Marathi people

Marathi people
मराठी लोक
Total population
c. 74.7 million[1]
Regions with significant populations
 India 71,936,894[2]
 Israel 60,000
 United States 55,000
 Mauritius 20,000
Languages
Marathi and Marathi dialects
Religion

Predominantly:
Hinduism
Minorities:

The Marathi people (Marathi: मराठी लोक) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group that speak the Marathi language and inhabit the state of Maharashtra as well as districts bordering the state such as Belgaon and Karwar of Karnataka and Madgaon of Goa states in western India.[3] Their language, Marathi, is part of the group of Indo-Aryan languages. The community came in to political prominence in the 17th century when Maratha warriors under Shivaji Maharaj established the Maratha Empire, which is credited to a large extent for ending the Mughal rule.[4][5][6]

History

History from ancient to Medieval Period

Maratha Helmet
Maratha Armory
Maratha Armor
Signature Maratha helmet with curved back.
Maratha Armour from Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg, Russia.

During ancient period around 230 BC Maharashtra came under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty which ruled the region for 400 years.[7] The greatest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was Gautami putra Satakarni. The Vakataka dynasty ruled Maharashtra from the 3rd century to the 5th century.[8] The Chalukya dynasty ruled Maharashtra from the 6th century to the 8th century and the two prominent rulers were Pulakeshin II, who defeated the north Indian Emperor Harsh and Vikramaditya II, who defeated the Arab invaders in the 8th century. The Rashtra kuta Dynasty ruled Maharashtra from the 8th to the 10th century.[9] The Arab traveler Sulaiman called the ruler of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty (Amoghavarsha) as "one of the 4 great kings of the world".[10] From the early 11th century to the 12th century the Deccan Plateau was dominated by the Western Chalukya Empire and the Chola dynasty.[11] The Seuna dynasty, also known as the Yadav dynasty ruled Maharashtra from the 13th century to the 14th century.[12]

The Yadavas were defeated by the Khiljis in 1321. After the Yadav defeat, the area was ruled for the next 300 years by a succession of Muslim rulers including (in chronological order): the Khiljis, the Tughlaqs, the Bahamani Sultanate and its successor states called the Deccan sultanates such as Adilshahi and Nizamshahi and the Mughal Empire.[13].

The early period of Islamic rule saw atrocities such as imposition of Jaziya tax on non-Muslims, temple demolition and forcible conversions. However, the mainly Hindu population and the Islamic rulers over time came to an accommodation. For most of this period Brahmins were in charge of accounts whereas revenue collection was in the hands of Marathas who had watans (Hereditary rights) of Patilki ( revenue collection at village level) and Deshmukhi ( revenue collection over a larger area). A number of families such as Bhosale, Shirke, Ghorpade, Jadhav, More, Mahadik, and Ghatge loyally served different sultans at different periods in time. All watandars considered their watan a source of economic power and pride and were reluctant to part with it. The Watandars were the first to oppose Shivaji because that hurt their economic interests.[14] Since most of the population was Hindu and spoke Marathi, even the sultans such as Ibrahim Adil Shah I adopted Marathi as the court language, for administration and record keeping..,[15][16][17][15] Islamic rule led to Marathi language adopting Persian vocabulary.Per Kulkarni, for the elites of the era using Persian words was a status symbol.Surnames derived from service during that period such as Fadnis, Chitnis, Mirasdar etc. are still in use [15].

Territory under Maratha control in 1760 (yellow), without its vassals.

Maratha Empire

political history

In the mid-17th century, Shivaji Maharaj (1630–1680) founded the Maratha Empire by conquering the Desh and the Konkan region from the Adilshahi, and established Hindavi Swaraj ("self-rule of Hindu people"[18]). The Marathas are credited to a large extent for ending the Mughal rule in India.[19][5][20][21] After Shivaji's death, the Mughals, who had lost significant ground to the Marathas under Shivaji, invaded Maharashtra in 1681. Shivaji's son Sambhaji and successor as Chhatrapati led the Marathas valiantly against the much stronger Mughal opponent but in 1689, after being betrayed, he was captured, and then tortured and killed by Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb.[22] The war against the Mughals was then led by the Sambhaji's younger brother and successor Rajaram Chhatrapati. Upon Rajaram's death in 1700, his widow Tarabai took command of Maratha forces and won many battles against the Mughals. In 1707, upon the death of Aurangzeb, the War of 27 years between the much weakened Mughals and Marathas came to an end.[23]

