MG 151 cannon

MG 151/15

MG 151/20
Type Aircraft Cannon
Place of origin Nazi Germany
Service history
Wars World War II
Production history
Manufacturer Waffenfabrik Mauser AG
Specifications
Weight 42.7 kg
Cartridge 15×96mm cartridge
Caliber 15 mm
Rate of fire 680 to 740 rpm
Muzzle velocity 850 m/s[1]
MG 151/20
Type Aircraft Cannon
Place of origin Nazi Germany
Service history
Used by See users
Wars World War II
Algerian War
Rhodesian Bush War
Production history
Manufacturer Waffenfabrik Mauser AG
Specifications
Weight 42 kg
Length 1.76 meters
Cartridge 20×82mm cartridge
Caliber 20 mm
Rate of fire 600–750 rpm
Muzzle velocity 700 metres per second (2,300 ft/s) to 785 metres per second (2,580 ft/s)[1][2]

The MG 151 (MG 151/15) was a 15 mm aircraft-mounted autocannon produced by Waffenfabrik Mauser during World War II. Its 20mm variant, the 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon, was widely used on German Luftwaffe fighters, night fighters, fighter-bombers, bombers and ground-attack aircraft. Salvaged guns saw post-war use by other nations.

Development and wartime history (MG 151/20)

The pre-war German doctrine for arming single-engine fighter aircraft mirrored that of the French. This doctrine favored a powerful autocannon mounted between the cylinder blocks of a V engine and firing through the propeller hub, known as a moteur-canon in French (from its first use with the Hispano-Suiza HS.8C engine in World War I, on the SPAD S.XII) and by the cognate Motorkanone in German by the 1930s. The weapon preferred by the French in this role was the most powerful 20mm Oerlikon of the time, namely the FFS model, but this proved too big for German engines. Mauser was tasked with developing a gun that would fit, with a minimum sacrifice in performance. (As a stop-gap measure, the MG FF cannon was developed and put in widespread use, but its performance was lackluster.)[3]

Production of the MG 151 in its original 15 mm calibre format began in 1940. After combat evaluation of the 15 mm cartridge as the main armament of early Messerschmitt Bf 109F-2 fighters, the cannon was redesigned as the 20 mm MG 151/20 in 1941 to fire a 20 mm cartridge. Combat experience showed that a more powerful explosive shell was preferable to a higher projectile velocity.[2] The MG 151/20 cartridge was created by expanding the neck of the cartridge to hold the larger explosive shell used in the MG FF cannon, and shortening the length of the cartridge case holding the longer 20 mm shell to match the overall length of the original 15 mm cartridge.[2] These measures simplified conversion of the 15 mm to the 20 mm MG 151/20 simply by changing the barrel and making other small modifications. A disadvantage of the simplified conversion was reduction of projectile muzzle velocity from 850 metres per second (2,800 ft/s) for the 15 mm shell to 700 metres per second (2,300 ft/s) for the larger and heavier 20 mm shell.[1] With an AP projectile the new 20mm cartridge could only penetrate around 10-12mm of armor at 300m and at 60 degrees, compared to 18mm penetration for its 15mm predecessor in the same conditions, but this was not seen as a significant limitation.[2] The 20 mm version thus became the standard inboard cannon for the Bf 109F-4 series onwards.[2] The 20 mm MG 151/20 offered more predictable trajectory, longer range and higher impact velocity than the 580 metres per second (1,900 ft/s) cartridge of the earlier MG FF cannon.[1] The MG FF was retained for flexible, wing and upward firing Schräge Musik mounts to the end of the war.[4]

The German preference for explosion rather than armor penetration was taken further with the development of the Minengeschoß ammunition, first introduced for the MG FF (in the Bf 109 E-4), and later introduced for the MG 151/20 as well. Even this improvement in explosive power turned out to be unsatisfactory against the four-engine bombers that German fighters were up against in the second part of the war. By German calculations, it took about 15–20 hits with the MG 151/20 ordnance to down a heavy bomber, but this was reduced to just 3–4 hits for a 30 mm shell, from the shattering effects of the hexogen explosive in the shells used for both the long-barreled MK 103 and shorter barreled MK 108 cannon. Only 4–5 hits with 20 mm calibre cannon were needed for frontal attacks on four-engined bombers, but such attacks were difficult to execute. The 30 mm MK 108 cannon thus replaced the MG 151/20 as the standard, engine-mount Motorkanone centre-line armament starting with the Bf 109 K-4, and was also retrofitted to some of the G-series.[5]

Eight hundred MG 151/20 exported to Japan aboard the Italian submarine Cappellini in August 1943 were used to equip 388 Japanese Kawasaki Ki-61-I Hei fighters.[6] The 20 mm MG 151/20 was also fitted on the Macchi C.205, the Fiat G.55 and Reggiane Re.2005 of the Regia Aeronautica [7] and IAR 81B and 81C of the Romanian Royal Air Force.[8]

Postwar Use

Two MG 151/20 cannon fitted to a Finnish TorKK MG-151 2 anti-aircraft mounting. Cannons of Torp museum (2011)

