M25 motorway

M25 shield

M25
Route information
Part of E15 E30
Length: 117 mi (188 km)
Existed: 1975 – present
History: Completed 1975–86
Major junctions
Orbital around London
 
J3 → M20 motorway

J5 → M26 motorway

J7 → M23 motorway Junction 8

J12 → M3 motorway Junction 2

J15 → M4 motorway Junction 4B

J16 → M40 motorway Junction 1A

J21 → M1 motorway Junction 6A

J23 → A1(M) motorway Junction 1

J27 → M11 motorway Junction 6
Location
Primary
destinations:		 London, Dartford, Sevenoaks, Reigate, Leatherhead, Staines, Heathrow , Rickmansworth, Watford, St Albans, Barnet, Enfield, Loughton, Brentwood, Romford, Thurrock
Road network

The M25 or London Orbital Motorway is a 117-mile (188 km) motorway that encircles almost all of Greater London, England (with the exception of North Ockendon), in the United Kingdom. An ambitious concept to build four concentric ring roads around London was first mooted in the 1960s. A few sections of the outer two rings were constructed in the early 1970s, but the plan was abandoned and the sections were later integrated to form a single ring which became the M25, finally completed in 1986.

It is one of the busiest of the British motorway network: 196,000 vehicles were recorded on a busy day near Heathrow Airport in 2003[1] and the western half experienced an average daily flow of 147,000 vehicles in 2007.[2]

The M25, plus the short non-motorway A282 which joins the two ends of the M25 across the River Thames using the Dartford Crossing, is Europe's second longest orbital road after the Berliner Ring, which is 122 miles (196 km).

Description

Carriageway widths of the M25 November 2009
The M25 and Heathrow Airport

Originally built almost wholly as a dual three-lane motorway, much of the motorway has been widened: to dual four lanes for almost half, to a dual five-lanes section between junctions 12 and 14 and a dual six-lane section between junctions 14 and 15. Further widening is in progress of minor sections with plans for managed motorways in many others.[3]

To the east of London the two ends of the M25 are joined to complete a loop by the non-motorway A282 Dartford Crossing of the River Thames between Thurrock and Dartford. This crossing, which consists of twin two-lane tunnels and the four-lane QE2 (Queen Elizabeth II) bridge, is named Canterbury Way. Passage across the bridge or through the tunnels is subject to a toll, its level depending on the kind of vehicle. This stretch being non-motorway allows traffic, including that not permitted to use motorways, to cross the River Thames east of the Woolwich Ferry; the only crossing further to the east is a passenger ferry between Gravesend, in Kent, and Tilbury, in Essex.

At Junction 5, the clockwise carriageway of the M25 is routed off the main north–south dual carriageway onto the main east–west dual carriageway with the main north–south carriageway becoming the A21. In the opposite direction, to the east of the point where the M25 diverges from the main east–west carriageway, that carriageway become the M26 motorway.[4]

The radial distance from London (taken as Charing Cross) varies from 12.5 miles (20.1 km) in Potters Bar to 19.5 miles (31.4 km) in Byfleet. Three Greater London boroughs (Enfield, Hillingdon and Havering) have realigned their boundaries to the M25 for minor stretches; while in others, most notably in Essex and Surrey, the radial gap between Greater London and the motorway reaches 7.8 miles (12.6 km),[5] neither of which coincide with the Metropolitan Green Belt. Major towns listed as destinations (right), in various counties, adjoin the M25. North Ockendon is the only settlement of Greater London situated outside the M25. In 2004, following an opinion poll, the London Assembly mooted for consultation alignment of the Greater London boundary with the M25.[6] "Inside the M25" and "outside/beyond the M25" are colloquial, looser alternatives to "Greater London" sometimes used in haulage. The Communications Act 2003 explicitly uses the M25 as the boundary in requiring a proportion of television programmes to be made outside the London area.[7]

Two motorway service areas are on the M25, and two others are directly accessible from it. Those on the M25 are Clacket Lane between junctions 5 and 6 (in the south-east) and Cobham between junctions 9 and 10 (in the south-west). Those directly accessible from it are South Mimms off junction 23 (to the north of London) and Thurrock off junction 31 (to the east of London). Cobham services opened on 13 September 2012.[8][9]

Originally, the M25 was unlit except for sections around Heathrow, major interchanges and Junctions 23–30. Originally, low pressure sodium (SOX) lighting was the most prominent technology used, but widening projects from the 1990s onwards have all used high-pressure sodium (SON) lighting and this has diminished the original installations. By 2014 only one significant stretch was still SOX-lit (Junction 25–26) and the units were removed the same year.