Shahu, the grandson of Shivaji, with the help of capable Maratha administrators and generals such as the Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath and his descendents saw the greatest expansion of Maratha power.After Shahu's death in 1749, the Peshwa Nanasaheb and his successors became the virtual rulers of the empire. The empire was expanded by many chieftains including Peshwa Bajirao Ballal I and his descendants, the Shindes, Gaekwad, Pawar, Bhonsale of Nagpur and the Holkars. The empire at its peak stretched from Tamil Nadu in the south, to Peshawar (modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)[24] in the north, and Bengal in the east.[19][25] Pune under the Peshwa became the imperial seat with envoys, ambassadors and royals coming in from far and near. However, after the Third battle of Panipat in which the Marathas were defeated by Ahmed Shah Abdali, the Empire broke up into many independent kingdoms. Due to the efforts of Mahadji Shinde, it remained a confederacy until the British East India Company defeated Peshwa Bajirao II. Nevertheless, several Maratha states remained as vassals of the British until 1947 when they acceded to the Dominion of India.[26]

The Marathas also developed a potent Navy circa 1660s which, at its peak, dominated the territorial waters of the western coast of India from Mumbai to Savantwadi.[27] It would engage in attacking the British, Portuguese, Dutch, and Siddi Naval ships and kept a check on their naval ambitions. The Maratha Navy dominated until around the 1730s, was in a state of decline by the 1770s, and ceased to exist by 1818.[28]

Social history

Before the British rule,Maharashtra region was divided in many revenue divisions.The lowest administrative one was the village. Village society in Marathi areas included the Patil or the head of the village,collector of revenue, and Kulkarni, the village record keeper.These were hereditary positions.The Patil usually came from the Maratha community.The Kulkarni was usually from Brahhmin or CKP caste.[29]The village also used to have twelve hereditary servants called the Balutedar.The Balutedar system was supportive to the agriculture sector. The servants under this system provided services to the farmer and economic system of village. The base of this system was caste. The servant used to get job, according to their castes. There were 12 kinds of servants, called Bara Balutedar; such as Sonar(Goldsmith), Gurav(temple priest), Nhawi(Barber), Parit(washerman), Kumbhar(Potter), Sutar(Carpenter, Lohar(Blacksmith), Chambar(Cobbler), Dhor, Koli(fisherman), Chougula(Assistant to Patil), Mang and Mahar[30]. In this list of Balutedar;Dhor, Mang, Mahar and Chambhar were untouchables[31]

The medieval equivalent of county or district was the Pargana.The chief of the Pargana were called Deshmukh and record keepers were called Deshpande. Again most Deshmukh were from the elite Maratha families. The Deshpande belonged to Brahmin or CKP communities[32] [33][34]

British colonial rule

British rule over more than a century saw huge changes for Marathi people in every aspect of their lives. Areas that correspond to present day Maharashtra were under direct or indirect British rule, first under the East India company and then under British crown from 1858. Marathi people during this era resided in the Bombay presidency, Berar, Central provinces, Hyderabad state and in various princely states that are currently part of the present day Maharashtra. Significant Marathi population also resided in Maratha princely states far from Maharashtra such as Baroda, Gwalior, Indore, and Tanjore.

