Lopburi

Lopburi
ลพบุรี
Lavo
Town Municipality

Downtown Lopburi
Nickname(s): Monkey City
Lopburi

Location in Thailand

Coordinates: 14°48′0″N 100°37′37″E / 14.80000°N 100.62694°E / 14.80000; 100.62694
Country Thailand
Province Lopburi Province
Amphoe Amphoe Mueang Lopburi
Named for Lava
Elevation 19 m (62 ft)
Population (2006)
 • Total 26,500
Flood in Lopburi, 2011
Lopburi River
Prang Sam Yot, the Khmer temple in Lopburi
A crab-eating macaque in Lopburi
Lopburi Narai Fair in February

Lopburi (Thai: ลพบุรี, rtgs: Lop Buri, pronounced [lóp bū.rīː]) is the capital city of Lopburi Province in Thailand. It is about 150 kilometres (93 mi) north-east of Bangkok. As of 2006 it had a population of 26,500. The town (thesaban mueang) covers the whole tambon Tha Hin and parts of Thale Chup Son of Mueang Lopburi district, a total area of 6.85 km². Lopburi lies 138 km north of Bangkok.

Etymology

It was originally known as Lavo or Lavapura, meaning "city of Lava" in reference to the ancient South Asian city of Lavapuri (present-day Lahore).[1]

History

The city has a history dating back to the Dvaravati period more than 1,000 years ago.[2]:302,308 According to the Northern Chronicles, it was founded by King Kalavarnadish (Thai, "Phraya Kalavarnadit"), who came from Taxila (Takkasila) in north-west India (now Pakistan) in 648 CE.[3] Lopburi, or Lavapura as it then was, was under the rule of the rising Angkor regime and became one of the most important centers in the Chao Phraya Basin from then on.[4] Epigraphic evidence indicates that the dominant population of the city was Mon.[5]

The earliest confirmed occurrence of the name Lavapura is on silver coins inscribed "lava" on the obverse and "pura" on the reverse in a Pallava-derived script of the seventh or eighth century; several such coins were recovered in 1966 from a hoard found in an ancient jar in U Thong.[6][7]

There is some evidence the Khmer Empire, under Suryavarman II, fought against the Mons in the 12th century over suzerainty. Lopburi sent embassies to China in 1115 and 1155.[8]:161

Lopburi (Lavo) is described in Book III of Marco Polo’s Travels, where it is called Locach. This came from the Chinese (Cantonese) pronunciation of Lavo, "Lo-huk".[9] The city is referred to as "Lo-ho" in chapter 20 of the History of Yuan (元史 : Yuán Shǐ), the official history of the Mongol, or Yuan Dynasty of China. Due to a scribal error in Book III of Marco Polo’s travels treating of the route southward from Champa, where the name Java was substituted for Champa as the point of departure, Java Minor was 1,300 miles to the south of Java Major, instead of from Champa, on or near an extension of the Terra Australis.[10] As explained by Sir Henry Yule, the editor of an English edition of Marco Polo's Travels: "Some geographers of the 16th century, following the old editions which carried the travellers south-east of Java to the land of Boeach (or Locac), introduced in their maps a continent in that situation".[11]

After the foundation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 14th century, Lopburi was a stronghold of Ayutthaya's rulers. It became the capital of the kingdom during the reign of King Narai the Great in the mid-17th century and the king resided there about eight months a year.

Geography

Lopburi lies on the Lopburi River at an elevation of 20 metres (66 ft) mostly surrounded by alluvial plains, although some hills rise to between 300 metres (980 ft) and 600 metres (2,000 ft) to the north-east.

Climate

Lopburi has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). Winters are dry and very warm. Temperatures rise until April, which is very hot with the average daily maximum at 36.8 °C (98.2 °F). The monsoon season runs from late April through October, with heavy rain and somewhat cooler temperatures during the day, although nights remain warm.

Climate data for Lop Buri (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 38.4
(101.1)		 38.6
(101.5)		 39.4
(102.9)		 41.4
(106.5)		 40.8
(105.4)		 39.5
(103.1)		 38.3
(100.9)		 37.7
(99.9)		 36.2
(97.2)		 35.6
(96.1)		 35.8
(96.4)		 36.2
(97.2)		 41.4
(106.5)
Average high °C (°F) 32.9
(91.2)		 34.6
(94.3)		 36.0
(96.8)		 36.8
(98.2)		 35.3
(95.5)		 34.3
(93.7)		 33.7
(92.7)		 33.3
(91.9)		 32.8
(91)		 32.5
(90.5)		 32.2
(90)		 31.7
(89.1)		 33.8
(92.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.4
(79.5)		 28.1
(82.6)		 29.5
(85.1)		 30.4
(86.7)		 29.5
(85.1)		 29.0
(84.2)		 28.6
(83.5)		 28.3
(82.9)		 28.0
(82.4)		 27.8
(82)		 27.1
(80.8)		 25.8
(78.4)		 28.2
(82.8)
Average low °C (°F) 21.1
(70)		 23.2
(73.8)		 24.8
(76.6)		 25.8
(78.4)		 25.6
(78.1)		 25.2
(77.4)		 24.9
(76.8)		 24.9
(76.8)		 24.7
(76.5)		 24.3
(75.7)		 22.8
(73)		 20.6
(69.1)		 24.0
(75.2)
Record low °C (°F) 12.0
(53.6)		 14.5
(58.1)		 16.4
(61.5)		 19.7
(67.5)		 17.9
(64.2)		 22.2
(72)		 21.5
(70.7)		 21.5
(70.7)		 20.5
(68.9)		 17.0
(62.6)		 13.8
(56.8)		 10.2
(50.4)		 10.2
(50.4)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 5.7
(0.224)		 6.9
(0.272)		 32.1
(1.264)		 81.5
(3.209)		 147.1
(5.791)		 124.0
(4.882)		 120.1
(4.728)		 150.9
(5.941)		 265.5
(10.453)		 153.7
(6.051)		 33.1
(1.303)		 4.5
(0.177)		 1,125.1
(44.295)
Average rainy days 1.1 1.3 2.7 6.1 12.9 12.7 14.2 16.5 17.6 13.2 3.4 0.8 102.5
Average relative humidity (%) 63 65 66 69 75 76 77 78 81 77 66 60 71
Mean monthly sunshine hours 263.5 245.8 238.7 240.0 155.0 114.0 117.8 117.8 108.0 182.9 219.0 260.4 2,262.9
Mean daily sunshine hours 8.5 8.7 7.7 8.0 5.0 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.6 5.9 7.3 8.4 6.2
Source #1: Thai Meteorological Department[12]
Source #2: Office of Water Management and Hydrology, Royal Irrigation Department (sun and humidity)[13]