The motorway passes through five counties. Junctions 1A–5 are in Kent, 6–14 are in Surrey, 15–16 are in Buckinghamshire, 17–25 are in Hertfordshire, and 26–31 are in Essex. Policing of the road is carried out by an integrated policing group made up of the Metropolitan, Thames Valley, Essex, Kent, Hertfordshire and Surrey forces.

The M25 is one of Europe's busiest motorways. In 2003, a maximum of 196,000 vehicles a day were recorded on the motorway just south of London Heathrow Airport between junctions 13 and 14.[1]

History

Plans

Map of Ringways 3 & 4 showing sections combined to form the M25

A precursor of the M25 was the North Orbital Road (see A414 road).

The idea of an orbital road around London was first proposed early in the 20th century and then re-examined in Sir Charles Bressey's and Sir Edwin Lutyens' The Highway Development Survey, 1937. Sir Patrick Abercrombie's County of London Plan, 1943 and Greater London Plan, 1944 proposed a series of five roads encircling the capital. The northern sections of the M25 follow a similar route to the World War II Outer London Defence Ring.

Little was done to progress these plans until the 1960s when the Greater London Council developed its London Ringways plan[10] consisting of four "rings" around the capital. Sections of the two outer rings – Ringway 3 (the 'M16 motorway') and Ringway 4 – were constructed in the early 1970s and were integrated into the single M25 orbital motorway. But the Ringways plan was hugely controversial owing to the destruction required for the inner two ring roads, (Ringway 1 and Ringway 2). Parts of Ringway 1 were constructed (including West Cross Route), against stiff opposition, before the overall plan was abandoned in 1973 following pressure from residents in the threatened areas.

Construction

View north from Higher Denham Fire Station at Tatling End on the A40 in July 1984, with the Chiltern Main Line five-arch 1906 Chalfont Viaduct, originally built to straddle the River Misbourne
View east at the Chandler's Cross Interchange in December 2005 of the former A405 from this junction (19) to the Maple Cross Interchange (17)

Construction of parts of the two outer ring roads, Ringways 3 and 4, began in 1973. The first section, between South Mimms and Potters Bar in Hertfordshire (junction 23 to junction 24) opened in September 1975 and was given the temporary general purpose road designation A1178 (a section of motorway-standard-road, originally the M16, which eventually was incorporated into the M25) was completed and operational before this. A Watford-avoiding route between the M1 and the A40 between north Watford and Denham was locally known as the Croxley Green/Rickmansworth bypass, and was operational about 1973/4; a section south of London (junction 6 to junction 8) opened in 1976. A section of Ringway 3 south of the river between Dartford and Swanley (junction 1 to junction 3) was constructed between 1974 and 1977. In 1975 the plans for Ringway 3 were modified to combine it with Ringway 4, the outermost Ringway. The M25 as a component of ringway 4, was first conceived to be an east-west road south of London to relieve the A25, and running parallel to it, with its eastern end following the route of what is now the M26. However, it was subsequently routed northwards towards the Dartford Tunnel to form, in conjunction with similar roads, including the M16 planned to the north of London, part of the London Orbital.[4] The combined motorway was given the designation M25 which had originally been intended for the southern and western part of Ringway 4 and the M16 designation was dropped. The section of Ringway 3 west of South Mimms anti-clockwise around London to Swanley in Kent was cancelled. The stages were not constructed contiguously but in small sections. As the orbital road developed the sections were linked. Each section was presented to planning authorities in its own right and was individually justified, with almost 40 public inquiries relating to sections of the route. Maps at this time depicting these short sections named the route as the M16 but this changed before completion.

The section from Potters Bar to the Dartford Tunnel was constructed between 1979 and 1982. Construction of the M25 continued in stages until its completion in 1986. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher officially opened the M25 on 29 October 1986, with a ceremony in the section between J22 and J23 (London Colney and South Mimms). The initial tenders for the construction of the M25 totalled £631.9 million. This did not include compulsory purchase of land and subsequent upgrades and repairs.

