List of transport megaprojects

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

This is a list of transport megaprojects. Care should be taken in comparing the cost of projects from different times, even a few years apart due to inflation; comparing nominal costs without taking this into account can be highly misleading.

The size and scope of projects varies considerably; some projects are made up of a package of different infrastructure projects, while others may be single part of a larger network.

In order to limit the size and scope of this list, recent infrastructure that cost less than $1 billion is not listed; this is a common definition of a megaproject. However, historically significant projects may be listed. See also list of megaprojects.

Completed projects

Project Description Location Approximate cost (in billions USD) Start of construction Year of completion Image Notes
AVE - Spain's high-speed railway network High-speed railway Spain 44[1] 1992 2016 - continues expansion 40[1] billion euros
Red Line (Los Angeles Metro) Subway line Los Angeles, United States 4.5[2] 1986 2000
Colorado T-REX Project (TRansportation EXpansion) Highway & light rail upgrade Denver, Colorado 1.7[3] 2001 2006
Caracas-La Guaira highway Highway Greater Caracas, Venezuela 0.06[4][5] 1950 1953
Copenhagen metro phase 1-3 metro system Copenhagen, Denmark 1.47[6] 1996 2007 11,400,000,000 DKK
Jubilee Line Extension metro line London, United Kingdom 6.83 (2010USD)[7] 1993 1999 3.5 billion GBP
Saint Lawrence Seaway canal system St Lawrence River and North American Great Lakes 0.470[8] 1954 1959
First Transcontinental Railroad railroad Omaha, Nebraska to Sacramento, California 0.1[9] 1863 1869 $2.6bn today
Second Avenue Subway Subway Extension New York 4.5 [10] 2007 2016/2017
Panama Canal canal Panama 0.375[11] 1881 1914
Suez Canal canal Sinai Peninsula, Egypt 0.082[12] 1859 1869
Interstate Highway System network of limited-access roadways United States 114[13] 1956 1992[14][15] 425 billion in 2006 dollars[16]
Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Project 17 bridges connecting the islands of Honshū and Shikoku Japan 48[17] 1999 4 trillion Yen
Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway High-speed rail Eastern China, PRC (Beijing to Shanghai, via Tianjin and Nanjing) 33.1[18] 2008 2011 (RMB 220.9bn)
"Big Dig" Central Artery/Tunnel Project Road tunnel Boston, Massachusetts, United States 22[19] 1991 2007 14.6 billion USD
Wuhan–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway High-speed rail China 18.5[20] 2005 2009 (RMB 116.6bn)
Toei Ōedo Line Rapid Transit Tokyo, Japan 18.4[21] 2000 (¥1.400 billion)
Channel Tunnel Subsea railway tunnel Strait of Dover, English Channel 15.4[22] 1988 1994 (GBP9.5bn)
Adler–Krasnaya Polyana road and railway Freeway and railway Russia 9.4[23] 2014
Milan–Bologna high-speed railway High-speed rail Italy 9.1 2008 (€6.9 billion)
Egnatia Odos Freeway Northern Greece 8.4[24] 1994 2009 (€5.9bn)
High Speed 1 High-speed rail Southeast England, UK 8.4[25] 2007 (GBP5.2bn)
Bologna–Florence high-speed railway High-speed rail Italy 6.9 2009 (€5.2 billion)
Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge Road bridge San Francisco, California 6.4 2002 2013
Øresund Bridge Rail/road bridge/tunnel Denmark-Sweden 5.7[26] 1995 1999 (DKK30.1bn)
Akashi-Kaikyō Bridge Road bridge Kobe, Japan 5[27] 1988 1998
Lötschberg Base Tunnel Railway tunnel Swiss Alps, Switzerland 4.6 1999 2007 (CHF 4.3 billion)
Marina Coastal Expressway Highway Singapore 3.4[28][29] 2008 2013[30] (S$4.3 bn)
Clem Jones Tunnel Road tunnel Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 3.4[31] 2006 2010 (AUD3.2bn)
Beijing–Tianjin Intercity Railway High-speed rail Beijing, China[32] 3.2 2005 2008 (RMB 20.42bn)
Marmaray Tunnel Subsea railway tunnel Istanbul, Turkey 3 2004 2013
Budapest Metro Line 4 Rapid Transit line Budapest, Hungary 2.1[33][34] 2004 2014 (HUF 452bn)
Jiaozhou Bay Bridge bridge Shangdong, China 1.5[35] 2007 2011
Freeway Durango-Mazatlán and Baluarte Bridge Freeway and road bridge Durango-Sinaloa, Mexico 1.46[36][37] 2008 2012
Incheon Bridge bridge South Korea 1.4 2005 2009 (KRW 1.25tn)
Shanghai Maglev Train Maglev Shanghai, China 1.33 2001 2004 (RMB 10bn)
Vasco da Gama Bridge Road bridge Lisbon, Portugal 1.3[38] 1995 1998 (€897m / 180bn PTE)
Blanka tunnel complex Road tunnel Prague, Czech Republic 1.75[39] 2006 2015
Gotthard Base Tunnel Railway tunnel Swiss Alps, Switzerland 10.6[40] 1996 2016 (CHF 9.74 billion)
World Trade Center Transportation Hub Transit center and retail New York City, New York, USA 3.9[41] 2006 2016
Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge bridge Istanbul, Turkey 2[42] 2013 2016
German Unification Transport Project (Verkehrsprojekt Deutsche Einheit) Transport project to achieve the German Unity Germany 42[43] 1991 2016 – continues expansion until 2020
Bay Area Rapid Transit Rapid transit system San Francisco Bay Area 1.586[44] 1964 1976 - continues expansion $9.081 billion adjusted for inflation

