Efunroye Tinubu

Madam Efunroye Tinubu

Madam Efunroye Tinubu (c. 1810 – 1887) born Efunporoye Osuntinubu[1] was a politically significant figure in Nigerian history because of her role as a powerful female aristocrat and slave trader in pre colonial and colonial Nigeria.[2][3] She was a major figure in Lagos during the reigns of Obas Adele, Oluwole, Akitoye and Dosunmu.

Life and career

Early life

Tinubu was born in the Ojokodo forest area of Egbaland, her father's name was Olumosa.[1] She was allegedly of Owu ancestry either through her maternal or paternal side.[1] Madam Tinubu was reportedly married multiple times. Her first marriage to an Owu man bore two sons.[4] After her Owu husband died, she remarried the exiled Oba Adele in 1833 who, while visiting Abeokuta, was charmed by Tinubu. She moved with the exiled Oba to Badagry which was traditionally the place of refuge for Lagos monarchs and was where she exploited Adele's connections to build a formidable business trading in tobacco, salt, and slaves.[5]

Lagos

The exiled Oba Adele was still in Badagry when his successor, Oba Idewu died. Prince Kosoko, Idewu Ojulari's brother, was a major contender for the throne however Eletu Odibo, the chief Kingmaker thwarted Kosoko's aspiration and Adele was invited to become Oba.[6] Tinubu accompanied Adele to Lagos but the Oba died 2 years later. After Adele's death in 1837, Tinubu reportedly supported Oluwole, Adele's son's bid for the Obaship of Lagos over that of Kosoko.[7][8]

Oba Oluwole had recurring conflicts with Kosoko who felt he was the true heir to the throne.[6] Consequently, Kosoko was banished to Ouidah. During Oluwole's reign, Madam Tinubu remarried one Yesufu Bada, alias Obadina, who was Oluwole's war captain and with the support of Oluwole, Tinubu and Yesufu's trading activities with Egbas grew .[9]

When Oluwole died in 1841, Tinubu supported Akitoye her brother-in-law's bid for the Obaship over Kosoko's.[7] After Akitoye emerged Oba, he granted Tinubu favorable commercial concessions.[5] Against the wish of his chiefs, Akitoye invited Kosoko back to Lagos and tried to placate him. Soon thereafter, Kosoko dislodged Akitoye from the throne. Considering Tinubu's alliance with Akitoye, she and other Akitoye supporters fled to Badagry when Kosoko became Oba in 1845.[10] As a wealthy woman, Madam Tinubu was able to influence economic and political decisions so during her time in Badagry, she tried to rally Akitoye's supporters to wage war against Kosoko.[9]

In December 1851 and under the pretext of abolishing slavery, the British bombarded Lagos, dislodged Kosoko from the throne, and installed a more amenable Akitoye as Oba of Lagos. Though, Akitoye signed a treaty with Britain outlawing the slave trade, Tinubu subverted the 1852 treaty[11] and secretly traded slaves for guns with Brazilians and Portuguese traders.[12] Further, she obtained a tract of land from Akitoye which now constitute parts of present-day Tinubu Square and Kakawa Street. Later, a conflict developed between Tinubu and some slave traders including Possu, a Kosoko loyalist. Consequently, Possu, Ajenia, and other traders tried to instigate an uprising against Akitoye because of Madam Tinubu's influence in Lagos. In the interest of peace, Benjamin Campbell, the British Consul in Lagos, asked Akitoye to send Tinubu on exile [13] After Akitoye died, Tinubu returned to Lagos and gave her support his successor, Dosunmu. Under Dosunmu's reign Tinubu had a massive security force composed of slaves and she sometimes executed orders usually given by the king. As a result, Dosunmu grew wary of her influence in Lagos.[9] A new development was the colonial government's support for the return of repatriated captives (mostly of Yoruba heritage) to settle in Lagos. Many of the returnees were favored by the British in commerce and soon began dominating legitimate trade in Lagos.[14]

