List of wave power projects

This article contains a list of proposed and prototype wave power devices.

List

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Albatern WaveNET Albatern Scotland, UK Multi Point Absorber array Offshore Hydraulic / electric / DC 2010 Albatern are working with their third iteration devices with a 14-week deployment on a Scottish fishfarm site in 2014,[1] and a 6 unit array deployment for full characterisation at Kishorn Port in 2015.[2] Initially working with smaller devices and arrays, the company is targeting off grid markets where diesel generation is presently used in offshore fish farms, coastal communities and long endurance scientific platforms. Demonstration projects are under development for fishfarm sites and an island community.[3]
Anaconda Wave Energy Converter Checkmate SeaEnergy.[25] UK Surface-following attenuator Offshore Hydroelectric turbine 2008 In the early stages of development, the device is a 200 metres (660 ft) long rubber tube which is tethered underwater. Passing waves will instigate a wave inside the tube, which will then propagates down its walls, driving a turbine at the far end.[4][5]
AquaBuOY Finavera Wind Energy, later SSE Renewables Limited Ireland-Canada-Scotland Buoy Offshore Hydroelectric turbine 2003 In 2009 Finavera Renewables surrendered its wave energy permits from FERC.[27] In July 2010 Finavera announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement to sell all assets and intellectual property related to the AquaBuOY wave energy technology.[6][7][8][9]
Atmocean Atmocean Inc. USA Point Absorber array Nearshore & offshore Pump-to-shore 2006 The Atmocean array consists of 15, 3m diameter surface buoys. Instead of direct seafloor connections, the entire array is anchored at 6 points. Each buoy uses passing waves to pump seawater into the system and send it onshore where it goes directly into an R/O desalination process without the need for an external energy source. Advantages of smaller modular system include using standard shipping containers and small boat operations. Two full scale trials were deployed off the coast of Ilo Perú in 2015. Additional are set for 2017.[10]
Single Atmocean pump being deployed in Ilo, Perú (2015)
AWS-iii AWS Ocean Energy UK (Scotland) Surface-following attenuator? Offshore Air turbine 2010 The AWS-III is a floating toroidal vessel. It has rubber membranes on the outer faces which deform as waves pass, moving air inside chambers which in turn drive air-turbines to generate electricity. AWS Ocean tested a 1/9 scale model in Loch Ness in 2010, and are now working on a full sized version which will be 60m across and should generate 2.5 MW. It is envisage these will be installed in offshore farms moored in around 100m depth of water.[11][12][13][14]
CCell Zyba Renewables United Kingdom Oscillating wave surge converter Nearshore & offshore Hydraulic 2015 CCell is a directional WEC consisting of a curved flap operating mainly in the surge direction of wave propagation. Being curved gives the device two advantages over flat paddle oscillating wave surge converters: the energy is dissipated over a long arc reducing the wave height, and the shape cuts through the waves which reduces turbulence on the boundaries. In addition, unlike other oscillating wave surge converters, the latest version of CCell is designed to float just under the water surface, maximising the available wave energy. The developers claim this makes CCell the world's most efficient wave energy device.[15]
CETO Wave Power Carnegie Australia Buoy Offshore Pump-to-shore 1999 As of 2008, the device is being tested off Fremantle, Western Australia,[35] the device consists of a single piston pump attached to the sea floor with a float (buoy) tethered to the piston. Waves cause the float to rise and fall, generating pressurized water, which is piped to an onshore facility to drive hydraulic generators or run reverse osmosis water desalination.[16][17]
Crestwing Crestwing ApS Denmark Surface-following attenuator Offshore Mechanical 2011 The device consists of two floats connected by a hinge. It uses atmospheric pressure acting on its large area to stick to the ocean surface. This allows it to follow the waves. Motion of the two floats relative to each other is transferred to electricity by a mechanical power take-off system. As of 2014, there is a 1:5 scale prototype that has been tested in the sea near Frederikshavn.[18]
Cycloidal Wave Energy Converter Atargis Energy Corporation USA Fully Submerged Wave Termination Device Offshore Direct Drive Generator 2006 In the tank testing stage of development, the device is a 20 metres (66 ft) diameter fully submerged rotor with two hydrofoils. Numerical studies have shown greater than 99% wave power termination capabilities.[19] These were confirmed by experiments in a small 2D wave flume[20] as well as a large offshore wave basin.
FlanSea (Flanders Electricity from the Sea) FlanSea Belgium Buoy Offshore Hydroelectric turbine 2010 A point absorber buoy developed for use in the southern North Sea conditions.[31][32][33] It works by means of a cable that due to the bobbing effect of the buoy, generates electricity.[21][22][23]
Islay LIMPET Islay LIMPET Scotland oscillating water column Onshore Air turbine 1991 500 kW shoreline device uses an oscillating water column to drive air in and out of a pressure chamber through a Wells turbine.[24][25][26]
Lysekil Project Uppsala University Sweden Buoy Offshore Linear generator 2002 Direct driven linear generator placed on the seabed, connected to a buoy at the surface via a line. The movements of the buoy will drive the translator in the generator.[27][28]
Ocean Grazer University of Groningen The Netherlands Buoy Offshore hydraulic multi-piston pump 2011 Wave energy is captured with multiple hydraulic pistons placed on a floater. Main advantages it has over other systems is that it adapts itself to any wave, and thus has very high efficiency (70%).[29]
Oceanlinx Oceanlinx Australia OWC Nearshore & Offshore air turbine 1997 Wave energy is captured with an Oscillating Water Column and electricity is generated by air flowing through a turbine. The third medium scale demonstration unit near Port Kembla, NSW, Australia, a medium scale system that was grid connected in early 2010.[30]