Operational history

The M4/M25 motorway junction, near Heathrow Airport
The M25 between junction 24 (A111, Potters Bar) and 25 (A10, Waltham Cross & Enfield)

Soon after the motorway opened in 1986 traffic levels exceeded the maximum design capacity and in 1990 the Secretary of State for Transport announced plans to widen the whole of the M25 to four lanes.[11] By 1993 the motorway, which was designed for a maximum of 88,000 vehicles per day, was carrying 200,000 vehicles per day.[12] 15% of UK motorway traffic volume was on the M25 and there were plans to add six lanes to the section from Junctions 12 to 15 as well as widening the rest of the motorway to four lanes.[13]

In parts, particularly the western third this plan went ahead, due to consistent congestion. Again, however, plans to widen further sections to eight lanes (four each way) were scaled back in 2009 in response to rising costs. The plans were reinstated in the agreed Highways Agency 2013-14 business plan.[14]

In 1995 a contract was awarded to widen the section between Junctions 8 and 10 from six to eight lanes for a cost of £93.4 million[15] and a Motorway Incident Detection and Automatic Signalling (MIDAS) system was introduced to the M25 from Junction 10 to Junction 15 at a cost of £13.5m in 1995. This was then extended to Junction 16 at a cost of £11.7m in 2002. This consists of a distributed network of traffic and weather sensors, speed cameras and variable-speed signs that control traffic speeds with little human supervision, and has improved traffic flow slightly, reducing the amount of start-stop driving.[16]

The M25 between junctions 7 (M23) and 6 (A22) near Redhill, Surrey. The signs are indicating an advisory reduced speed of 40 mph (64 km/h) due to congestion.

In 1995 there was a proposal to widen the section close to Heathrow Airport to fourteen lanes. This attracted fierce opposition from road protesters opposing the Newbury Bypass and other schemes[17] and it was cancelled shortly afterwards.[18] In 1997, however, the Department of Transport announced new proposals to widen the section between Junction 12 (M3) and Junction 15 (M4) to twelve lanes. At the Terminal Five public inquiry a Highways Agency official said that the widening was needed to accommodate traffic to the proposed new terminal, however the transport minister said that no such evidence had been given.[19] Environmental groups objected to the decision to go ahead with a scheme that would create the widest motorways in the UK without holding a public inquiry.[20] The decision was again deferred. A decision to go-ahead was given for a ten-lane scheme in 1998[21] and the £148 million 'M25 Jct 12 to 15 Widening' contract was awarded to Balfour Beatty in 2003.[22] The scheme was completed in 2005 as dual-five lanes between Junctions 12 and 14 and dual-six lanes from Junctions 14 to 15.[23]

The M25 motorway looking south between junctions 14 and 15, near Heathrow Airport. The red light from the overhead gantry, just visible in the distance, is the MIDAS system indicating a reduced speed limit due to congestion.

In 2007 capacity at Junction 25 (A10/Waltham Cross) was increased and the Holmesdale Tunnel was widened to three lanes in an easterly direction at a cost of £75 million.[24]

Work to widen the exit slip-roads in both directions at Junction 28 (A12 road/A1023) was completed in 2008. It was designed to reduce the amount of traffic queueing on the slip roads at busy periods, particularly traffic from the clockwise M25 joining the northbound A12 where the queue extended onto the inside lane of the Motorway.[25]

Design, Build, Finance and Operate (DBFO) contract

In 2006 the Highways Agency proposed to widen 63 miles (101 km) of M25 from six to eight lanes, between junctions 5–6 and 16–30 as part of a Design, Build, Finance and Operate (DBFO) project.[26] A shortlist of contractors was announced in October 2006 for the project which was expected to cost £4.5 billion.[27] Contractors were asked to resubmit their bids in January 2008[28] and in June 2009 the new transport minister indicated that the cost had risen to £5.5 billion and the benefit to cost ratio had dropped considerably.[29] In January 2009 the government announced that plans to widen the sections from Junction 5–7 and from 23–27 had been 'scrapped' and that hard shoulder running would be introduced instead. However widening was reinstated to four lanes in the 2013–14 Highways Agency Business Plan.[3][30]

In 2009 a £6.2 billion M25 DBFO private finance initiative contract[31] was awarded to Connect Plus to widen the sections between junctions 16 and 23 and between junctions 27 and 30 and maintain the M25 and the Dartford Crossing for a 30-year period.[32]

A control room for the M25 J5-7 Smart Motorways scheme, 2014.

