süss)30.11.1912SS-Rottenf.Squad leader    death by hanging (carried out, 20.09.1949)
8Friedrich Buschbaum14.09.1904SS-SchützeCamp guard    death (commuted to 15 years imprisonment, rel. 31.05.1956)
9Johann Weiss24.02.1915SS-SchützeCamp guard    death (commuted to 10 years imprisonment)
10Wilhelm Reinartz17.03.1910SS-Unterscharf.Infirmary    death (commuted to 2 years by reason of terminal illness)
11Johann Vormittag5.08.1904SS-SchützeCamp guard    life imprisonment (released 11.03.1953)
12Jacob Gemmel27.05.1913SS-SchützeCamp guard    life (commuted to 12 years imprisonment)
13Robert Frick15.10.1918SS-Unterscharf.Camp guard    15 years imprisonment (released 2.05.1956)
14Georg Fleischer24.11.1911SS-SchützeCamp guard    12 years imprisonment (released 2.05.1956)
15Johann Kessler28.02.1910SS-SturmmannStormtrooper    12 years imprisonment (d. 25.02.1950)
16Hans Kottre (Kotre)22.08.1912SS-SturmmannStormtrooper    12 years imprisonment (released 9.5.1956)
17Andreas Lahner10.12.1921SS-SturmmannStormtrooper    12 years imprisonment (released 2.05.1956)
18Georg Neu1.08.1921SS-SchützeCamp guard    12 years imprisonment (released 9.05.1956)
19Franz Wirth8.11.1909SS-Rottenf.Camp guard    12 years imprisonment
20Andreas Buttinger29.05.1910SS-SchützeCamp guard    10 years imprisonment (d. 26.04.1949)
21Jacob Jost6.10.1895SS-Oberscharf.Camp guard    10 years imprisonment (released 30.04.1956)
22Martin Löx7.02.1908SS-Rottenf.Camp guard    10 years imprisonment (d. 26.06.1949)
23Kasper Marksteiner1.11.1913SS-SturmmannCamp guard    10 years imprisonment (d. 20.06.1949)
24Hans Aufmuth18.01.1905SS-SchützeCamp guard    8 years imprisonment (released 17.03.1954)
25Johann Betz18.12.1906SS-SturmmannCamp guard    8 years imprisonment (released 3.07.1955)
26Anton Hoffmann17.09.1910SS-SturmmannCamp guard    8 years imprisonment (released 17.12.1954)
27Johann Radler9.09.1909SS-SchützeCamp guard    8 years imprisonment (released 1.03.1955)
28Thomas Radrich19.10.1912SS-Rottenf.Camp guard    8 years imprisonment
29Johann Setz26.06.1907SS-SturmmanCamp guard    8 years imprisonment (extradited to Germany, 28.02.1955)
30Michael Bertl23.06.1909SS-SturmmannCamp guard    7 years imprisonment (released 15.07.1954)
31Paul Keller16.10.1910SS-SturmmannCamp guard    7 years imprisonment (released 15.7.1954)
32Karl Müller10.03.1907SS-SturmmannBlock leader    7 years imprisonment
33Walter Biernat28.03.1920SS-Rottenf.Camp guard    6 years imprisonment (d. 6.02.1952)
34Josef Hartmann22.03.1918SS-SturmmannCamp guard    6 years imprisonment (released 5.1.1954)