In May 2010, the wave energy generator snapped from its mooring lines in extreme seas and sank on Port Kembla's eastern breakwater.[31]

A full scale commercial nearshore unit, greenWAVE, with a capacity of 1MW will be installed off Port MacDonnell in South Australia before the end of 2013.[32]

Oceanus 2 Seatricity Ltd UK Buoy Nearshore and Offshore Pump-to-shore 2007 The Oceanus 2 device is the first and only device yet to have been deployed and tested at the UK's WaveHub test site as a full-scale prototype (2014-2016). The 3rd generation device consists of a single piston patented pump mounted on a gimbal and supported by an aluminium 12m diameter buoy/float. The pump is then tethered to the seabed. Vertical wave motion is used to pump seawater to hydraulic pressures which is then piped to an onshore facility to drive hydraulic generators or run reverse osmosis water desalination. Multiple devices deployed in arrays provide modularity, resilience and redundancy.
OE buoy Ocean Energy Ireland Buoy Offshore Air turbine 2006 In September 2009 completed a 2-year sea trial in one quarter scale form. The OE buoy has only one moving part.[33]
OWEL Ocean Wave Energy Ltd UK Wave Surge Converter Offshore Air turbine 2013 The surging motion of long period waves compresses air in a tapered duct which is then used to drive an air turbine mounted on top of the floating vessel.[34] The design of a full scale demonstration project was completed in Spring 2013, ready for fabrication.[35]
Oyster wave energy converter Aquamarine Power UK (Scots-Irish) Oscillating wave surge converter Nearshore Pump-to-shore (hydro-electric turbine) 2005 A hinged mechanical flap attached to the seabed captures the energy of nearshore waves. It drives hydraulic pistons to deliver high pressure water to an onshore turbine which generates electricity. In November 2009, the first full-scale demonstrator Oyster began producing power at the European Marine Energy Centre's wave test site at Billia Croo in Orkney. In 2015, Aquamarine entered administration.[36]
Pelamis Wave Energy Converter Pelamis Wave Power UK (Scottish) Surface-following attenuator Offshore Hydraulic 1998 As waves pass along a series of semi-submerged cylindrical sections linked by hinged joints, the sections move relative to one another. This motion activates hydraulic cylinders which pump high pressure oil through hydraulic motors which drive electrical generators.[37] The first working Pelamis machine was installed in 2004 at the European Marine Energy Center (EMEC) in Orkney. Here, it became the world's first offshore wave energy device to generate electricity into a national grid anywhere in the world.[38] The later P2, owned by E.ON, started grid connected tests off Orkney in 2010.[39] The company went into administration in November 2014[40] and the device is no longer being developed.
Agucadoura Wave Farm in Portugal, first commercial application of the Pelamis design (2008)