Under construction

Project Description Location Approximate cost (in billions of USD) Construction start year Projected year of completion Image Notes
Lagos-Kano Standard Gauge Railway (under construction, phase 1 completed) Railway From Lagos, Lagos to Kano, Kano State in Nigera 8.3[45] 2011 2018 (phase 2)
Lagos-Calabar Railway Railway From Lagos, Lagos to Calabar, Cross River 11.9[46] 2018 (expected) TBA
Abuja Light Rail (phase 1 nearing completion)[47] Light Rail, Commuter Rail Abuja, FCT, Nigeria 2.7[48][49] 2007 2017 (phase 1)[50]
Lagos Rail Mass Transit (phase 1 nearing completion) Rapid Transit, Commuter Rail Lagos, Lagos State, Nigera 3.6[51][52] 2009 2017 (blue line)
Badagry Deep Sea Port (under construction) seaport Badagry, Lagos State, Nigeria 2.3[53] 2016 2018 (phase 1)[54]
Fourth Mainland Bridge Bridge Across the lagoon to connect Ikorodu and Lekki cities of Lagos State 4.2[55] 2018 (expected) TBA
Lekki Port (under construction) Seaport Lekki, Lagos State, Nigeria 1.6[56] 2015 2018 (phase 1)
Honolulu Rail Transit (under construction) Railway Oahu, Hawaii 10 2011 2022
New Tappan Zee Bridge (under construction) Bridge Replacement South Nyack to Tarrytown New York, USA 3.9 2013 2018
California High-Speed Rail

(under construction)

 High-speed railway California 64.2[57] 2015 2030
Locations of planned California High-Speed Rail route and stations. Phase I: blue; Phase II: gold. (The separate XpressWest system is shown in cyan.) Route is approximate in some places.
China Pakistan Economic Corridor

(under construction)

 Economic corridor Gwadar, Pakistan to Kashgar, China 46 2015 2020 (expected)
Barcelona Metro line 9

(under construction)

 Rapid transit line Barcelona, Spain 26.3[58][59] 2009 2020 (expected) (€19bn)
Crossrail

(under construction)

 Commuter railway South East England, United Kingdom 25.8[60] 2009 2018 (expected) (GBP15.9bn)
Second Avenue Subway Phase 2

(under construction)

 Rapid transit line New York City, New York, United States 6[61] TBA 2026 Phase 2 (expected)
Klang Valley MRT Line 1 (Under Construction) Rapid Transit Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 11.7[62] 2012 2017 (expected) (MYR36B)
Orange Line (Lahore Metro) (Under Construction) Rapid Transit Lahore, Pakistan 1.6 2015 2018 (expected)
Karachi-Lahore Motorway

(under construction)

 Motorway Pakistan 11.5 2015 2018 (expected)
Thameslink Programme

(under construction)

 Commuter rail upgrade Southeast England, UK 8.9-9.7[63] 2009 2018 (expected) (GBP5.5-6.0bn)
NHDP

(under construction, partially completed)

 Highway upgrade India 71[64] 2000 Ongoing-Completion date unknown
NH 47 between Coimbatore and Salem in Tamil Nadu, India.
 (INR 4.5 trillion)
Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link Hong Kong Section

(under construction)

 High-speed rail Guangdong, China—Hong Kong 10.1[65][66] 2010 2018 (expected)
WestConnex Road tunnel Sydney, Australia 11.3 ($15 billion AUD) 2015 Stage 1 & 2- 2019 (expected)

Stage 3- 2023 (expected)
Fastracks Light Rail, Commuter Rail Denver, Colorado 6.5[67] 2006 2016 (expected)
City Rail Link Commuter Rail Auckland, New Zealand 2.4[68] 2015 2020-21

(expected)

