Livingston County, New York

Livingston County, New York

Livingston County Courthouse

Seal
Map of New York highlighting Livingston County
Location in the U.S. state of New York
Map of the United States highlighting New York
New York's location in the U.S.
Founded 1821
Named for Robert R. Livingston
Seat Geneseo
Largest town Geneseo
Area
 • Total 640 sq mi (1,658 km2)
 • Land 632 sq mi (1,637 km2)
 • Water 8.5 sq mi (22 km2), 1.3%
Population
 • (2010) 65,393
 • Density 104/sq mi (40/km²)
Congressional district 27th
Time zone Eastern: UTC-5/-4
Website www.co.livingston.state.ny.us

Livingston County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 65,393.[1] Its county seat is Geneseo.[2] The county is named after Robert R. Livingston, who helped draft the Declaration of Independence and negotiated the Louisiana Purchase.

Livingston County is part of the Rochester Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History

On February 23, 1821, Livingston County, New York was formed from Ontario and Genesee Counties. The twelve original towns were: Avon, Caledonia, Conesus, Geneseo (county seat), Groveland, Leicester, Lima, Livonia, Mount Morris, Sparta, Springwater, and York.

Part of North Dansville was annexed from Steuben County in 1822 and became a separate town when Sparta was divided in 1846. At the same time, the town of West Sparta was also formed from Sparta. The towns of Nunda and Portage were annexed in 1846 and the town of Ossian in was annexed 1857 from Allegany County.

Avon, Williamsburgh, and the hamlet of Lakeville competed for the honor of becoming the Livingston County seat, but the distinction was bestowed upon Geneseo, the principal village and center of commerce. The Wadsworths donated a suitable lot, beautifully situated at the north end of the village. The brick courthouse faced Main Street, the jail of wood construction was built directly west, and a one-story cobblestone building for the County Clerk’s office was built east of the courthouse. Until construction was completed in 1823, court was held in the upper story of the district school on Center Street (east of the present-day Livingston County Museum) and prisoners were housed in Canandaigua. In 1829 the county opened a poor house farm just outside the village.

Livingston County Flag

Livingston County Flag

The County Flag was adopted in 1971 for the county’s 150th anniversary. The significance of the colors and design relates to features and history of the county:

Yellow - the golden grain of the northern towns; Blue - the Genesee River;

Green - the forests in the southern towns;

White - salt and limestone, prominent minerals in the county;

Balance and crossed quills - in honor of New York’s first Chancellor Robert R. Livingston, for whom the county was named.

Senecas and Pioneer History

The Seneca Nation of Indians, once the most numerous and powerful of the Six Nations of the Iroquois, were called the “Keepers of the Western Door” because they guarded the western boundaries of the Iroquois territory, which included the lands around Seneca Lake west to Lake Erie. Many of their principle towns were in the fertile Genesee Valley, part of what is now Livingston County. Little Beard’s Town, or Genesee Castle, located near present-day Cuylerville, in the Town of Leicester, was one of the largest. 

Sullivan Campaign of the Revolutionary War

In 1779, General George Washington ordered General John Sullivan to organize the largest American offensive movement of the Revolutionary War to displace the Iroquois and gain control of New York’s western frontier. Sullivan’s army of approximately 5000 men trekked into the heart of the Seneca territory with orders to destroy all settlements.

On September 13, 1779 hundreds of Indians and Loyalists ambushed roughly 25 of Sullivan's scouts on a hill overlooking Conesus Lake at a site now known as the Ambuscade in the town of Groveland. At least 16 Americans were massacred including an Oneida guide. Scout leader Lt. Thomas Boyd and Sgt. Michael Parker were captured and their mutilated remains were discovered a day later when the army reached Little Beard’s Town in Cuylerville, a hamlet in the town of Leicester. This site was the largest Indian settlement in western New York and the western limit of the Sullivan Campaign. Sullivan’s army found the village deserted as most the Indians and Loyalists had retreated west to Fort Niagara to avoid confrontation. 