The British colonial period saw standardisation of Marathi grammar through the efforts of the Christian missionary William Carey. Carey also published the first dictionary of Marathi in devanagari script.The most comprehensive Marathi-English dictionary was compiled by Captain James Thomas Molesworth and Major Thomas Candy in 1831. The book is still in print nearly two centuries after its publication.[35]Molesworth also worked on standardizing Marathi.He used Brahmins of Pune for this task and adopted the Sanskrit dominated dialect spoken by this caste in the city as the standard dialect for Marathi.,[36][37]

The Marathi community played an important part in the social and religious reform movements as well as the nationalist movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Notable Civil society bodies founded by Marathi leaders during 19th century include the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, the Prarthana samaj, the Arya Mahila Samaj and the Satya Shodhak Samaj.The Sarvajanik sabha took active part in relief efforts during the famine of 1875-76. The Sabha is considered the forerunner of the Indian National Congress established in 1885.[38][39] The most prominent personalities of Indian Nationalism in the late 19th and early 20th century, Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Bal Gangadhar Tilak on opposite side of political spectrum were both Marathi.Tilak was instrumental in using Shivaji and Ganesh worship in forging a collective Maharashtrian identity for Marathi people[40] The Marathi social reformers of the colonial era include Mahatma Jyotirao Phule, and his wife Savitribai Phule, Justice Ranade, feminist Tarabai Shinde, Dhondo Keshav Karve, Vitthal Ramji Shinde, and Pandita Ramabai.[41] Jyotirao Phule was the pioneer in opening schools for girls and Marathi dalits castes.

The non-Brahmin Hindu castes started organizing at beginning of 20th century with the blessing of Chhatrapati Shahu of Kolhapur.The campaign took off in the early 1920s under the leadership of Keshavrao Jedhe and Baburao javalkar. Both belonged to the Non-Brahmin party.Capturing the Ganpati and Shivaji festivals from Brahmin domination were their early goals.[42] They combined nationalism with anti-casteism as the party's aims.[43] Later on in the 1930s, Jedhe merged the non-Brahmin party with the Congress party and changed that party from an upper-caste dominated body to a more broadly based but also Maratha-dominated party.[44] Early 20th century also saw the rise of Dr Ambedkar who led the campaign for the rights of Dalits caste that included his own Mahar caste.

Although the British originally regarded India a place for supply of raw materials for the factories of England, by the end of 19th century modern manufacturing industry was developing in the city of Mumbai.[45] The main product was cotton and the bulk of work force in these mills was of Marathi origin[46] from Western Maharashtra but more specifically from the coastal Konkan region[47] The census recorded for the city in the first half of the 20th century showed nearly half of the population of city listed Marathi as their mother tongue,[48][49]

During the period of 1835-1907, a large number of Indians including Marathi people were taken to the island of Mauritius as indentured labourers to work on sugarcane plantations.The Marathi people on the island form the oldest diaspora of Marathi people outside India[50]

Modern Period since Indian Independence in 1947

After India's independence in 1947, all Princely states lying within the borders of Bombay Presidency acceded to Indian Union and were integrated into the newly created Bombay State in 1950.[51]

The small community of Marathi Jews started in emigrating to the newly created country of Israel in late 1940 and early 1950s[52][53] The number of Bene Israel remaining in India was estimated to be around 5,000 in 1988[54]

In 1956, the States Reorganisation Act reorganised the Indian states along linguistic lines, and Bombay Presidency State was enlarged by the addition of the predominantly Marathi-speaking regions of Marathwada (Aurangabad Division) from erstwhile Hyderabad state and Vidarbha region from the Central Provinces and Berar.The enlarged state also included Gujarati speaking areas. The southernmost part of Bombay State was ceded to Mysore. From 1954 to 1955 the people of Maharashtra strongly protested against bilingual Bombay state and Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti, was formed.[55][56] The Mahagujarat Movement was started, seeking a separate Gujarat state. A number of mainly Pune based leaders such as Keshavrao Jedhe, S.M. Joshi, Shripad Amrit Dange, and Pralhad Keshav Atre formed Samyukta Maharashtra Movement with Vidarbha-based leaders such as Gopalrao Khedkar to fight for a separate state of Maharashtra with Mumbai as its state capital. Mass protests, 105 deaths, and heavy losses in the Marathi speaking areas by the ruling Congress party in the 1957 election, led the government under prime minister Nehru to change their policy and agree to the protesters' demands. On 1 May 1960, the separate Marathi-speaking state was formed by dividing earlier Bombay State into the new states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. The city of Mumbai was declared the capital of the new state [57] The state continues to have a dispute with Karnataka regarding the districts of Belgaum and Karwar with large population of Marathi people.[58][59][60]

The creation of Maharashtra for the first time brought most Marathi people under one state with the mainly rural Kunbi-Maratha community as the largest social group.This group has dominated rural economy and politics of the state since 1960.,[61][62] The community accounts for 31% of the population of Maharashtra. They dominate the cooperative institutions and with the resultant economic power, control politics from the village level up to the Assembly and Lok Sabha seats.,[63] Since the 1980s,[64] this group has also been active in setting up private educational institutions.[65][66][67] Major past political figures of Maharashtra have been from this group.