Works to widen the section between Junctions 16 (M40) and 23 (A1(M)) to dual four lanes[33] started in July 2009 at an estimated cost of £580 million.[34] The Junction 16 to 21 (M1) section was completed by July 2011 and the Junction 21 to 23 by June 2012.[35] Works to widen the Junctions 27 (M11) to 30 (A13) section to dual four lanes also started in July 2009. The Junction 27 to 28 (A12) section was completed in July 2010,[36] the Junction 28 to 29 (A127) in June 2011 and finally the Junction 29 to 30 (A13) section opened in May 2012.[37]

Works to introduce managed motorway technology and permanent hard shoulder running on two sections of the M25 began in 2013. The first section between Junctions 5 (A21/M26) and 7 (M23) started construction in May 2013 with the scheme being completed and opened in April 2014.[38] The second section, between Junctions 23 (A1/A1(M)) and 27 (M11), began construction in February 2013 and was completed and opened in November 2014.[39]

Developments recently constructed

Junction 30 improvement

Inside the Bell Common Tunnel near Epping

In December 2016 Highways England completed the capacity project at Junction 30 (Thurrock) as part of the Thames Gateway Delivery Plan.

The improved junction is said to facilitate billions of pounds of investment in the region, making journeys more reliable and improving safety. In addition, the A13 through the junction has been widened to four lanes in each direction with speed limits capped to 50 mph. New dedicated link roads created and existing slip roads improved to facilitate east bound migration to the Regional Shopping Centre (Lakeside). Drainage, safety barriers and lighting on the M25 have also been upgraded as part of the improvements around Junction 30 and 31 including new electronic gantry signage.

Project Timeline

August 2014 to December 2014 Advance scheme work
December 2014 Award of design and build contract
Late February 2015 Start of works on A13
November 2015 Start of works on M25
December 2016 Completion of works

Conditional proposals

Lower Thames Crossing

In 2009 the Department for Transport published options for a new Lower Thames Crossing to add capacity to the Dartford Crossing or create a new road and crossing linking to the M2 and M20 motorways.[40]

Comparisons

The M25 is the second-longest ring road in Europe, after the Berlin Ring (A 10), which is 5 miles (8.0 km) longer.

Other cities in the UK encircled by motorways include: Birmingham, using parts of the M5, M6 and M42, and Manchester, using the M60. Additionally, from 2011 Glasgow has an orbital motorway made of the M8, M73 and M74, although one section of the route passes through the centre of the city.[41]

The M25 is one of the busiest motorways in Europe. Here are some comparisons:

The multi-level stack interchange junction with the M23, viewed from a nearby footbridge to the west

Iain Sinclair's 2002 book and film London Orbital is based on a year-long journey around the M25 on foot.[44]

The M25 (including the A282 Dartford Crossing) is known for its frequent traffic jams. These have been the subject of so much comment from such an early stage that even at the official opening ceremony Margaret Thatcher complained about "those who carp and criticise". The jams have inspired jokes (e.g., "the world's first circular car park", "the London Orbital Car Park") and songs (e.g., Chris Rea's "The Road to Hell").[45]

The M25 plays a role in the comedy-fantasy novel Good Omens, as "evidence for the hidden hand of Satan in the affairs of Man".[46] The demon character, Crowley, had manipulated the design of the M25 to resemble a Satanic sigil.[47][48]

The M25 enjoyed a more positive reputation among ravers in the late 1980s, when this new orbital motorway became a popular route to the parties that took place around the outskirts of London. This use of the M25 for these raves inspired the name of electronic duo Orbital.[49]

Racing

M25 at junction 30 near Purfleet, Essex

The orbital nature of the motorway, in common with racetracks, lent itself to unofficial, and illegal, motor racing. At the end of the 1980s, before the advent of speed enforcement devices, owners of supercars, many employed in the financial service industry in the City and in Docklands, would meet at night at service stations such as South Mimms and conduct time trials. Times below 1 hour were achieved - an average speed of over 117 mph (188 km/h), which included coming to a halt at the Dartford Tunnel road user charge payment booths.[50][51]

Junctions

Data from driver location signs provide carriageway identifier information.[52] The numbers on the signs are kilometres from a point near the River Thames, east of London, when travelling clockwise on the motorway. The table below gives details of each junction, including the roads interchanged and the destinations that are signed from the motorway on the blue advance direction signs. Figures in kilometres are from the driver location signs; figures in miles are derived from them.