The army buried Boyd and Parker then burned the village and thousands of surrounding acres of crops. Upon retreat, the army discovered the bodies of the soldiers of Lt. Boyd’s scouting party at the Ambuscade and buried them with military honors.

After fulfilling General Washington’s instructions to destroy more than 40 Indian settlements and food supplies throughout the Finger Lakes, Sullivan’s army returned to Easton, Pennsylvania. The mission was considered successful and helped to lessen the threat to white settlers across the state.[3]

The enthusiasm generated by soldiers of General Sullivan’s army prompted the rapid development of the Genesee Valley and the area that now comprises Livingston County. Within five years following the Treaty of Paris in 1783, ending the Revolutionary War, colonists branched out from well-established settlements in New England and the Mid-Atlantic states, with visions of reaping the benefits this vast wilderness land had to offer. News of the beauty and fertility of the area spread as far as Western Europe.

Seneca Treaties

The destruction of the Iroquois villages during the Sullivan Campaign greatly impoverished the Senecas but did not deprive them of title to the land. This led to the creation of a series of treaties in order to facilitate westward expansion of white settlers. These treaties were not all supported by the Iroquois and consequently forever altered their culture.

After the Treaty of Paris, Messrs. Phelps and Gorham purchased from Massachusetts the rights to approximately eight million acres west of what is referred to as the old Pre-emption Line. The two men negotiated a treaty with the Seneca which was intended to extinguish Indian claims to this land. Approximately two-thirds of present-day Livingston County was covered by this treaty.

In 1790, Phelps and Gorham sold about 1,200,000 acres to Robert Morris, known as the "financier of the American Revolution." Morris then sold the land to a company of English capitalists, with Sir William Pulteney obtaining the majority interest. Charles Williamson, agent for Pulteney, took an absolute conveyance of the "Genesee Tract.” The first permanent white settlement he established was the small village Williamburgh in Groveland at the confluence of the Genesee River and the Canaserega Creek. The village prospered until 1806 before it was abandoned.

The remainder of the original purchase was bought by Samuel Ogden in 1791 for Robert Morris, who then sold most of it to the Holland Land Company, reserving 500,000 acres, known as the Morris Reserve. By the terms of the sale, Morris obligated himself to extinguish the Indian title to the land sold. However, his involvement in land speculation left him penniless and imprisoned for debt for several years.

The 1794 Treaty of Canandaigua recognized the sovereignty of the Six Nations and restored their title to lands in western New York. But as pressure by western developers increased, the Treaty of Big Tree in 1797 was negotiated in the Wadsworth brothers' log cabin in Geneseo. This treaty included the western one-third of Livingston County and extinguished Indian title to practically all the lands west to the Niagara frontier, excepting a handful of Indian reservations.[4][5]

The Pioneer Wadsworths

Col. Jeremiah Wadsworth of Hartford, Connecticut, one of the wealthiest and most influential men in the post-Revolutionary War era, invested heavily in land speculation in this region. In 1788, he made the arduous trip to the Genesee country to judge its worth and finding it unimaginably rich. After purchasing more than 200,000 acres (50 square miles) along the Genesee River, Col. Wadsworth offered his young cousins, brothers James and William Wadsworth, 2000 acres of prime farmland in and around what is now Geneseo. In return, they represented the Colonel’s interests by establishing a home farm (known as the Homestead) and promoting settlement and progress.              

The Wadsworth brothers acquired thousands more acres, becoming the largest single landowners in western New York. They leased the majority of the land to tenant farmers with generous lease agreements. James and William were known far and wide for their philanthropy and innovative farming methods. The legacy of James and William Wadsworth and their vast land holdings has been carried forward generation after generation and the prominent family still remains synonymous with the Genesee Valley to present day.   

