Luxor massacre

Luxor massacre
Djeser-Djeseru (Hatshepsut’s Temple), the location of the attack
Location	Deir el-Bahri, Egypt
Date	17 November 1997
Attack type	Mass shooting, mass murder, massacre, murder-suicide
Weapons	Automatic firearms, knives
Deaths	62 (not including attackers)
Non-fatal injuries	> 26
Suspected perpetrators	splinter group of al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya[1]

The Luxor massacre was the killing of 62 people, mostly tourists, on 17 November 1997, at Deir el-Bahri, an archaeological site and major tourist attraction across the Nile River from Luxor in Egypt.

It is thought to have been instigated by exiled leaders of Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, an Egyptian Islamist organization, attempting to undermine the July 1997 "Nonviolence Initiative", to devastate the Egyptian economy^[2] and provoke the government into repression that would strengthen support for anti-government forces.^[3] However, the attack led to internal divisions among the militants, and resulted in the declaration of a ceasefire.^[4] In June 2013, the group denied that it was involved in the massacre.^[5]

Location

Deir el-Bahri is one of Egypt's top tourist attractions, notably for the spectacular mortuary temple of 18th-dynasty female pharaoh Hatshepsut known as "Djeser-Djeseru."

The attack

In the mid-morning attack, six gunmen killed 58 foreign nationals and 4 Egyptians.^[6] The assailants were armed with automatic firearms and knives, and disguised as members of the security forces. They descended on the Temple of Hatshepsut at around 08:45. They killed two armed guards at the site.^[6] With the tourists trapped inside the temple, the killing went on systematically for 45 minutes, during which many bodies, especially of women, were mutilated with machetes. They used both guns and butcher knives.^[6] A note praising Islam was found inside a disemboweled body.^[7] The dead included a five-year-old British child and four Japanese couples on honeymoon.^[8][9]

The attackers then hijacked a bus, but ran into a checkpoint of armed Egyptian tourist police and military forces. One of the terrorists was wounded in the shootout and the rest fled into the hills where their bodies were found in a cave, apparently having committed suicide together.^[10]

One or more Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya leaflets were reportedly found calling for the release of Omar Abdel-Rahman from U.S. prison,^[11][12] stating that the attack had been carried out as a gesture to exiled IG leader Mustafa Hamza,^[13] or declaring: "We shall take revenge for our brothers who have died on the gallows. The depths of the earth are better for us than the surface since we have seen our brothers squatting in their prisons, and our brothers and families tortured in their jails."^[14]

Casualties

Most of the victims, 58, were tourists. The country hardest hit was Switzerland with 36 of its citizens killed. The youngest victim was a 5 year old from the United Kingdom.

Nationality	Number of victims
Switzerland	36[15]
Japan	10
Great Britain	6
Germany	4
Egypt	4[16]
Colombia	2
Total	62

Reaction

Following the attack, then president Hosni Mubarak replaced interior minister General Hassan Al Alfi with General Habib al-Adly.^[17] The Swiss Federal Police "later determined that bin Laden had financed the operation."^[18]

The tourist industry in Egypt in general and in Luxor in particular was seriously affected by the resultant slump in visitors and remained depressed until sinking even lower with the September 11 attacks in the United States in 2001, the 2005 Sharm el-Sheikh attacks, and the 2006 Dahab bombings.

However, the massacre marked a decisive drop in Islamist terrorists' fortunes in Egypt by turning public opinion overwhelmingly against them. Terrorist attacks declined dramatically following the backlash from the massacre.^[18] Organizers and supporters of the attack quickly realised that the strike had been a massive miscalculation and reacted with denials of involvement. The day after the attack, al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya leader Refa'i Ahmed Taha claimed the attackers intended only to take the tourists hostage, despite the immediate and systematic nature of the slaughter. Others denied Islamist involvement completely. Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman blamed Israelis for the killings, and Ayman Zawahiri maintained the attack was the work of the Egyptian police.^[19][20]

See also

• Terrorism in Egypt
• List of massacres in Egypt

References

External links

• Tourists massacred at temple. 17 November 1997 (BBC News)
• Bin Laden 'behind Luxor massacre', 13 May 1999 (BBC News)

Coordinates: 25°44′18″N 32°36′23″E / 25.73833°N 32.60639°E / 25.73833; 32.60639