A282 road – Dartford Crossing
miles km[52] Clockwise exits (A carriageway)[52] Junction Anti-clockwise exits (B carriageway) European Route
Dartford Crossing South
Queen Elizabeth II Bridge (Toll)		 River
Thames		 Dartford Crossing North
Dartford Tunnels (Toll)		 European route E15
3.5 5.7 Erith A206 J1A Erith A206, Swanscombe (A226) European route E15
4.7 7.5 Dartford A225 J1B Exit via J2 – Dartford (A225) European route E15
M25 motorway – London Orbital
5.5 8.8 London (SE & C), Bexleyheath A2 (W), Canterbury (M2) A2 (E) Ebbsfleet International J2 London (SE & C), Bexleyheath A2, Canterbury (M2), Dartford (A225) Ebbsfleet International, Bluewater European route E15
8.7 14.0 London (SE & C) A20
Maidstone, Channel Tunnel, Folkestone M20
Swanley B2173 European route E15		 J3 Maidstone, Channel Tunnel M20
London (SE & C), Lewisham A20
12.2 19.6 Bromley A21
Orpington A224		 J4 Bromley, London (SE & C) A21
Orpington (A224)
Hayes
16.3
16.4		 26.2
26.4		 Sevenoaks, Royal Tunbridge Wells, Hastings A21 J5 Maidstone, Channel Tunnel, Dover M26 (M20)
Sevenoaks, Hastings A21
21.0 33.8 Clacket Lane services Services Clacket Lane services
25.8 41.6 East Grinstead, Eastbourne, Caterham, Godstone A22
Redhill, Westerham (A25)		 J6 East Grinstead, Eastbourne, Caterham, Godstone A22
Redhill, Westerham (A25)
28.6 46.0 Gatwick Airport, Crawley, Brighton, Croydon M23 J7 Gatwick Airport, Crawley, Brighton, M23(S), Croydon M23(N)
31.9 51.4 London (S & SW), Reigate, Sutton A217
Kingston (A240)		 J8 London (S & SW), Reigate, Sutton A217
Kingston (A240)
38.5
39.5		 62.0
63.5		 Leatherhead A243, Dorking, (A24) J9 Leatherhead A243, Dorking (A24)
42.6
43.2		 68.6
69.5		 Cobham services Services Cobham services
45.0 72.4 London (SW & C), Guildford, Portsmouth A3 J10 London (SW & C), Guildford, Kingston A3
49.8 80.2 Chertsey A317, Woking A320 J11 Woking A320, Chertsey A317
52.1 83.8 Basingstoke, Southampton, Richmond M3 J12 Basingstoke, Southampton, Richmond M3
55.2 88.8 London (W & C), Hounslow, Staines A30 J13 London (W & C), Hounslow, Staines A30
57.0 91.8 Heathrow Airport (Terminals 4, 5 and Cargo) A3113 J14 Heathrow Airport (Terminals 4, 5 and Cargo) A3113
59.0 95.0 The West, Slough, Reading, London (W & C), Heathrow Airport (Terminals 1, 2 and 3) M4 European route E30 J15 The West, Slough, Reading M4(W)
London (W & C), Heathrow Airport (Terminals 1, 2 & 3) M4(E)		 European route E30
63.8 102.6 The North, Birmingham, Oxford, Uxbridge, London (W & C) M40 J16 Birmingham, Oxford M40(W)