Penguin Wello Oy Finland Rotating mass Offshore Direct Conversion 2008 First 0.5 MW device deployed at EMEC test site in Summer 2012.[41] The unit has been modified and has been reinstalled early 2017 at Billia Croo as part of the Horizon 2020 funded Clean Energy From Ocean Waves (CEFOW) research project.[42] CEFOW is a 5-year project, targeting to deploy 3 MW (three 1 MW units) Penguin wave energy converters in real world offshore conditions in a grid-connected testing environment. The project is coordinated by utility company Fortum.
Wello penguin deployed at Orkney waters 2014.
PowerBuoy Ocean Power Technologies US Buoy Offshore Hydroelectric turbine 1997 The Pacific Northwest Generating Cooperative is funding construction of a commercial wave-power park at Reedsport, Oregon using buoys.[43] The rise and fall of the waves moves a rack and pinion within the buoy and spins a generator.[44] The electricity is transmitted by a submerged transmission line. The buoys are designed to be installed one to five miles (8 km) offshore in water 100 to 200 feet (60 m) deep.[45]
PB150 PowerBuoy with peak-rated power output of 150 kW
R38/50 kW, R115/150 kW 40South Energy UK Underwater attenuator Offshore Electrical conversion 2010 These machines work by extracting energy from the relative motion between one Upper Member and one Lower Member, following an innovative method which earned the company one UKTI Research & Development Award in 2011.[46] A first generation full-scale prototype for this solution was tested offshore in 2010,[47][48] and a second generation full-scale prototype was tested offshore during 2011.[49] In 2012 the first units were sold to clients in various countries, for delivery within the year.[50][51] The first reduced scale prototypes were tested offshore during 2007, but the company decided to remain in a "stealth mode" until May 2010[52] and is now recognized as one of the technological innovators in the sector.[53] The company initially considered installing at Wave Hub in 2012,[54] but that project is on hold for now. The R38/50 kW is rated at 50 kW while the R115/150 kW is rated at 150 kW.
Sea Power (company) Seapower Ltd. Ireland Surface-following attenuator Offshore or Nearshore RO Plant or Direct Drive 2008 Sea Power carry out ongoing tank testing and development. Currently reducing LCOE targets further.][55][56]|
SDE Sea Waves Power Plant SDE Energy Ltd. Israel Buoy Nearshore Hydraulic ram 2010 A breakwater-based wave machine, this device is close to the shore and utilizes the vertical pumping motion of the buoys for operating hydraulic rams, thereby powering generators. One version ran from 2008 to 2010, at peak producing 40KWh.[57]
Seabased Seabased AB. Sweden Buoy Offshore Linear generator on seabed 2015 Seabased Industry AB in cooperation with Fortum and the Swedish Energy Agency is developing its first wave power park, northwest of Smögen on the Swedish West coast. The first phase of the wave power park was deployed during the week commencing 23 March 2015 and comprises 36 wave energy converters and one substation.r.[55][58]
SeaRaser Alvin Smith (Dartmouth Wave Energy)\Ecotricity UK Buoy Nearshore Hydraulic ram 2008 Consisting of a piston pump(s) attached to the sea floor with a float (buoy) tethered to the piston. Waves cause the float to rise and fall, generating pressurized water, which is piped to resoviors onshore which then drive hydraulic generators.[59][60]