Transportation

The main road through Lobpuri is Route 1 (Phahonyothin Road), which starts in Bangkok, and continues through Lopburi, Chai Nat, Nakhon Sawan, Kamphaeng Phet, Tak, Lampang, Chiang Rai, and the border with Burma at Mae Sai. Route 311 leads west to Sing Buri, and Route 3196 leads south-west to Ang Thong.

Lopburi is a station of the State Railway of Thailand's Northern Line, forming the end of Bangkok's suburban service.

Lopburi is served by the Khok Kathiam airport, 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) north of the town.

Culture

Today the city is best known for the hundreds of crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) that live in the middle of the city, especially around the Khmer temple, Prang Sam Yot and a Khmer shrine, Sarn Phra Karn. They are fed by the local people, especially during the Monkey Festival in November. Because they are not afraid of humans, they steal whatever items or food they can find from unwary visitors.

In the city signs are posted reading: To prevent monkeys attacking people, the officer will feed monkeys in 3 designated areas outside San Phrakan twice a day, at 10am and 4pm. Those who want to feed monkeys other than these times, please contact the officer or caretaker.

Religion

Prang Sam Yot, originally a Hindu shrine, has three prangs that represent Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva (the Hindu trinity). It was later converted to a Buddhist shrine.

References

  1. ↑ Phanindra Nath Bose, The Indian colony of Siam, Lahore, The Punjab Sanskrit Book Depot, 1927, p.v.
  2. ↑ Higham, C., 2014, Early Mainland south-east Asia, Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd., ISBN 9786167339443
  3. ↑ Adhir Chakravarti, “International Trade and Towns of Ancient Siam”, Our Heritage: Bulletin of the Department of Post-graduate Training and Research, Sanskrit College, Calcutta, vol.XXIX, part I, January–June 1981, pp1-23, nb p.15; also in The South East Asian Review (Gaya, India), vol. 20, nos.1 & 2, 1995. Hiram W. Woodward, "Thailand and Cambodia: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries", in Khaisri Sri-Aroon, M.C. Subhadradis Diskul, Studies & Reflections on Asian Art History and Archaeology: Essays in Honour of H.S.H Professor Subhadradis Diskul, Bangkok, Silpakorn University, 1996, pp.335-350.
  4. ↑ Dhida Saraya, "Lavo — A Coastal State of the 11th Century", Muang Boran, vol.11, no.2, 1985, pp.35-51.
  5. ↑ Peter Skilling, "Dvaravati: Recent Revelations and Research", in Dedications to Her Royal Highness Princes Galyani Vadhana Krom Luang Naradhiwas Rajanagarindra on her 80th birthday, Bangkok, The Siam Society, 2003, pages 87–112, p.105; Pan Hla Nai, The Significant Role of the Mon Language and Culture in south-east Asia, Tokyo, Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, 1992; Pierre Dupont, The Archaeology of the Mons of Dvāravatī, translated by Joyanto K.Sen, Bangkok, White Lotus Press, 2006, pp.1, 3, 10.
  6. ↑ Boeles, J.J. "A Note on the Ancient City Called Lavapura" (PDF). Siamese Heritage. Siamese Heritage. Retrieved 2014-11-19.
  7. ↑ Robert S. Wicks, Money, Markets, and Trade in Early south-east Asia: The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems to AD 1400, SEAP Publications, 1992, pp.165-166.7-8th century Lavapura coin
  8. ↑ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella, ed. The Indianized States of south-east Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
  9. ↑ Paul Pelliot, Notes on Marco Polo, Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1963, Vol.II, pp.768-9, note 2.
  10. ↑ Paul Pelliot, Notes on Marco Polo, Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1963, Vol.II, p.769; James R. McClymont, "The Theory of an Antipodal Southern Continent during the Sixteenth Century", Report of the Fourth Meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, Hobart, January 1892, Hobart, the Association, 1893, pp.442-462.
  11. ↑ Yule, Sir Henry, ed. (1921). The Book of Ser Marco Polo. London: Murray. pp. 276–280.
  12. ↑ "Climatological Data for the Period 1981–2010". Thai Meteorological Department. p. 15. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  13. ↑ "ปริมาณการใช้น้ำของพืชอ้างอิงโดยวิธีของ Penman Monteith (Reference Crop Evapotranspiration by Penman Monteith)" (PDF) (in Thai). Office of Water Management and Hydrology, Royal Irrigation Department. p. 75. Retrieved 4 August 2016.

Coordinates: 14°48′0″N 100°37′37″E / 14.80000°N 100.62694°E / 14.80000; 100.62694

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