Mahendra of Nepal

Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah
King of Nepal
Reign 13 March 1955 – 31 January 1972
Coronation 2 May 1956[1]
Predecessor Tribhuvan
Successor Birendra
Born (1920-06-11)11 June 1920
Narayanhity Royal Palace,[1]Kathmandu, Nepal
Died 31 January 1972(1972-01-31) (aged 51)
Dialo Bangala, Bharatpur, Nepal
Spouse Crown Princess Indra Rajya Laxmi Devi
(m. 1940–1950, her death)
Queen Ratna Rajya Laxmi Devi (m. 1952–1972, his death)
Issue Princess Shanti
Princess Sharada
King Birendra
King Gyanendra
Princess Shobha
Prince Dhirendra [2][3]
Dynasty Shah dynasty
Father Tribhuvan of Nepal
Mother Kanti Rajya Laxmi Devi
Religion Hindu

Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev (Nepali: महेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाह; 11 June 1920 – 31 January 1972) was King of Nepal from 1955 to 1972.[4]

Early life

Mahendra was born 11 June 1920 to King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah of Nepal. Although Tribhuvan was nominally king since 1911. Mahendra was captive in Narayanhity Royal Palace, virtually a gilded cage. In 1940 he married Indra Rajya Laxmi Devi,[5][6] daughter of General Hari Shamsher Rana. They had three sons, Birendra, Gyanendra, Dhirendra and three daughters Shanti, Sharada, and Shobha.[7] Crown Princess Indra died in 1950. In 1952, Mahendra married Indra's younger sister, Ratna Rajya Laxmi Devi. This marriage produced no children. Meanwhile, popular discontent and the British withdrawal from India in 1947 had made Rana rule increasingly untenable. In 1950 the political situation had deteriorated so far that the personal safety of the royals was in doubt. Tribhuvan and most of his family escaped to India. Open revolt ensued and by the end of the year the Ranas agreed to a coalition government under Tribhuvan in which they shared power equally with the Nepali Congress Party. By the end of the year the Ranas were maneuvered out and Nepal's first experiment with democratic government under constitutional monarchy was underway. Tribhuvan's health was poor and he died in 1955.[8]

Reign

Mahendra of Nepal (second from left) in a visit to Israeli Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, 1958

Mahendra succeeded Tribhuvan as King of Nepal. He was crowned on 2 May 1956.[9][10]

1960 Coup d'état

On 15 December 1960, the then King Mahendra suspended the constitution, dissolved the elected parliament,[11] dismissed the cabinet,[12] imposed direct rule and imprisoned the then prime minister Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala and his closest government colleagues.[13][14] Mahendra instituted a Panchayat hierarchical system of village, district and national councils,[15] a variant of guided democracy. He pursued a foreign policy of neutrality between China and India.

Rule in Panchayat System (1960–72)

In 1960, King Mahendra used his emergency powers and took charge of the State once again claiming that the Congress government had fostered corruption, promoted party above national interest, failed to maintain law and order and ‘encouraged anti-national elements’. Political parties were outlawed and all prominent political figures, including the Prime Minister were put behind bars. Civil liberties were curtailed and press freedom muzzled. King Mahendra, then, through an ‘exercise of the sovereign power and prerogatives inherent in us’ promulgated a new constitution on December, 1962 introducing a party-less Panchayat system. The political system (Panchayat System) was a party-less "guided" democracy in which the people could elect their representatives, while real power remained in the hands of the monarch.[16] Dissenters were called anti-national elements.[17]

The Panchayat System was formulated by King Mahendra after overthrowing the first democratically elected government and dissolving the parliament in 1960. On 26 December 1961, King Mahendra appointed a council of 5 ministers to help run the administration. Several weeks later, political parties were declared illegal. At first, the Nepali Congress leadership propounded a non-violent struggle against the new order and formed alliances with several political parties, including the Gorkha Parishad and the United Democratic Party. Early in 1961, however, the king had set up a committee of 4 officials from the Central Secretariat to recommend changes in the constitution that would abolish political parties and substitute a "National Guidance" system based on local panchayat led directly by the king.[18]

Mahendra implemented a land reform policy, which provided land to many landless people. The Mahendra Highway (also called East-West Highway) that runs along the entire Terai belt in southern Nepal was constructed during his reign. He launched the Back to the Village National Campaign in 1967 which was one of his largest rural development efforts. He also played a key role in making Nepal a member of the United Nations in 1955.

British Field Marshal

King Mahendra was appointed as a British Field Marshal in 1960.

King Mahendra and Queen's visit to USA in 1967

King Mahendra and the Queen Ratna were greeted by the then President of USA, Lyndon B Johnson and Mrs. Johnson in Washington DC in 1967. The royal couple of Nepal was greeted with the 'guard of honor'.[19]

Death and survivors

Mahendra suffered a heart attack while hunting in Chitwan with Tiger Tops Hotel proprietor John Coapman, also associated with the CIA at the time,[20] who reported in 1977 that Mahendra died in his arms after eating dinner "on shikar" and died 31 January 1972 in Bharatpur.[21]

His son Birendra assumed the throne on 24 February 1975 but perished in the Nepalese royal massacre on 1 June 2001.

Titles and honours

National orders
Foreign Honours

Images

Preceded by
Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah		 Crown Prince of Nepal
1920–1950 		Succeeded by
Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah
Preceded by
Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah		 Crown Prince of Nepal
1951–1955 		Succeeded by
Birendra Bir Bikram Shah
Preceded by
Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah		 King of Nepal
1955–1972

Notes

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Nepal11". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  2. ↑ "King Mahendra of Nepal".
  3. ↑ "Late King Mahendra with his family".
  4. ↑ "1954 50p 1rs king mahendra".
  5. ↑ "King Mahendra Facts".
  6. ↑ "King Birendra of Nepal". London: Daily Telegraph. 23 August 2001. Retrieved 21 July 2008.
  7. ↑ "Three princesses". Nepali Times. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  8. ↑ Mahendra King of Nepal. Encyclopædia Britannica.
  9. ↑ "Selected Originals Nepal - Coronation Of…".
  10. ↑ Pathé, British. "Nepal - Coronation Of King Mahendra". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  11. ↑ "Good or bad, right or wrong, for better or for worse, King Mahendra bequeathed a legacy that has shaped the course of political events in Nepal for four long decades.".
  12. ↑ "The monarchy in full control:1961-1979".
  13. ↑ "Bisheshwor Prasad Koirala". Spinybabbler.org. 8 September 1914. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
  14. ↑ "Permanent rebellion: The story of B.P. Koirala". Hinduonnet.com. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
  15. ↑ "Down came the king...Etihas ko ek kal khanda...Navaraj Subedi".
  16. ↑ "The Panchayat System under King Mahendra". Library of Congress Country Studies. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  17. ↑ "The Koirala Complex". Republica. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
  18. ↑ "conflict Tuesday, June 7, 2011".
  19. ↑ "Late King Mahendra and Queen's visit to USA in 1967".
  20. ↑ ".". An Interesting Institution of Learning. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
  21. ↑ ".". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
  22. ↑ "orders". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  23. ↑ "ODM of Nepal: King Tribhuvan Silver Jubilee Medal 1935". Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  24. ↑ "Grand State Banquet". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  25. ↑ Presidência da República
  26. ↑ Benelux Royal Archived 28 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
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