It is currently "undergoing extensive modelling ahead of a sea trial" [61]

SINN Power wave energy converter SINN Power GmbH | Wave Energy Germany Buoy Nearshore Linear generator 2014
SINN Power wave energy converter (single module) on Crete in August 2016
SINN Power wave energy converter (single module) on Crete in August 2016
The SINN Power WEC consists of a variable number of buoys which are attached to an inflexible steel frame. Electricity is generated when the up-and-down motion of the waves lifts the buoys. The floating bodies lift a rod that runs through a generator unit.[62]

Since 2015, SINN Power is testing a single wave energy converter module on the Greek island crete.[63] A floating wave energy converter will be deployed in 2018, market entry with single module WECs is planned for 2017.

SINN Power wave energy converter (floating WEC array)
SINN Power wave energy converter (floating WEC array)
Unnamed Ocean Wave-Powered Generator SRI International US Buoy Offshore Electroactive polymer artificial muscle 2004 A type of wave buoys, built using special polymers, is being developed by SRI International.[64][65]
Wavebob Wavebob Ireland Buoy Offshore Direct Drive Power Take off 1999 Wavebob have conducted some ocean trials, as well as extensive tank tests. It is an ocean-going heaving buoy, with a submerged tank which captures additional mass of seawater for added power and tunability, and as a safety feature (Tank "Venting")
WaveEL Waves4Power Sweden Buoy Offshore Hydroelectric turbine 2010 Waves4Power is a developer of buoy based OWEC (Offshore Wave Energy Converter) systems. There are plans to install a demonstration plant in 2015 at Runde test site (Norway). This will be connected via subsea cable to the shore based power grid.[66][67]
Wavepiston Wavepiston ApS Denmark Oscillating wave surge converter Nearshore Pump-to-shore (hydro-electric turbine) 2013 The idea behind this concept is to reduce the mooring means for wave energy structures. Wavepiston systems use vertical plates to exploit the horizontal movement in ocean waves. By attaching several plates in parallel on a single structure the forces applied on the structure by the plates will tend to neutralize each other. This neutralization reduces the required mooring means. “Force cancellation” is the term used by the inventors of the technology to describe the neutralization of forces. Test and numerical models prove that force cancellation reduces the means for mooring and structure to 1/10. The structure is a steel wire stretched between two mooring points. The wire is a strong and flexible structure well suited for off shore use. The mooring is slack mooring. When the vertical plates move back and forth they produce pressurized water. The pressurized water is transported to a turbine through PE pipes. A central turbine station then converts it to electric power. Calculations on the current design show capital cost of EUR 0,89 per installed watt.
Wave Dragon Erik Friis-Madsen Denmark Overtopping device Offshore Hydroelectric turbine 2003 With the Wave Dragon wave energy converter large wing reflectors focus waves up a ramp into an offshore reservoir. The water returns to the ocean by the force of gravity via hydroelectric generators.
Wave Dragon seen from reflector, prototype 1:4½
WaveRoller AW-Energy Oy Finland Oscillating wave surge converter Nearshore Hydraulic 1994 The WaveRoller is a plate anchored on the sea bottom by its lower part. The back and forth movement of surge moves the plate. The kinetic energy transferred to this plate is collected by a piston pump. Full-scale demonstration project built off Portugal in 2009.[68][69]
WaveRoller farm installation in Peniche, Portugal. August 2012
Waveplane Denmark Overtopping device Offshore Scrapped in 2012[70]
Wave Star Wave Star A/S Denmark Multi-point absorber Offshore Hydroelectric turbine 2000 The Wavestar machine draws energy from wave power with floats that rise and fall with the up and down motion of waves. The floats are attached by arms to a platform that stands on legs secured to the sea floor. The motion of the floats is transferred via hydraulics into the rotation of a generator, producing electricity. Wave Star has been testing a 1:10 machine since 2005 in Nissum Bredning, Denmark, it was taken out of duty in November 2011. A 1:2 Wave Star machine is in place in Hanstholm which has produced electricity to the grid since September 2009.[71] Scrapped in 2016.[72]
Wave Star machine in Hanstholm.