In 1855, when Campbell traveled to England Tinubu tried to influence Dosunmu to limit the influence of returnees. Dosunmu was noncommittal to her request and consequently, Tinubu was alleged to have played a part in an uprising against the returnees in which her husband, Yesufu Bada was a major participant.[15] When Campbell returned in 1856, he asked Dosunmu to banish Tinubu. In May 1856, Tinubu was banished to Abeokuta.[16]>[10]

Abeokuta

In Abeokuta Madam Tinubu traded in arms and supplied Abeokuta with munitions in the war against Dahomey. Her activities in the war earned her the chieftaincy title of the Iyalode of the Egba.[10] While in Abeokuta, she allegedly opposed colonial policies in Lagos.[17] In 1865, a fire engulfed the shops of some traders including some of her properties in Abeokuta however this doesn't appear to have weakened her financially.[17] Tinubu became involved in Abeokuta king-making activities as well, supporting Prince Oyekan over Ademola for the Alake of Egba title in 1879.[18]

Personal life

Tinubu appears to have had another marital relationship with one Momoh Bukar, an Arabic scholar.[19] Momoh's children from other wives later adopted the Tinubu name.

Death and legacy

She died in 1887.[20]Tinubu Square on Lagos Island, a place previously known as Independence Square, is named after the late Oloye. Ita Tinubu (Tinubu's precinct or Tinubu Square) had been known by that name long before the country's independence, but it was renamed Independence Square by the leaders of the First Republic. Madam Tinubu was buried at Ojokodo Quarters in Abeokuta.[21]

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Adams 2002, p. 6.
  2. ↑ "Madam Tinubu: Inside the political and business empire of a 19th century heroine". The Nation. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
  3. ↑ Judybee (2011). Madam Tinubu: Queens of Africa. MX Publishing. ISBN 978-1-908-2185-82.
  4. ↑ "Women in Power: Madame Efunroye Tinubu-1st Iyalode of Egba land". Asiri. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  5. 1 2 Qeturah. "Madam Tinubu". Guardian Life. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  6. 1 2 Adams 2002, p. 7.
  7. 1 2 Kaplan, Flora S. Queens, queen mothers, priestesses, and power: case studies in African gender. New York Academy of Sciences, 1997. p. 8. ISBN 9781573310543.
  8. ↑ Nelson & McCracken. Order and disorder in Africa: papers of the A.S.A.U.K. Biennial Conference, hosted by the Centre of Commonwealth Studies, University of Stirling, 8-10 September 1992, Volume 1. SOAS, University of London, 1992. p. 26.
  9. 1 2 3 Adams 2002, p. 8.
  10. 1 2 3 Akioye, Seun. "Madam Tinubu: Inside the political and business empire of a 19th century heroine". The Nation.
  11. ↑ Smith, Robert. The Lagos Consulate, 1851-1861. University of California Press, 1979. pp. 73–74. ISBN 9780520037465.
  12. ↑ Johnson-Odim 1978, p. 80.
  13. ↑ Fasinro 2004, p. 83.
  14. ↑ Johnson-Odim 1978, p. 82.
  15. ↑ Johnson-Odim 1978, p. 83.
  16. ↑ Johnson-Odim 1978, p. 84.
  17. 1 2 Johnson-Odim 1978, p. 87.
  18. ↑ Savage, Akinniyi. LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN WESTERN NIGERIA: ABEOKUTA, 1830-1952.: A CASE STUDY OF EXEMPLARY INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE. Xlibris Corporation, 2010. ISBN 9781469116938. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  19. ↑ Yemitan, Oladipo. Madame Tinubu: Merchant and King-maker. University Press, 1987. pp. 9–10.
  20. ↑ Foster, Hannah. "Tinubu, Madam Efunroye (ca. 1805-1887)". The Black Past. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  21. ↑ Yemitan, Oladipo. Madame Tinubu: Merchant and King-maker. University Press, 1987. p. 72.

References

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