Genesee Valley Canal

The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 brought prosperity across the state and realization of the benefits of internal navigation. The Genesee Valley lacked access to broader markets other than via the Genesee River, often too dangerous to navigate. Planners envisioned a lateral canal, cutting through the core of Livingston County, as the means of uniting the Erie Canal with the Allegany River, thereby connecting the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, allowing freight and passenger transportation all the way to New Orleans.

Construction of the Genesee Valley Canal started in Rochester in 1837, reaching Mount Morris by 1840. A junction to Sonyea opened in 1841 and then a branch was built to Dansville, completing 52 miles. Extending the canal through to Nunda and Portage was most challenging, as workers battled the area’s most rugged terrain along the Genesee River gorge. After years of delays, 17 locks between Nunda and Portageville were completed in 1851.

When the last segment connecting to the Allegany River was finally finished in 1862, railroad transportation outpaced canals, forcing the Genesee Valley Canal to close by 1878 and the towpath became the bed of the Genesee Valley Canal Railroad. Railroads rapidly became the primary mode of transportation as they criss-crossed the entire county. Although the Genesee Valley Canal was short-lived, the lasting effect expanded job opportunities for thousands of new immigrants, opened markets for the area’s abundant goods, and overall enriched the quality of life for residents.

Today, the old Genesee Valley Canal Railroad bed has become part of the Genesee Valley Greenway Trail.

Important Sites and Events

Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, Lima

One of the first coeducational schools in the country, incorporated 1834, founded by the Genesee Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church and operated until 1941. Genesee College, founded on the same site in the 1840s, eventually relocated and became Syracuse University. Presently the site is occupied by Elim Bible Institute. 

Water Therapy: Avon Springs and the Jackson Sanitarium

The area around present-day Avon was known by the Seneca as "Canawaugus," or "the place of stinking waters" due to the prevalence of sulfur in the springs on the west side of town. The Seneca believed the water's mineral characteristics had health benefits long before the white settlers arrived. In 1821, Richard Wadsworth was the first white man in Avon to build a showering box and promote the curative properties of the sulfur water. The reputation of Avon Springs grew throughout the 19th century, peaking just before the Civil War era. Guests sought health cures as well as relaxation and recreation opportunities in the Genesee Valley. By about 1900, most of the numerous hotels and spas were gone.[4][6]

Nunda and Dansville also boasted mineral springs and attracted travelers from around the world to enjoy the medicinal effects of water therapy. Most well-known was the sprawling resort in Dansville operated by Dr. James C. Jackson, a leading holistic health advocate and abolitionist. Dr. Jackson is credited with inventing Granula, America’s first cold breakfast cereal, and along with Dr. Harriet Austen, endorsed exercise and less constraining clothes for women. The resort stayed in the Jackson family until the early 1900s. During World War I, the sanitarium was used by the federal government as a hospital for wounded soldiers. In 1929, body-builder Bernarr Macfadden bought the facility and named it the Physical Culture Hotel. His larger-than-life personality and national magazine with the same name boosted the popularity of the place into the 1950s.[7]

The Shakers of Groveland

The only Shaker colony in western New York moved from Sodus, New York to the hamlet of Sonyea in Groveland in 1837. The Shakers practiced celibacy, agrarian communal living, and self-sufficiency. The fertile flatlands and the Genesee Valley Canal benefited the Shakers’ cottage industries, but by 1892 the diminished membership merged with the Shaker community at Watervliet, New York. The land was sold to the State of New York for the Craig Colony for Epileptics.

Civil War Regiments

Three Civil War regiments were organized in Livingston County. The 104th New York Volunteer Infantry or ‘Wadsworth Guards’, named in honor of Gen. James S. Wadsworth, formed September 1861 at Geneseo. The camp was located at the head of North Street in the village and known as Camp Union. The two other regiments were organized at Portage near present-day Letchworth State Park. In 1862, the 130th Infantry regiment formed and later converted to a cavalry unit known as the 1st New York Dragoons. The same year the 136th Infantry Regiment, also known as the ‘Ironclads’, was organized.