References

  1. ↑ http://www.road-to-the-isles.org.uk/westword/june2014.html
  2. ↑ http://www.all-energy.co.uk/__novadocuments/85626?v=635664129104400000
  3. ↑ Company website: www.albatern.co.uk
  4. ↑ Anaconda WEC. Science Daily (July 7, 2008).
  5. ↑ Article about Anaconda on. Physics.org.
  6. ↑ Sustainable Business.com Finavera Renewables To Sell Ocean Energy Division. Sustainablebusiness.com.
  7. ↑ Stock Markets Review Finavera Renewables To Sell Finavera Renewables Ocean Energy – Quick Facts. Stockmarketsreview.com (July 2, 2010).
  8. ↑ Announcement of definitive agreement for sale of Finavera Ocean Energy Limited
  9. ↑ "Finavera To Surrender Wave Energy Permits"
  10. ↑ "Atmocean Technology". https://atmocean.com. Retrieved 2016-07-15. External link in |website= (help)
  11. ↑ "Wave device tested on Loch Ness". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  12. ↑ "Cromarty Firth test for Jumbo wings-sized wave device". BBC News. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  13. ↑ "AWS Ocean Energy - AWS-III The story so far…". AWS Ocean. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  14. ↑ "AWS Technology". AWS Ocean. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  15. ↑ "CCell website". Retrieved 2015-08-07.
  16. ↑ "CETO Overview". carnegiecorp.com.au. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
  17. ↑ Stephen Cauchi (October 5, 2008). "New wave of power in renewable energy market". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
  18. ↑ "Crestwing - Oceans of energy".
  19. ↑ Applied Ocean Research: Deep ocean wave energy conversion using a cycloidal turbine (April, 2011).
  20. ↑ Applied Ocean Research: Experimental wave termination in a 2D wave tunnel using a cycloidal wave energy converter (April, 2012)
  21. ↑ FlanSea "optimal for use in southern North Sea". Vliz.be.
  22. ↑ Image of FlanSea. Kw.rnews.be (December 1, 2010).
  23. ↑ FlanSea project page. Deme.be (December 1, 2010).
  24. ↑ "How it works: Wave power station". BBC News. November 20, 2000.
  25. ↑ Seenan, Gerard (September 14, 2000). "Islay pioneers harnessing of wave power". The Guardian. London.
  26. ↑ International Water Power and Dam Construction. Waterpowermagazine.com (January 16, 2008).
  27. ↑ Leijon, Mats et. al (April 9, 2008). "Wave Energy from the North Sea: Experiences from the lysekil Research site" (PDF). Retrieved June 24, 2009.
  28. ↑ Leijon, Mats et. al (January–February 2009). "Catch the Wave to Electricity". IEEE Power & Energy Magazine. 7 (1): 50–54. doi:10.1109/MPE.2008.930658. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
  29. ↑ Ocean Grazer website
  30. ↑ Adee, Sally (October 21, 2009). "This Renewable Energy Source Is Swell". IEEE Spectrum Inside Technology. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
  31. ↑ "Oceanlinx told to clean-up [sic] sunken energy generator". ABC News. May 25, 2010. Retrieved 2012-08-28.
  32. ↑ "Oceanlinx 1MW Commercial Wave Energy Demonstrator". ARENA. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  33. ↑ Ocean Energy press release. Oceanenergy.ie.
  34. ↑ "The Technology". Ocean Wave Energy Ltd. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  35. ↑ "Completion of OWEL Marine Demonstrator design". 5 May 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  36. ↑ Heather Clancy (December 30, 2009). "Wave energy's new pearl: University begins testing Oyster tech off Scottish coast". ZDNet. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
  37. ↑ Jenny Haworth (September 24, 2008). "If Portugal can rule the waves, why not Scotland?". The Scotsman. Edinburgh. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  38. ↑ "Update on EMEC activities, resource description, and characterisation of wave-induced velocities in a tidal flow" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-12-03.