After the Maratha-Kunbi cluster, the scheduled caste (SC) Mahars are numerically the second biggest community among Marathi people in Maharashtra. Most of them embraced Buddhism in 1956 with their leader, the late Dr. Ambedkar.[63] Writers from this group in 1950s and '60s were pioneers of Dalit Literature[68]

The Portuguese occupied enclave of Goa was liberated in 1962. The main political party immediately formed after liberation was the Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party. The party wanted Goa to merge with Maharashtra because of affinity between Goan Hindus and Marathi people. However, the referendum held on this issue rejected the merger. Later, Konkani was made the official language of Goa but Marathi is also allowed in any government correspondence.

The 1960s also saw the establishment by Bal Thackeray of Shiv Sena, a populist sectarian party advocating the rights of Marathi people in the heterogeneous city of Mumbai. Early campaigns by Shiv sena advocated for more jobs for Marathi people in government jobs. The party also led a campaign against the city's South India population. By 1980s the party captured power on Mumbai Corporation and in the 1990s it led the government of Maharashtra in coalition with the BJP. During this transition from founding to capturing power, the party toned down its rhetoric against Non-marathi people and adopted a more Hindu nationalist stance.

Castes and communities

Marathi people form an ethno-linguistic group that is distinct from others in terms of its language, history, cultural and religious practices, social structure, literature and art.[69]

Hindu castes

Non-Hindu communities

Marathi Diaspora

In other Indian states

As the Maratha Empire expanded across India, the Marathi population started migrating out of Maharashtra alongside their rulers. Peshwa, Holkars, Scindia and Gaekwad dynastic leaders took with them a considerable population of priests, clerks, clergymen, army men, businessmen and workers when they emigrated. These people have settled in various parts of India along with their rulers since the 1700s. Many families belonging to these groups still follow typical Marathi traditions even though they have lived more than 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) from Maharashtra for more than 100 years.[78]

Other people have migrated in modern times in search of jobs outside Maharashtra. These people have also settled in almost all parts of the country. They have set up Community organizations called Maharashtra Mandals in many cities across the country. A national level central organization, the Brihan Maharashtra Mandal was formed in 1958[79] to promote Marathi culture outside Maharasthtra. Several sister organizations of the Brihan Maharashtra Mandal have also been formed outside India.[80]

Outside India

In the 1800s, a large number of Indian people were taken to Mauritius, Fiji, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Jamaica, and other places in the Caribbean to as indentured laborers to work on sugarcane plantations. The majority of these migrants were from the Hindustani speaking areas or from Southern India, however, the migrants to Mauritius included a significant number of Marathis.[81][82]

Since the state of Israel was established in 1948, around 25,000-30,000 Jews have emigrated there, of which around 20,000 were from the Marathi speaking Bene Israel community of Konkan.[83]

Indians including Marathi People have migrated to Europe and particularly Great Britain for more than a century. The Maharashtra Mandal of London was founded in 1932[84] A small number of Marathi people also settled in British East Africa during the colonial era.[85] After the African Great Lakes countries of Kenya, Uganda and Tanganyka gained independence from Britain, most of the South Asian population residing there, including Marathi people, migrated to the United Kingdom,[86][87][88] or India.

Large-scale immigration of Indians into the United States started when the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 came into effect. Most of the Marathi immigrants who came after 1965 were professionals such as doctors, engineers or scientists. A second wave of immigration took place during the I.T. boom of the 1990s and later.

Since 1990s due to the I.T. boom and because of the general ease of travel, Marathi people are now found in greater numbers in all corners of the world including The United States, Australia,[89] Canada,[90] Gulf countries,[91] European countries,[92] Japan and China.