35Hans Georg Hess17.06.1910SS-Rottenf.Camp guard    6 years imprisonment
36Heinrich Kühn16.12.1909SS-SturmmannGuard (Auschwitz)    6 years imprisonment (d. 16.04.1951)
37Franz Vormittag23.01.1920SS-SturmmannCamp guard    6 years imprisonment
38Helmut Zach19.08.1909SS-Unterscharf.Camp guard    6 years imprisonment
39Jacob Dialler8.12.1913SS-SturmmannCamp guard    5 years imprisonment (released 23.12.1951)
40Hans Durst23.11.1909SS-Rottenf.Camp guard    5 years imprisonment
41Franz Kaufmann23.07.1908SS-Unterscharf.Camp guard    5 years imprisonment
42Paul Kiss13.07.1902SS-SturmmannCamp guard    5 years imprisonment (d. 26.04.1950)
43Johann Kubasak31.12.1909SS-Rottenf.Camp guard    5 years imprisonment
44Johann Lassner26.07.1909SS-SchützeCamp guard    5 years imprisonment
45Johann Lienert5.08.1915SS-SturmmannCamp guard    5 years imprisonment (d. 16.06.1949)
46Stefan Mantsch24.09.1922SS-SchützeCamp guard    5 years imprisonment (released 12.04.1951)
47Hans Merle15.05.1914SS-SchützeCamp guard    5 years imprisonment (released 2.01.1953)
48Kurt Erwin Ohnweiler25.03.1913SS-SchützeCamp guard    5 years imprisonment (released 1.3.1952)
49Michael Thal16.01.1910SS-SchützeCamp guard    5 years imprisonment
50Jacob Vormittag8.03.1909SS-SturmmanCamp guard    5 years imprisonment
51Martin Berger18.01.1910SS-Rottenf.Camp guard    4 years imprisonment (d. 15.10.1948)
52Michael Fleischer18.08.1912SS-Rottenf.Camp guard    4 years imprisonment
53Franz Habel31.05.1912SS-Rottenf.Camp guard    4 years imprisonment
54Karl Brückner5.05.1904SS-Unterscharf.Camp guard    4 years imprisonment (released 28.02.1951)
55Josef Janowitsch22.08.1910SS-SturmmannCamp guard    4 years imprisonment
56Johann Günesch17.05.1913SS-SchützeCamp guard    3.5 years imprisonment (extradited to Germany, 9.02.1951)
57Fritz Frischolz5.10.1911SS-Oberscharf.Camp guard    8 years imprisonment (released 10.03.1955)
58Michael Gall22.07.1902SS-SchützeCamp guard    3 years imprisonment (extradited to Germany, 15.01.1951)
59Hans Grabert31.05.1907SS-OberscharfAdministration    3 years imprisonment (extradited to Germany, 16.06.1950)
60Stefan Mantsch24.09.1922SS-SchützeCamp guard    3 years imprisonment (released 12.4.1951)
61Josef Moos24.01.1904SS-Rottenf.Infirmary (selections)    3 years imprisonment (d. 20.04.1950)
62Konrad Anacker13.02.1892SS-SchützeCamp guard    3 years imprisonment (released 26.06.1950)
63Wilhelm Petrak14.02.1909SS-SturmmannCamp guard    8 years (d. 28.07.1948 of disease after 2 years)