The Caledonia Fish Hatchery

Rochester native Seth Green’s groundbreaking experiments in artificial fish propagation led to the establishment of the first fish hatchery in the western hemisphere in Caledonia in 1864. The hatchery is managed by the Department of Conservation and has remained active into the 21st century. 

Genesee Valley Hunt

The Livingston County Hunt was established in 1876 by Maj. William Austin Wadsworth. By the early 1880s, the organization was called the Genesee Valley Hunt and the Valley became known as the fox-hunting center of North America. The Genesee Valley Hunt remains active and is one of the oldest in the U.S.

Salt mining

Salt was discovered more than 1000 feet below the surface in Livingston County in the early 1880s. Salt mines opened in the towns of Leicester (Cuylerville), Livonia, Mount Morris, and York (Retsof). The Retsof mine became the largest salt-producing mine in the United States and the second largest in the world.[8] The industry was a major employer throughout most of the 20th century until the mine collapsed and flooded in 1994.[9] American Rock Salt opened a new mine in 1997 at Hampton Corners in the Town of Groveland and soon afterwards became the largest operating salt mine in the U.S.[10]

Murray Hill, Mt. Morris

Once the terrestrial lands of the Seneca Indians, a wide area in Western New York known as the Mt. Morris Tract was purchased in 1807 by four couples – Mr. and Mrs. John R. Murray Sr., Mr. and Mrs. William Ogden, Mr. and Mrs. John Trumbull, all of New York City, and Mr. and Mrs. James Wadsworth of Geneseo.

In 1837, the land was subdivided and John R. Murray, Jr. established a home on the property that would be known as “Murray Hill.” He brought his bride, Anna Vernon Olyphant of New York City, to live in a simple but elegant mansion overlooking the Genesee Valley. The couple improved the grounds with formal gardens and fish ponds and entertained distinguished guests for the next 25 years.

Over the course of the next seven decades, the estate had a succession of proprietors. In 1882, while under the ownership of Col. Charles Shepard and wife, a fire completely destroyed the Murray mansion. A new, less magnificent home was built together with extensive barns and stables.

By 1930, New York State was seeking a site in the area for one of three new tuberculosis sanatoriums to help control and prevent a disease that was the cause of nearly 4000 deaths in upstate New York that year. Although Livingston County had a low rate of tuberculosis as compared to urban centers, the Murray Hill site was chosen as the ideal spot for this facility to serve the western region due to its central location, favorable weather, easy accessibility to rail lines and state roads, and proximity to advanced healthcare centers at Craig Colony in Sonyea and Strong Hospital in Rochester. All of these factors, including the restorative nature of the surroundings and the strong community support, added to the desirability and were pivotal factors in Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt’s final decision to build a hospital on this site in 1932.

Construction of the 200-bed facility was completed and it opened in 1936. In addition, the campus complex included residences for staff and physicians, an auditorium, greenhouse, power plant and laundry. A separate children’s 50-bed ward was constructed and opened the following year. Over the course of the next 35 years, the tuberculosis hospital served patients who often spent several months recuperating. Preventative efforts and advances in the use of antibiotics impacted the spread of tuberculosis and resulted in the closing of the hospital by the state in 1971.

Livingston County acquired the site and bordering park lands for $1.00 in 1972, utilizing the main hospital building as a skilled nursing facility until 2004 when it was determined that a more modern facility was required. The adjacent Center for Nursing and Rehabilitation was built to accommodate the growing needs of the area and the other buildings on the campus now house various county departments and agencies.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 640 square miles (1,700 km2), of which 632 square miles (1,640 km2) is land and 8.5 square miles (22 km2) (1.3%) is water.[11]

Livingston County is located in the Finger Lakes region, south of Rochester and east of Buffalo.

Letchworth State Park in partly in the western part of the county. The Genesee River flows northward through the county.

The Rochester and Southern Railroad (RSR) traverses the county from Greigsville south through Mount Morris to Dansville.