Culture

Religion

The majority of Marathi people are Hindus.[93] Minorities by religion include Muslims, Buddhists, Jains, Christians and Jews.[93] It has been noted by scholars that a number of Dravidian-like cultural patterns appear among Marathi people[94]

Hindu Festivals

Marathi Hindu people celebrate most of the all India Hindu festivals like Dasara, Diwali and Raksha Bandhan. These are, however, celebrated with certain Maharashtrian regional variations. Others festivals like Ganeshotsav have a more characteristic Marathi flavour.The Marathi, Kannada and Telugu people follow the Deccan Shalivahana Hindu calendar, which may have subtle differences with calendars followed by other communities in India. The festivals described below are in a chronological order as they occur during a Shaka year, starting with Shaka new year festival of Gudhi Padwa.[95][96]

Narali Purnima is celebrated on the full moon day of the month of Shravan in the Shaka Hindu calendar (around August). This is the most important festival for the coastalKonkan region because the new season for fishing starts on this day. Fishermen and women offer coconuts to the sea and ask for a peaceful season while praying for the sea to remain calm. The same day is celebrated as Rakhi Pournima to commemorate the abiding ties between brother and sister in Maharashtra as well other parts of Northern India. Narali bhaat (sweet rice with coconut) is the main dish on this day. On this day, Brahmin men change their sacred thread (Janve; Marathi: जानवे) at a common gathering ceremony called Shraavani (Marathi:श्रावणी).

Gukulashtami dahi-hundi celebration

Pola or Bail Pola is celebrated on the new moon day (Pithori Amavasya) of the month of Shravan, which usually falls in August, to pay respect to bulls for their year-long hard work, as India is mostly an agricultural country. The festival is very important for farmers.

Head of a statue of Ganesha
Ganesha idol in Pune, Maharashtra

[78]

The celebration lasts for three days and ends on Kartiki Poornima or Tripurari Poornima.

A Marathi household shrine with Khandoba at the forefront

This is a six-day festival, from the first to sixth lunar day of the bright fortnight of the Hindu month of Margashirsha.It is celebrated in honour of Khandoba by many Marathi families. Ghatasthapana, similar to navaratri, also takes place in households during this festival. A number of families also hold fast during this period. The fast ends on the sixth day of the festival called Champa Shashthi.[108] Among some Marathi Hindu communities, the Chaturmas period ends on Champa Sashthi. As it is customary in these communities not to consume onions, garlic and egg plant (Brinjal / Aubergine) during the Chaturmas, the consumption of these food items resumes with ritual preparation of Bharit (Baingan Bharta) and rodga, small round flat breads prepared from jwari (white millet).

Tilgul Poli or gulpoli are the main sweet preparations made on the day in Maharashtra. It is a wheat-based flat bread filled with sesame seeds and jaggery.,[109][110]

Festivals observed by Other Communities

Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din

On 14 October 1956 at Nagpur, Maharashtra, India, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar embraced Buddhist religion publicly and gave Deeksha of Buddhist religion to his more than 380,000 followers.[118] The day is celebrated as Dharmacakra Pravartan Din. The grounds in Nagpur on which the conversion ceremony took place is known as Deekshabhoomi. Every year more than million Buddhist people especially Ambedkarite from all over the world visit Deekshabhoomi to commemorate Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din.[119]

Christmas or Naataal (Marathi:नाताळ)

Christmas is celebrated to mark the birthday of Jesus Christ. Like in other parts of India, Christmas is celebrated with zeal by a large number of Marathi people, both Christians and non-Christians. Owing to the Portuguese influence on Maharashtra, Christmas is also known as 'Naataal', a word similar to 'Natal' used in Portuguese.