Uxbridge, London (W & C) M40(E)		 European route E30
68.7 110.5 Rickmansworth, Maple Cross (A412) J17 Rickmansworth, Maple Cross A412 European route E30
69.9 112.5 Chorleywood, Amersham A404 J18 Chorleywood, Amersham A404 European route E30
71.5 116.4 Watford A41 J19 Exit via J20 – Watford A41 European route E30
73.5 118.2 Hemel Hempstead, Aylesbury A41 J20 Hemel Hempstead, Aylesbury, Watford A41 European route E30
76.3 122.8 The North, Luton & Luton Airport M1 J21 The North, Luton & Luton Airport M1 European route E30
76.9 123.7 Watford A405
Harrow (M1 South) European route E13		 J21A St Albans A405
London (NW & C) (M1 (South))		 European route E30
80.6 129.7 London Colney A1081 J22 St Albans A1081 European route E30
83.3 134.0 Hatfield A1(M), London (NW & C) A1, Barnet A1081
South Mimms services		 J23 Hatfield A1(M), London (NW & C) A1, Barnet A1081
South Mimms services		 European route E30
85.9 138.2 Potters Bar A111 J24 Potters Bar A111 / European route E15 /European route E30
91.4 147.1 Enfield Town, Hertford A10 J25 Enfield, Hertford, London (N & C) A10 / European route E15 /European route E30
94.9 152.7 Waltham Abbey, Loughton A121 J26 Waltham Abbey, Loughton A121 / European route E15 / European route E30
99.2 159.7 London (NE & C), Stansted Airport, Harlow, Cambridge M11 J27 London (NE & C) M11(N), Stansted Airport, Harlow, Cambridge M11(S) / European route E15 /European route E30
107.1 172.4 Chelmsford, Witham, Colchester A12
Brentwood A1023 European route E30		 J28 Chelmsford, Romford A12
Brentwood A1023		 European route E15
109.9 176.8 Romford, Basildon, Southend A127 J29 Basildon, Southend, Romford A127 European route E15
115.2 185.4 Tilbury, Thurrock, Lakeside A13(E), London (E & C) A13(W)
Thurrock services		 J30 London (E & C), Barking, Tilbury, Basildon, Dagenham, Rainham A13 European route E15
A282 Road – Dartford Crossing
115.9 186.6 Exit via J30 – Purfleet (A1090), South Ockendon, Thurrock services A1306 J31 Thurrock (Lakeside), Thurrock services A1306, Purfleet (A1090), West Thurrock (A126) European route E15
Dartford Crossing South
Queen Elizabeth II Bridge (Toll)		 River
Thames		 Dartford Crossing North
Dartford Tunnels (Toll)		 European route E15
Notes
  • Distances in kilometres and carriageway identifiers are obtained from driver location signs/location marker posts. Where a junction spans several hundred metres and the data is available, both the start and finish values for the junction are shown.
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