Adjacent counties

Major highways

Government and politics

Presidential Elections Results[12]
Year Republican Democratic Third Parties
2016 57.6% 17,290 35.6% 10,697 6.8% 2,044
2012 54.0% 14,448 43.7% 11,705 2.3% 617
2008 53.2% 16,030 45.3% 13,655 1.5% 464
2004 59.2% 17,729 38.4% 11,504 2.4% 715
2000 56.0% 15,244 38.5% 10,476 5.5% 1,503
1996 43.7% 10,981 43.2% 10,868 13.1% 3,289
1992 45.2% 12,122 32.3% 8,648 22.5% 6,044
1988 59.1% 14,004 40.1% 9,506 0.8% 187
1984 68.6% 16,389 31.0% 7,399 0.4% 104
1980 49.9% 11,193 40.2% 9,030 9.9% 2,231
1976 59.0% 14,044 40.4% 9,629 0.6% 146
1972 69.1% 15,886 30.6% 7,031 0.3% 63
1968 59.8% 11,659 35.8% 6,989 4.4% 865
1964 34.5% 7,120 65.4% 13,481 0.1% 18
1960 63.8% 13,681 36.2% 7,765 0.0% 8
1956 75.7% 15,523 24.3% 4,989 0.0% 0
1952 71.4% 14,760 28.5% 5,901 0.1% 19
1948 62.6% 11,310 35.5% 6,409 1.9% 343
1944 64.0% 11,383 35.7% 6,351 0.2% 41
1940 66.2% 12,629 33.5% 6,397 0.3% 58
1936 65.2% 12,353 32.1% 6,088 2.7% 512
1932 62.1% 11,114 36.5% 6,529 1.4% 245
1928 64.1% 11,632 30.5% 5,545 5.4% 983
1924 69.6% 10,472 24.4% 3,676 6.0% 907
1920 68.8% 9,488 25.9% 3,571 5.3% 724
1916 57.7% 5,211 39.9% 3,608 2.4% 219
1912 41.5% 3,726 35.7% 3,203 22.8% 2,044
1908 59.7% 5,700 37.4% 3,567 2.9% 275
1904 61.5% 5,884 34.0% 3,252 4.6% 438
1900 56.7% 5,608 39.2% 3,877 4.1% 402
1896 55.2% 5,461 41.4% 4,101 3.4% 334
1892 52.1% 4,886 39.2% 3,672 8.7% 815
1888 54.8% 5,584 39.9% 4,067 5.3% 538
1884 53.4% 5,191 41.5% 4,039 5.1% 493

Livingston County is governed by a 17–member legislature headed by a chairman.

Representation at other levels of government

Office District Area of the county Officeholder Party First took office Residence
Congressman New York's 27th congressional district All[13] Christopher C. Collins Republican 2013 Clarence, Erie County
State Senator 57th State Senate District Conesus, Livonia, Mount Morris, North Dansville, Nunda, Ossian, Sparta, Springwater[14] Catharine M. Young Republican 2005 Olean, Cattaraugus County
State Senator 59th State Senate District Avon, Caledonia, Geneseo, Groveland, Leicester, Lima, West Sparta, York[15] Patrick M. Gallivan Republican 2011 Elma, Erie County
State Assemblyman 133rd State Assembly District All except Leicester and York[16] Vacant
State Assemblyman 139th State Assembly District Leicester and York[17] Stephen M. Hawley Republican 2006 Batavia, Genesee County

Livingston County is part of:

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
183027,729—
184035,14026.7%
185040,87516.3%
186039,546−3.3%
187039,309−0.6%
188039,5620.6%
189037,801−4.5%
190037,059−2.0%
191038,0372.6%
192036,830−3.2%
193037,5602.0%
194038,5102.5%
195040,2574.5%
196044,0539.4%
197054,04122.7%
198057,0065.5%
199062,3729.4%
200064,3283.1%
201065,3931.7%
Est. 201664,257[18]−1.7%
U.S. Decennial Census[19]
1790-1960[20] 1900-1990[21]
1990-2000[22] 2010-2013[1]

As of the census[23] of 2000, there were 64,328 people, 22,150 households, and 15,349 families residing in the county. The population density was 102 people per square mile (39/km²). There were 24,023 housing units at an average density of 38 per square mile (15/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 94.04% White, 3.01% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.76% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.85% from other races, and 1.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.27% of the population. 22.5% were of German, 17.7% Irish, 14.3% Italian, 12.8% English and 7.0% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 95.8% spoke English and 2.0% Spanish as their first language.