Food

The many communities in Marathi society result in a diverse cuisine. This diversity extends to the family level because each family uses its own unique combination of spices. The majority of Maharashtrians do eat meat and eggs, but the Brahmin community is mostly lacto-vegetarian. The traditional staple food on Desh (the Deccan plateau) is usually bhakri, spiced cooked vegetables, dal and rice. Bhakri is an Unleavened bread made using Indian millet (jowar), bajra or bajri.[120] However, the North Maharashtrians and Urban people prefer roti, which is a plain bread made with Wheat flour.[121] In the coastal Konkan region, rice is the traditional staple food. An aromatic variety of ambemohar rice is more popular amongst Marathi people than the internationally known basmati rice. Malvani dishes use more wet coconut and coconut milk in their preparation. In the Vidarbha region, little coconut is used in daily preparations but dry coconut, along with peanuts, are used in dishes such as spicy savjis or mutton and chicken dishes.

Thalipeeth is a popular traditional breakfast flat bread that is prepared using bhajani, a mixture of many different varieties of roasted lentils.[122]

Marathi Hindu people observe fasting days when traditional staple food like rice and chapatis are avoided. However, milk products and non-native foods such as potatoes, peanuts and sabudana preparations (sabudana khicdi) are allowed, which result in a Carbohydrate rich alternative fasting cuisine.

Some Maharashtrian dishes including sev bhaji, misal pav and patodi are distinctly regional dishes within Maharashtra.

In metropolitan areas including Mumbai and Pune, the pace of life makes fast food very popular. The most popular forms of fast food amongst Marathi people in these areas are: bhaji, vada pav, misal pav and pav bhaji. More traditional dishes are sabudana khichdi, pohe, upma, sheera and panipuri. Most Marathi fast food and snacks are purely lacto-vegetarian in nature.[123][124]

In South Konkan, near Malvan, an independent exotic cuisine has developed called Malvani cuisine, which is predominantly non-vegetarian. Kombdi vade, fish preparations and baked preparations are more popular here. Kombdi Vade, a recipe from Konkan region. Deep fried flat bread made from spicy rice and urid flour served with chicken curry, more specifically with Malvani chicken curry.

Desserts are an important part of Marathi food and include puran poli, shrikhand, basundi, kheer, gulab jamun, and modak. Traditionally, these desserts were associated with a particular festival, for example, modaks are prepared during the Ganpati Festival.[125]

Attire

Princess Indira Raje (1892-1968) of Baroda as a young girl with her mother, Chimnabai II, wearing a 'Nauvari', a traditional Maharashtrian sari

Traditionally, Marathi women commonly wore the sari, often distinctly designed according to local cultural customs.[126] Most middle aged and young women in urban Maharashtra dress in western outfits such as skirts and trousers or salwar kameez with the traditionally nauvari or nine-yard sari, disappearing from the markets due to a lack of demand.[127] Older women wear the five-yard sari. In urban areas, the five-yard sari is worn by younger women for special occasions such as weddings and religious ceremonies.[128] Among men, western dressing has greater acceptance. Men also wear traditional costumes such as the dhoti and pheta on cultural occasions. The Gandhi cap along with a long white shirt and loose pajama style trousers is the popular attire among older men in rural Maharathra.[126][129][130] Women wear traditional jewelleries derived from Marathas and Peshwas dynasties. Kolhapuri saaj, a special type of necklace, is also worn by Marathi women.[126] In urban areas, many women and men wear western attire.[130]

Literature

Ancient Marathi Inscriptions

Marathi, also known as Suena at that time, was the court language during the reign of the Yadava Kings. Yadava king Singhania was known for his magnanimous donations. Inscriptions recording these donations are found written in Marathion on stone slabs in the temple at Kolhapur in Maharashtra. Composition of noted works of scholars like Hemadri are also found. Hemadri was also responsible for introducing a style of architecture called Hemandpanth. Among the various stone inscriptions are those found at Akshi in the Kolaba district, which are the first known stone inscription in Marathi.An example found at the bottom of the statue of Gomateshwar (Bahubali) at Shravanabelagola in Karnataka bears the inscription "Chamundraye karaviyale, Gangaraye suttale karaviyale" which gives some information regarding the sculptor of the statue and the king who ordered its construction.