After World War 2, numbers of ex-Luftwaffe MG 151/20 cannon were removed from inventory and from scrapped aircraft and used by various nations in their own aircraft. The French Air Force and French Army aviation arm (ALAT) utilized MG 151/20 cannon as both fixed and flexible armament in various aircraft, including helicopters. The FAF and ALAT jointly developed a rubber-insulated flexible mount for the MG 151/20 for use as a door gun, which was later used in combat in Algeria aboard several FAF/ALAT H-21C assault transport helicopters and on Sikorsky HSS-1 Pirate gunship helicopters. French Matra MG 151 20mm cannons were used by Portugal and Rhodesia[9] fitted to their Alouette III helicopters, while Denel designed its own variant for the South African Air Force.[10]

Users

MG 151 specifications

MG 151/20 specifications

Two versions of the 20 mm MG 151 were built. Early guns used a percussion priming system, and later E-models used electrical priming. Some rounds were available with a timer self-destruct and/or tracer (or glowtracer). There were also different types of high-explosive shell fillings with either standard PETN, a mixture called HA41 (RDX and aluminium), and a compressed version where more explosives were compressed into same space using large pressures (XM).

Ammunition specifications

German Designation US Abbreviation Projectile Weight [g] Bursting charge [g] Muzzle Velocity [m/s] Description
Brandsprenggranatpatrone 151 mit L'spur ohne Zerleger HEI-T 113 2.3 g HE (PETN) +
2.1 g incendiary (Elektron)		 705 Nose fuze, tracer, no self-destruct
Brandgranatpatrone 151 incendiary 117 6.6 to 7.3 g incendiary (BaNO3+Al+Mg) ? Nose fuze
Minengeschosspatrone 151 ohne L'Spur HE 95 18.6 g HE (PETN) 805 Nose fuze, no tracer
Panzergranatpatrone 151 mit L'spur ohne Zerleger AP-T 117 none (bakelite filling in cavity) 705 No fuze, tracer, no self-destruct.
Penetration 13mm steel at 60-degree impact, 100m range.
Panzersprenggranatpatrone 151 APHE 115 4 g HE (PETN) ? Detonation after 5mm steel penetration.
Panzerbrandgranatpatrone (Phosphor) 151 ohne Zerleger API 115 3.6 g incendiary (WP) 720 No fuze, no self-destruct.
Penetration 3 to 15mm of steel.
Panzerbrandgranatpatrone (Elektron) 151 ohne Zerleger API 117 6.2 g incendiary (Elektron) 695 Optimized for strafing unarmoured ships. No self-destruct. Penetration 15 mm of steel at 75-degree impact angle, 100 m range.
Fuze functions after 4 mm steel penetration.

US derivative

During World War II the US Army reverse engineered the MG151 in order to adapt it to fire .60 caliber rounds; these had been developed for use in an anti-tank rifle. Around 300 of these T17 guns were built. However none saw service despite the availability of 6 million rounds of .60 caliber ammunition.[12] Almost one million rounds were fired during the T17 testing program. The main US version produced, the T17E3, was made by Frigidaire. Further refinements led to the T39 and T51 versions, but these also did not enter service.[13]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Johnson, Melvin M., Jr. Rifles and Machine Guns William Morrow & Company (1944) pp.384&385
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Anthony G. Williams (2002). Rapid Fire: The Development of Automatic Cannon, Heavy Machine-Guns and Their Ammunition for Armies, Navies and Air Forces. Airlife. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-84037-435-3.
  3. ↑ Anthony G. Williams (2002). Rapid Fire: The Development of Automatic Cannon, Heavy Machine-Guns and Their Ammunition for Armies, Navies and Air Forces. Airlife. pp. 161–162. ISBN 978-1-84037-435-3.
  4. ↑ Anthony G. Williams (2002). Rapid Fire: The Development of Automatic Cannon, Heavy Machine-Guns and Their Ammunition for Armies, Navies and Air Forces. Airlife. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-84037-435-3.
  5. ↑ Anthony G. Williams (2002). Rapid Fire: The Development of Automatic Cannon, Heavy Machine-Guns and Their Ammunition for Armies, Navies and Air Forces. Airlife. pp. 166–167. ISBN 978-1-84037-435-3.
  6. ↑ Ki-61 survey. Retrieved on 2009-06-04.
  7. ↑ Anthony G. Williams & Emmnuel Gustin (2003). Flying guns WWII. Airlife. pp. 274–275. ISBN 978-1-84037-227-4.
  8. ↑ Anthony G. Williams & Emmnuel Gustin (2003). Flying guns WWII. Airlife. p. 238. ISBN 978-1-84037-227-4.
  9. 1 2 Peter J.H. Petter-Bowyer. Winds of Destruction: The Autobiography of a Rhodesian Combat Pilot (2005 ed.). 30°. pp. 278–279. ISBN 0-9584890-3-3.
  10. ↑ "GA 1 20mm Cannon". Unofficial Website of the South African Air Force. Retrieved 2013-06-18.
  11. 1 2 3 "An introduction to collecting 20 mm cannon cartridges". European Cartridge Research Association. Archived from the original on 2012-10-25. Retrieved 2013-06-18.
  12. ↑ Anthony G. Williams (2002). Rapid Fire: The Development of Automatic Cannon, Heavy Machine-Guns and Their Ammunition for Armies, Navies and Air Forces. Airlife. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-84037-435-3.
  13. ↑ Chinn, George (1951). "Parts VIII and IX". The Machine Gun: Development During World War II and Korean Conflict by the United States and their Allies of Full Automatic Machine Gun Systems and High Rate of Fire Power Drive Cannon. III. pp. 110–152.
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