References

  1. 1 2 "Motorway traffic up 4% on 2003". BBC News. 12 August 2004. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
  2. ↑ Office for National Statistics Social Trends - Transport p197
  3. 1 2 Business Plan 2013-14 Highways Agency
  4. 1 2 "M25 in South East Region". The Motorway Archive. 2009. (Select "M25" from list of motorways, then "M25 interchanges, tunnels and bridges"). Retrieved 18 April 2013.
  5. ↑ Grid reference Finder Generic map measurement tools
  6. ↑ This move would be bound to be resisted by the communities affected, including such major towns as Watford, Loughton and Epsom. London Assembly Archived 9 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. – Poll says M25 is London's "natural boundary". 2 March 2004.
  7. ↑ Communications Act 2003, The National Archive, 2003, retrieved 5 September 2011 that requires "a suitable proportion of the programmes made in the United Kingdom" to be made "in the United Kingdom outside the M25 area", defined in Section 362 as "the area the outer boundary of which is represented by the London Orbital Motorway (M25)".
  8. ↑ "M25 MSA New Barn Farm Cobham". Highways Agency. Archived from the original on 3 March 2010. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
  9. ↑ "Cobham M25 service station opened". BBC News. 13 September 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  10. ↑ London Ringways Plan http://www.cbrd.co.uk/histories/ringways/ Retrieved 2013-01-06
  11. ↑ "Hansard 3 December 1990 Written Answers (Commons) Transport".
  12. ↑ "The bluffer's briefing on: The M25". The Independent. London. 24 March 1993. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  13. ↑ "M25 (Widening)". Hansard.
  14. ↑ Webster, Ben (25 June 2009). "Rising costs put the brakes on dozens of roadbuilding projects". The Times. London. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  15. ↑ "M25 scoop for Balfour in Surrey".
  16. ↑ "Case Study – M25 Controlled Motorway". Highways Agency.
  17. ↑ Wolmar, Christian (4 April 1995). "The roadblock that became a bandwagon". The Independent. London. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  18. ↑ Cohen, Nick (2 April 1995). "Pointless lies that reveal so much". The Independent. London. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  19. ↑ Wolmar, Christian (21 March 1997). "Minister gives green light to widen M25". The Independent. London. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  20. ↑ "Plans to widen M25 to 12 lanes under attack". Archived from the original on 5 April 2012.
  21. ↑ "BAA makes plans for Terminal 5 despite inquiry".
  22. ↑ "M25 Junctions 12 – 15 Widening". Archived from the original on 5 September 2011. In 2003, Balfour Beatty Civil Engineering was awarded the £148 million contract to widen the 10-mile stretch of the M25, between Junction 12 (the M3 Interchange) and Junction 15 (the M4 Interchange).
  23. ↑ "M25 Jct 12 to 15 Widening". Highways Agency. Archived from the original on 2008-09-26.
  24. ↑ "£75 MILLION REFURBISHMENT FOR M25 HOLMESDALE TUNNEL AND JUNCTION 25 IMPROVEMENT WORK STARTS ON SATURDAY 6 May". Highways Agency. Archived from the original on 2008-11-06.
  25. ↑ "M25 Junction 28 / A12 / Brook Street Interchange". Highways Agency. Archived from the original on 2008-09-26.
  26. ↑ "Prequalification Document". Highways Agency. Archived from the original on 7 November 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
  27. ↑ "Highways Agency announces shortlist for £4.5bn M25 DBFO". Contract Journal. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
  28. ↑ Andrea Klettner (16 January 2008). "Highways Agency calls for M25 widening bids to be resubmitted". Construction Journal. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
  29. ↑ "Cost escalation hits M25 widening benefit to cost ratios".
  30. ↑ Helm, Toby (18 January 2009). "Ministers scrap plan to widen motorways". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  31. ↑ Webster, Ben (20 May 2009). "PFI deal for M25 agreed despite price rise". The Times. London. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  32. ↑ "£6.2 billion M25 Design, Build, Finance and Operate (DBFO) contract awarded". Highways Agency. Archived from the original on 2009-11-15.
  33. ↑ "M25 Jct 16 to 23 Widening". Archived from the original on 22 September 2009.
  34. ↑ "M25 widening to four lanes begins". BBC News. 8 July 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  35. ↑ "Highways Agency Timetable". Archived from the original on 2008-09-26.
  36. ↑ "Weekly Summary of Roadworks in M25 Sphere – 30 September 2009".
  37. ↑ "M25 Jct 27 to 30 Widening". Archived from the original on 4 October 2009.
  38. ↑ "M25 Junctions 5 to 7 Managed Motorways".
  39. ↑ "M25 Junctions 23 to 27 Managed Motorways".
  40. ↑ "Dartford River Crossing Study into Capacity Requirement" (PDF). Department for Transport. 20 April 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
  41. ↑ "Transport Scotland – M74 Completion Project". Archived from the original on 18 December 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
  42. ↑
  43. ↑ "Compte Rendu Analytique Officiel de la Seance du 17 Decembre 2002" (in French).
  44. ↑ Lezard, Nicholas (21 September 2002). "Meandering round the M25". The Guardian.
  45. ↑ "Chris Rea interviewed by Will Hodgkinson, The Guardian, Friday 13 September 2002". London. 13 September 2002. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
  46. ↑ "Good Omens Annotations".
  47. ↑ Pratchett, Terry; Gaiman, Neil (1993). Good Omens. London: Corgi Books. p. 19. ISBN 0552137030.
  48. ↑ Neil Gaiman (April 11, 2003). "Neil Gaiman's Journal". HarperCollins. News Corp. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
  49. ↑ "Orbital information". Archived from the original on 15 February 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
  50. ↑ May, James (20 October 2007). "Speed, Greed And The M25". BBC Radio 4.
  51. ↑ "Programme Information – Network Radio Week 43" (Press release). BBC Press Office.
  52. 1 2 3 "M25 Road Network Driver Location Signs" (PDF). Highways Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2009.

Further reading

Route map: Google

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