Classical Literature

Marathi people have a long literary tradition which started in the ancient era. It was the 13th-century saint, Dnyaneshwar who produced the first treatise in Marathi on the Geeta. The work called Dnyaneshwari is considered a masterpiece. Along with Dnyaneshwar, his contemporary,Namdev was also responsible for propagating Marathi religious Bhakti literature . Namdev is also important to the Sikh tradition, since several of his compositions were included in the Sikh Holy book, the Guru Granth Sahib. Eknath,[131] Sant Tukaram,[132] Mukteshwar and Samarth Ramdas were equally important figures in the 17th century. In the 18th century, writers like Vaman Pandit, Raghunath Pandit, Shridhar Pandit, Mahipati and Moropant produced some well-known works. All of the above-mentioned writers produced religious literature.

Modern Marathi Literature

The first English book was translated into Marathi in 1817 while the first Marathi newspaper started in 1841.[133] Many books on social reform were written by Baba Padamji (Yamuna Paryatana, 1857), Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, Lokhitawadi, Justice Ranade, and Hari Narayan Apte (1864–1919).Lokmanya Tilak's newspaper Kesari in Marathi was a strong voice in promoting Ganeshotsav or Shivaji festival.The newspaper also offered criticism of the colonial government excesses, Marathi at this time was efficiently aided by Marathi Drama.Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar's newspaper Bahishkrut Bharat set up in 1927, provided a platform for sharing literary views.

In the mid-1950s, the "little magazine movement" gained momentum. It published writings which were non-conformist, radical and experimental. The Dalit literary movement also gained strength due to the little magazine movement. This radical movement was influenced by the philosophy of and challenged the literary establishment, which was largely middle class, urban and upper caste. The little magazine movement threw up many excellent writers including the well-known novelist, critic and poet Bhalchandra Nemade. Dalit writer N. D. Mahanor is well known for his work while Dr. Sharad Rane is a well-known Children's writer.[134]

Martial tradition

Although ethnic Marathis have taken up military roles for many centuries,[135] their martial qualities came to prominence in seventeenth century India, under the leadership of the legendary emperor Chhatrapati Shivaji. Shivaji carved out his independent Hindu kingdom known as the Maratha Empire, which at some point controlled practically the entire Indian subcontinent, extending over large and distant areas of the country.[136][137] It was largely an ethnic Marathi polity,[138] with its chiefs and nobles coming from the Marathi ethnicity, such as the Chhatrapatis (Maratha caste), Maharaja Holkars (Dhangar caste),[139] Peshwas (1713 onwards)(Chitpavan caste),[140] Angres, chief of Maratha Navy (Koli caste)(1698 onwards).[141] The Marathas are credited to a large extent for ending the Mughal rule in India.[142][143] Further, they were also considered by the British as the most important native power of 18th century India.[144][145] Today this ethnicity is represented in the Indian Army, with two regiments deriving their names from Marathi communities —the Maratha Light Infantry[146] and the Mahar Regiment.[147]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ There are numerous castes in India categorized as OBC. The Indian government offers many affirmative action schemes for the upliftment of poor OBC by reserving a percentage of public sector jobs and places for students in Government run institutions of Higher learning.

References

  1. ↑ "Marathi population figure worldwide". Ethnologue. August 2008.
  2. ↑ "Census of India". Archived from the original on 13 May 2010. Retrieved 2008-01-07.
  3. ↑ "Marathi People- People of Maharashtra- About Maharashtrians".
  4. ↑ Pearson, M. N. (February 1976). "Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire". The Journal of Asian Studies. 35 (2): 221–235. JSTOR 2053980. doi:10.2307/2053980. (Subscription required (help)).
  5. 1 2 Capper, John (11 August 2017). "Delhi, the Capital of India". Asian Educational Services. Retrieved 11 August 2017 – via Google Books.
  6. ↑ Sen, Sailendra Nath (11 August 2017). "An Advanced History of Modern India". Macmillan India. Retrieved 11 August 2017 – via Google Books.
  7. ↑ India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic: p.440
  8. ↑ History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. by Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann p.392
  9. ↑ Indian History - page B-57
  10. ↑ A Comprehensive History Of Ancient India (3 Vol. Set): p.203
  11. ↑ The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 by Romila Thapar: p.365-366
  12. ↑ People of India: Maharashtra, Part 1 by B. V. Bhanu p.6
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