Third Majdanek trial

At the Third Majdanek Trial held between November 26, 1975 and June 30, 1981 before a West German Court at Düsseldorf sixteen defendants were arraigned. Five were cleared of all charges, two released due to ill health, one died of old age, and eight were found guilty. They were sentenced to 3 to 12 years imprisonment.[17] The 3rd Majdanek trial was preceded by the Treblinka Trials also at Düsseldorf in 1964 and 1970.[18] The Majdanek trial lasted for six years, and concluded on June 30, 1981. There were insufficient grounds to lay charges against other suspects, according to prosecution (many of the key witnesses have died).[5][19]

Notably, the Camp deputy commandant Arnold Strippel implicated in the torture and killing of many dozens of prisoners (including 42 Soviet POWs in July 1942) received a nominal three-and-a-half year sentence. He also received 121,500 Deutsche Mark reimbursement for the loss of earnings and his social security contributions, which made him a wealthy man. He used this monetary downpour to purchase a condominium in Frankfurt, which he occupied until his death.[20]

# Defendant Born Rank Function Sentence
1Alice Orlowski30.09.1903SS AufseherinCamp overseer    died of old age during the trial
2Hermine Braunsteiner16.07.1919RapportführerFemale camp deputy    3 years (Vienna), life imprisonment (Düsseldorf)
3Hildegard Lachert19.03.1920AufseherinCamp overseer    12 years imprisonment
4Hermann Hackmann11.11.1913SS-Hauptst.Camp commandant    10 years imprisonment
5Emil Laurich21.05.1921SS-Rottenf.Ideology    8 years imprisonment
6Heinz Villain1.02.1921SS-Unterscharf.Field commandant    6 years imprisonment
7Fritz-Heinrich Petrick22.01.1913SS-Oberscharf.Camp guard    4 years imprisonment
8Arnold Strippel2.06.1911SS-Obersturm.Camp director    3.5 years imprisonment
9Thomas Ellwanger3.03.1917SS-Unterscharf.Camp guard    3 years imprisonment
10Wilhelm Reinartz17.03.1910SS-Unterscharf.Infirmary (selections)    released due to illness
11Joanna (Johanna) Zelle SS-GefolgeCamp guard    released due to illness
12Heinrich Schmidt27.03.1912SS-Hauptsturmf.Medic (selections)    acquitted and released
13Charlotte Mayer7.02.1918 Maintenance    acquitted and released
14Rosy Suess or (Rosa) Süss16.09.1920 Maintenance    acquitted and released
15Heinrich Groffmann SS-Rottenf.Field commandant    acquitted and released
16Hermine Boettcher-Brueckner 26.04.1918 Maintenance    acquitted and released

Post 1981 Majdanek War Crimes Trials

In 1989 Karl-Friedrich Höcker was tried and sentenced for his actions in Majdanek.

See also

Notes and references

  1. "Crematorium at Majdanek". Jewish Virtual Library. 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-15.
  2. Reuter (Jun 27, 1981). "Longest war crimes trial ends". The Glasgow Herald. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
  3. Jean-michel Frodon (2010). "Majdanek Trial". Cinema and the Shoah. SUNY Press. pp. 249. ISBN 1438430280. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
  4. "Majdanek Concentration Camp". Majdanek, Poland. July 21, 2009. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
  5. 1 2 "Once Upon a Time in War". Majdanek trial in West Germany. A Photographic Retrospect. 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
  6. 1 2 3 USHMM (May 11, 2012). "Soviet forces liberate Majdanek". Lublin/Majdanek: Chronology. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
  7. Reszka, Paweł (2005-12-23). "Majdanek Victims Enumerated. Changes in the history textbooks?". Gazeta Wyborcza. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-11-06. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
  8. Jennifer Rosenberg. "Aktion Erntefest". 20th Century History. About.com Education. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
  9. Staff Writer (2006). "Lublin/Majdanek Concentration Camp: Overview". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. ushmm.org. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
  10. 1 2 3 "Procesy zbrodniarzy (Trials of war criminals) 1946–1948". Wykaz sądzonych członków załogi KL Lublin/Majdanek. KL Lublin. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
  11. 1 2 "Majdanek" (PDF). Majdanek concentration camp. Yad Vashem. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2007. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
  12. "Inside Majdanek". Nazi concentration camps. Jewish Virtual Library. 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
  13. Marcus Wendel (Aug 8, 2007). "SS personnel serving at Majdanek". Camp personnel. Axis History. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
  14. JVL (2013). "Majdanek Trial". Majdanek extermination camp. Jewish Virtual Library.org. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
  15. "SS-Oberaufseherinn Elsa Ehrich". Frauenkonzetrationslager. KL Lublin. 2004–2013. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
  16. PMM (2006). "XX. Akta procesowe". Archiwum (in Polish). Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
  17. JVL (2013). "Third Majdanek Trial". Majdanek extermination camp. Jewish Virtual Library.org. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
  18. Christian Hofmann. "Die Treblinka-Prozesse (The Treblinka Trials)". Shoa.de (in German). Arbeitskreis Shoa.de e.V.
  19. Landgericht Düsseldorf spricht Urteile im Majdanek-Prozeß Landtag Intern vom 26. Juni 2001 (Landtag Nordrhein-Westfalen). (in German)
  20. Thomas Schattner. "Strippels Blutspur durch Europas KZs – Sie begann vor 70 Jahren hier in Unshausen, im heutigen Schwalm-Eder-Kreis" (PDF file, direct download 78.2 KB). Archiv und Ausstellung der Universität Kassel (in German). Gedenkstätte Breitenau. pp. 5762. Retrieved 2013-04-26.

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