  39. ↑ "Making Waves". Scottish Government. Retrieved 2011-04-07.
  40. ↑ "Wave power firm Pelamis calls in administrators". BBC News. 21 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  41. ↑ "Wello Oy: EMEC". EMEC Wave Clients. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  42. ↑ "CEFOW News". Horizon 2020 Projects. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  43. ↑ "Agreement to Develop Wave Power Park in Oregon". renewableeneregyaccess.com. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
  44. ↑ Johnson, Kirk (September 3, 2012). "Project Aims to Harness the Power of Waves". New York Times. Retrieved 2012-09-03.
  45. ↑ "Reedsport OPT Wave Park FERC Project No. 12713 Application for a Major License". Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
  46. ↑ "40South Energy assigned the 2011 UKTI Italy Research & Development Award". February 3, 2011.
  47. ↑ "40South Energy installs at sea the D100t full scale prototype". August 12, 2010.
  48. ↑ Theone Wilson (2011). "High achiever, Energy Engineering Magazine, Issue 33, page 51".
  49. ↑ "40South Energy puts in operation the Y25t full scale prototype". August 12, 2010.
  50. ↑ "Real deal shapes up in Italy for 40South Energy, reNews, Issue 224, page 3". September 29, 2011.
  51. ↑ "40South Energy: preliminary agreement with two Italian developers for sale of machines, DECC REgional news: London".
  52. ↑ "Charging beneath the sea, Daily Telegraph Supplement, The Future of Energy" (PDF). October 2010.
  53. ↑ Joseph Hincks (2011). "Energy Handbook 2011" (PDF).
  54. ↑ "Italian wants front seat at Wave Hub, ReNews, Issue 195, page 2". July 1, 2010.
  55. 1 2 http://www.emec.org.uk/marine-energy/wave-developers/
  56. ↑ Sea Power Ltd Ireland – Company Website
  57. ↑ http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sde-has-finalized-the-construction-of-the-first-sea-wave-power-plant-in-jaffa-port-israel-99299954.html
  58. ↑ – Company Website
  59. ↑ Lewis Smith (November 17, 2008). "Searaser device in uphill battle for clean energy". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
  60. ↑ "Plans for sea energy device Searaser". BBC News. January 23, 2012.
  61. ↑ http://zerocarbonista.com/2012/12/04/monopoly-money/#more-3561
  62. ↑ "FAQ - SINN Power | Wave Energy". www.sinnpower.com/faq. SINN Power | Wave Energy. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
  63. ↑ "News - SINN Power | Wave Energy.". www.sinnpower.com. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
  64. ↑ "SRI Demonstrates Ocean Wave-Powered Generator off California Coast" (Press release). SRI International. 2008-08-12. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
  65. ↑ Carolyn Said (December 14, 2008). "Researchers wring energy out of ocean waves". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 9, 2010.
  66. ↑ Olsson, Maria. "Country Report: Sweden". Ocean Energy Systems. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  67. ↑ Tomasgard, Anne-Mari. "BELIEVES IN GJENNOMBROT FOR WAVE ENERGY". Herønytt. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  68. ↑ Susan Kraemer (November 3, 2009). "WaveRoller uses swinging door for underwater wave energy". Scientific American. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
  69. ↑ AW-Energy Oy. Aw-energy.com.
  70. ↑ "Bølgehøvl skrottet i Hanstholm efter to år". www.nordjyske.dk. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  71. ↑ Mats Renvall (November 27, 2011). "Danish WaveStfar Energy retires the company’s old test plant – and plans a ten-fold expansion of the full-scale wave power plant". Retrieved 2012-01-05.
  72. ↑ "Sidste dag for Wave Star i Hanstholm Havn". Retrieved 9 August 2016.
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