MQTT

MQTT^[1] (MQ Telemetry Transport or Message Queue Telemetry Transport) is an ISO standard (ISO/IEC PRF 20922)^[2] publish-subscribe-based "lightweight" messaging protocol for use on top of the TCP/IP protocol. It is designed for connections with remote locations where a "small code footprint" is required or the network bandwidth is limited. The publish-subscribe messaging pattern requires a message broker. The broker is responsible for distributing messages to interested clients based on the topic of a message. Andy Stanford-Clark and Arlen Nipper of Cirrus Link authored the first version of the protocol in 1999.^[3]

The specification does not specify the meaning of "small code footprint" or the meaning of "limited network bandwidth". Thus, the protocol's availability for use depends on the context. In 2013, IBM submitted MQTT v3.1 to the OASIS specification body with a charter that ensured only minor changes to the specification could be accepted.^[4] MQTT-SN ^[5] is a variation of the main protocol aimed at embedded devices on non-TCP/IP networks, such as ZigBee.

Historically, the "MQ" in "MQTT" came from IBM's MQ Series message queuing product line.^[6] However, queuing itself is not required to be supported as a standard feature in all situations.^[7]

Alternative protocols include the Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP), Streaming Text Oriented Messaging Protocol (STOMP) the IETF Constrained Application Protocol,^[8] XMPP^[9][10] and Web Application Messaging Protocol (WAMP).

MQTT methods

MQTT defines methods (sometimes referred to as verbs) to indicate the desired action to be performed on the identified resource. What this resource represents, whether pre-existing data or data that is generated dynamically, depends on the implementation of the server. Often, the resource corresponds to a file or the output of an executable residing on the server.

Connect

Waits for a connection to be established with the server.

Disconnect

Waits for the MQTT client to finish any work it must do, and for the TCP/IP session to disconnect.

Subscribe

Waits for completion of the Subscribe or UnSubscribe method.

UnSubscribe

Requests the server unsubscribe the client from one or more topics.

Publish

Returns immediately to the application thread after passing the request to the MQTT client.

Real-world applications

MQTT is designed to support wireless networks with varying levels of latency due to occasional bandwidth constraints or unreliable connections.^[11] There are several projects that implement MQTT. Examples are:

• Facebook Messenger. Facebook has used aspects of MQTT in Facebook Messenger for online chat.^[12] However, it is unclear how much of MQTT is used or for what.
• IECC Scalable, DeltaRail's latest version of their IECC Signaling Control System uses MQTT for communications within the various parts of the system and other components of the signaling system. It provides the underlying communications framework for a system that is compliant with the CENELEC standards for safety-critical communications.^[13]
• The EVRYTHNG IoT platform uses MQTT as an M2M protocol for millions of connected products.
• Amazon Web Services announced Amazon IoT based on MQTT in 2015.^[14][15]
• The Open Geospatial Consortium SensorThings API standard specification has a MQTT extension in the standard as an additional message protocol binding. It was demonstrated in a US Department of Homeland Security IoT Pilot.^[16]
• The OpenStack Upstream Infrastructure's services are connected by an MQTT unified message bus with Mosquitto as the MQTT broker.^[17]
• Adafruit launched a free MQTT cloud service for IoT experimenters and learners called Adafruit IO in 2015.^[18][19]
• Microsoft Azure IoT Hub uses MQTT as its main protocol for telemetry messages.^[20]
• XIM, Inc. launched an MQTT client called MQTT Buddy in 2017.^[21][22] It's a MQTT app for Android and iOS, but not F-Droid, users available in English, Russian and Chinese languages.
• Node-RED supports since version 0.14 MQTT nodes, in order to properly configure TLS connections.^[23]
• Open-source software home automation platform Home Assistant is MQTT enabled and offers four options for MQTT brokers.^[24][25]
• Pimatic home automation framework that runs on node.js, with MQTT plugin provides full support for the MQTT protocol.

See also

• Apache ActiveMQ
• RabbitMQ
• Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP)
• Streaming Text Oriented Messaging Protocol (STOMP)

References

External links

• Official website
• MQTT community wiki on GitHub
• MQTT Essentials at HiveMQ.
• Is Exactly-Once Delivery Possible with MQTT
• Is your personal information available via public MQTT brokers?
• Mosquitto - Open Source MQTT Broker and part of Eclipse IoT project
• Mosquitto source code on GitHub