Loup language
| Loup | |
|---|---|
| Pronunciation | [lu] |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Massachusetts, Connecticut |
| Ethnicity | Nipmuck? |
| Extinct | 18th century |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |
Either:xlo – Loup Axlb – Loup B |
xlo Loup A | |
xlb Loup B | |
| Glottolog |
loup1243 Loup A[1] |
Loup is an extinct Algonquian language, or possibly group of languages, spoken in colonial New England. Loup ("Wolf") was a French colonial ethnographic term, and usage was inconsistent. In modern literature, it refers to two varieties, Loup A and Loup B.[2]
Attestation
Loup A, which may be the language of the Nipmuck, is principally attested from a word list recorded from refugees by the St. Francis mission to the Abenaki in Quebec. The descendants of these refugees became speakers of Western Abenaki in the eighteenth century. Loup B refers to a second word list, which shows extensive dialectal variation. This may not be a distinct language, but just notes on the speech of various New England Algonquian refugees in French missions.[3]
Phonology
The phonology of Loup A (Nipmuck), reconstructed by Gustafson 2000:
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal/ | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | plain | lab. | ||||
| Plosive | p | t | tʲ | k | (kʷ) | ||
| Nasal | m | n | |||||
| Affricate | tʃ | ||||||
| Fricative | s | h | |||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
| Approximant | w | j | |||||
Vowels
| Short | Long | Nasal | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | iː | |
| Mid | e | ||
| Open | a | aː | ã |
| Back-mid | o | oː | |
| Back-close | u |
The vowel sounds likely have the same phonetic quality as other southern New England Algonquian languages. The short vowels /i o e a/ may represent the sounds as /ɪ, /ʊ/, /ɛ,ə/, and /ʌ/, while the long vowels /iː/, /oː/, and /ã/ correspond to /i/, /o/, and /ã/.[4][5][6]
References
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Loup A". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Goddard, Ives (To appear). "The 'Loup' Languages of Western Massachusetts: The Dialectal Diversity of Southern New England Algonquian.". Papers of the 44th Algonquian Conference. SUNY Press: 104–138. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ Victor Golla, 2007. Atlas of the World's Languages
- ↑ Aubin, George F. (1980). Papers of the 11th Algonquian Conference. Comments on Cotton's "Vocabulary...": Ottawa: Carleton University. pp. 54–60.
- ↑ Gustafson, Holly Suzanne (2000). A Grammar of the Nipmuck Language (PDF). Deparament of Linguistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
- ↑ Costa, David J. (2007). The Dialectology of Southern New England Algonquian (PDF).
External links
- OLAC resources in and about the Loup A language
- OLAC resources in and about the Loup B language
- Nipmuc Language.org