Loki's Castle

The top three feet (1 m) of a vent chimney almost 40 feet (12 m) tall at Loki's Castle in mid-July 2008. Visible at left is the arm of a remotely operated vehicle, reaching in to take fluid samples.

Loki's Castle is a field of five active hydrothermal vents in the mid-Atlantic Ocean, located at 73 degrees north on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between Greenland and Norway[1] at a depth of 2,352 metres (7,717 ft).[2] The vents were discovered in mid-July 2008 and are the most northerly black smokers to date.[3] They are of geological interest as they occur in a relatively stable region of the Earth's crust, one with diminished tectonic forces and consequently fewer hydrothermal vents.

Discovery

The vents were discovered by a 25-person multinational scientific expedition of the University of Bergen, Norway, more than 120 nautical miles (220 km) north of what were previously the northernmost known, discovered in 2005. The 2005 and 2008 expeditions were both led by geologist Rolf Pedersen of the university’s Centre for Geobiology, aboard the research vessel G.O. Sars[1] (named after the Norwegian marine biologist Georg Ossian Sars[4] and launched in May 2003[5]). The vents were located using a remotely controlled undersea vehicle.[1]

Activity

The five active chimneys of Loki's Castle are venting water as hot as 300 °C (570 °F) and sit on a vast mound of sulfide minerals which is about 825 ft (250 m) in diameter at its base, and some 300 feet (90 m) across its top.[1] A member of the 2008 expedition, oceanographer Marvin Lilley has speculated that this may be the largest such deposit ever seen on the sea floor.[1] The active chimneys are mostly black in colour, but are covered with mats of white bacteria which are living on minerals and materials emitted by the vents. The older chimneys are a mottled red colour, due to the presence of deposits of oxidised iron.[1]

Preliminary observations have shown the warm area around the Loki's Castle vents to be alive with diverse and apparently unique microorganisms and vent fauna, unlike vent communities observed elsewhere.[1] One of these is the archaeal phylum Lokiarchaeota, which is named after Loki's Castle.

The vent field was given the name Loki's Castle as its shape reminded its discoverers of a fantasy castle. The reference is to the ancient Norse god of fire and trickery, Loki. It was felt to be "an appropriate name for a field that was so difficult to locate".[1]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Scientists Break Record By Finding Northernmost Hydrothermal Vent Field". Science Daily. 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
  2. ↑ "Arctic Circle Vent". University of Washington. 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
  3. ↑ "Boiling Hot Water Found in Frigid Arctic Sea". livescience.com. 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
  4. ↑ "Background about the G.O. Sars". University of Bergen. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
  5. ↑ "G.O. Sars". Norwegian Institute of Marine Research. Retrieved 2008-07-25.

Coordinates: 73°33′N 8°09′E / 73.55°N 8.15°E / 73.55; 8.15

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