 (NZD$3.5bn)
Eglinton Crosstown Rapid transit Toronto, Ontario, Canada 5.230[69] 2010 2020-23 (expected)
Noord/Zuidlijn Rapid transit line Amsterdam, Netherlands 4.4[70] 2002 2017 (expected)
The beginning of the bored tunnels under the Damrak, 2011
 (€3.1bn)
Bar-Boljare highway Highway Montenegro 3.7[71][72] 2015[73] 2019 (2.77 billion €)
Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel Road Tunnel Seattle, Washington, United States 3.1[74] early 2018[75]
Grand Paris Express Automated rapid transit Paris, Ile de France, France 27 2014 from 2020 to 2030 4 new lines, 200 km, 72 new stations
Scarborough Subway Extension Rapid transit Toronto, Ontario, Canada 2.6 2018 (expected) 2023 (expected) CA$3.4 billion[76]
Ohio River Bridges Project Road bridges and interchange reconfiguration Louisville metropolitan area, Kentucky and Indiana, United States 2.3[77] 2014 2024 (expected)
Ionia Odos Freeway Western Greece 1.8[78] 2016 (1.4 bn€)
Tehran-Shomal Freeway, 121 km Freeway Tehran and Mazandaran Province, Iran 1.7[79] 2017 (HUF 452bn)
Stuttgart 21 Railway & Urban Development Stuttgart, Germany 7.4 2010 2023 estimates up to 6.8 bn €
Birmingham Northern Beltline (I-422) Highway Birmingham, Alabama, United States 5.445 2014 2054 (expected)

Airport projects

Airport Location IATA Code Passengers (total) Year completed Cost (in US Dollars)
Abu Dhabi International Airport Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates AUH 20,000,000 1982 6.8 billion
Adolfo Suarez Madrid-Barajas International Airport Terminals 4 and 4S Madrid, Spain MAD 47,000,000 2006 8.7 billion
Al Maktoum International Airport Jebel Ali, UAE DWC 2010 32 billion
Athens International Airport Athens, Greece ATH 16,225,885 } 2001 3 billion
Bandung Majalengka International Airport Majalengka Regency, West Java, Indonesia N/A 15 billion
Barcelona International Airport Barcelona, Spain BCN 29,209,595 4 billion
Berlin-Brandenburg International Airport Berlin, Germany BER 2018 (expected) 7.5 billion
Changi Airport Terminal 3 Singapore SIN 22,000,000 2008 1.4 billion[80]
Changi Airport Terminal 4 Singapore SIN 2017 (expected) 1 billion[81]
Ciudad Real Central Airport Ciudad Real, Spain CQM Ceased operations in 2012 2009 1.46 billion
Clark International Airport Angeles City, Philippines CRK 10 billion
Denver International Airport Denver, Colorado, United States DEN 50,167,485 1995 4.8 billion
Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Guangzhou, China CAN 37,048,712 2004 3 billion
Hong Kong International Airport Chek Lap Kok, Hong Kong HKG 45,558,807 1998 20 billion[82]
Incheon International Airport Incheon, South Korea ICN 28,677,161 2001 5 billion (Phase 1)

2.6 billion (Phase 2)

Istanbul New Airport Istanbul, Turkey N/A 150,000,000[83] 2017 (expected) 29 billion[84]
Kansai International Airport Greater Osaka Area, Japan KIX 13,516,000 1994 20 billion
King Abdulaziz International Airport Jeddah, Saudi Arabia JED 18,000,000 1981 7.2 billion[85]
King Shaka International Airport Durban, South Africa DUR 7,500,000 2010 1 billion
Kuala Lumpur International Airport Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia KUL 39,887,866 1998 3.5 billion
Kuala Namu International Airport Medan, Indonesia KNO 2013 4.4 billion[86]
Long Thanh International Airport Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam N/A 2020 (expected) 10 billion
Navi Mumbai International Airport Mumbai, India N/A 2019 (expected) 2 billion
New Chennai International Airport Chennai, India N/A 1 billion
New Gwadar International Airport Gwadar, Pakistan N/A 1 billion
Newark Liberty International Airport Terminal C Newark, New Jersey, United States EWR 33,399,207 2003 1.2 billion
New Islamabad International Airport Islamabad, Pakistan IBD 2017 (expected) 3.91 billion
New Lisbon Airport Lisbon, Portugal N/A 2017 (expected) 4.5 billion
New Mexico City International Airport Mexico City, Mexico MEX 120,000,000 2020 (expected) Phase I 13 billion
Suvarnabhumi Airport Bangkok, Thailand BKK 40,500,224 2006 3.8 billion
Kansai Airport 
LAX 
John F. Kennedy Airport 
Hartsfield-Jackson Airport, the busiest in the world. 
Heathrow Airport, London 
Dublin Airport 
O'Hare Airport 
Denver International Airport 
Terminal 3 at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport 

References

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