There were 22,150 households out of which 34.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.80% were married couples living together, 10.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.70% were non-families. 23.10% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the county, the population was spread out with 23.40% under the age of 18, 14.20% from 18 to 24, 28.90% from 25 to 44, 22.10% from 45 to 64, and 11.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 100.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.00 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $42,066, and the median income for a family was $50,513. Males had a median income of $36,599 versus $25,228 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,062. About 5.80% of families and 10.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.70% of those under age 18 and 6.50% of those age 65 or over.

Communities

Towns

Villages

Census-designated places

Hamlet

Notable people

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2013.
  2. ↑ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  3. ↑ Alden, Amie (2006). The Sullivan Campaign of the Revolutionary War: the Impact on Livingston County, New York, 1779-2004. Pioneer Print and Copy.
  4. 1 2 Smith, James M. (1881). History of Livingston County, New York 1687-1881. D. Mason and Co.
  5. ↑ Turner, Orsamus (1851). History of the Pioneer Settlement of Phelps and Gorham's Purchase, and Morris' Reserve. Erastus Darrow.
  6. ↑ Preston, Marie C. (1976). Avon: Heart of the Genesee Country. Avon Herald-News Inc.
  7. ↑ Jackson, Ted (2010). The Castles on the Hill. Dansville Area Historical Society.
  8. ↑ Goodman, et. al., William M. (September 5, 2009). "The History of Room-and=Pillar Salt Mines in New York State". Beijing 9th World Salt Symposium.
  9. ↑ Mills, Steve (March 20, 1994). "Mine collapse fractures a county". Rochester Democrat and Chronicle.
  10. ↑ "American Rock Salt". Retrieved June 8, 2017.
  11. ↑ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on May 19, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
  12. ↑ http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS
  13. ↑ W, Eric (2012-04-02). "Congressional District 27" (PDF). View 2012 Congressional Maps. Albany, New York: The New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  14. ↑ W, Eric (2012-03-02). "Senate District 57" (PDF). View 2012 Senate District Maps. Albany, New York: The New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
  15. ↑ W, Eric (2012-03-02). "Senate District 59" (PDF). View 2012 Senate District Maps. Albany, New York: The New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
  16. ↑ W, Eric (2012-01-25). "Assembly District 133" (PDF). View Proposed 2012 Assembly District Maps. Albany, New York: The New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
  17. ↑ W, Eric (2012-01-25). "Assembly District 139" (PDF). View Proposed 2012 Assembly District Maps. Albany, New York: The New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  18. ↑ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  19. ↑ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
  20. ↑ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
  21. ↑ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
  22. ↑ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
  23. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  24. ↑ "Cassius McDonald Barnes". Find A Grave. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
  25. ↑ Bragdon, Claude (1938). More Lives Than One. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 7.
  26. ↑ Doty, Lockwood Lyon (1876). A History of Livingston County, New York. Geneseo: Edward L. Doty. p. 676.
  27. ↑ "Clinton Bowen Fisk". Find A Grave. Retrieved May 11, 2015.
  28. ↑ Seaver, James E. (1856). Narrative of the Life of Mary Jemison. New York, Miller, Orton & Mulligan.
  29. ↑ "George Duryea / Tom Keene / Richard Powers". Retrieved June 8, 2017.
  30. ↑ 'Wisconsin Blue Book 1901,' Biographical Sketch of Henry Irwin Weed, pg. 734-735

Coordinates: 42°44′N 77°46′W / 42.73°N 77.77°W / 42.73; -77.77

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