List of state leaders in 1878

See also
List of state leaders in 1877 Events of 1878 List of state leaders in 1879 State leaders by year List of sovereign states in 1878 List of governors of dependent territories

This is a list of heads of state, government leaders, and other rulers in the year 1878.

Africa

Ashanti Confederacy – Mensa Bonsu Kumaa, Asantehene (1874–1883)
Kingdom of Burundi – Mwezi IV Gisabo (1852–1908)
Kingdom of Dahomey – Glele (1856–1889)
Ethiopian Empire – Yohannes IV (1871–1889)
Liberia –
1. James Spriggs Payne, President of Liberia (1876–1878)
2. Anthony W. Gardiner, President of Liberia (1878–1883)
Sokoto Caliphate
- Caliph – Mu'adh bin Bello (1877–1881)
- Grand Vizier - Abdullah bin Muhammad Fodiye (c.1874–1886)
Sultanate of Zanzibar – Barghash bin Said (1870–1888)
Zulu – Cetshwayo kaMpande, King of the Zulu (1872–1884)

Asia

Emirate of Afghanistan – Sher Ali Khan (1868–1879)
Burma –
1. Mindon Min, King of Burma (1853–1878)
2. Thibaw Min, King of Burma (1878–1885)
Kingdom of Cambodia – Norodom (1860–1904)
Kingdom of Champasak – Kham Suk (1863–1900)
China (Qing dynasty) - Guangxu Emperor (1875–1908)
India (British Raj) –
- Monarch – Victoria, Empress of India (1876–1901)
- Viceroy - The Lord Lytton (1876–1880)
Empire of Japan – Monarch – Emperor Meiji (1867–1912)
- Ryukyu Domain - Shō Tai, King of Ryukyu (1848-11 March 1879)
Joseon (Korea) – Gojong (1864–1907, Emperor after 1897)
Kingdom of Luang Phrabang – Unkham (1868–1895)
Kingdom of Nepal – Surendra Bikram Shah Deva (1847–1881)
Sultanate of Oman – Turki bin Said (1871–1888)
Siam – Chulalongkorn (Rama V), King of Siam (1868–1910)
Vietnam (Nguyễn dynasty) - Tự Đức, Emperor of Vietnam (1847–1883)

Europe

Andorra – Patrice de Mac-Mahon, Duke of Magenta (President of France) and Josep Caixal i Estradé (Bishop of Urgel), co-Princes (1873–1879 and 1853–1879)
Austria-Hungary – Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (1848–1916)
- Minister-President of Austria - Prince Adolf of Auersperg (1871–1879)
- Minister-President of Hungary - Kálmán Tisza (1875–1890)
Belgium
- Monarch – Léopold II, King of the Belgians (1865–1909)
- Cabinet Chief -
  1. Jules Malou (1871–1878, 1884)
  2. H.-J.-W. Frère-Orban (1868–1870, 1878–1884)
Kingdom of Denmark
- Monarch – Christian IX (1863–1906)
- Prime Minister - Jacob Brønnum Scavenius Estrup (1875–1894)
French Third Republic –
- President - Patrice de Mac-Mahon, Duke of Magenta (1873–1879)
- President of the Council - Jules Dufaure (1877–1879)
Germany -
- Monarch – Wilhelm I, German Emperor (1871–1888)
- Chancellor - Otto von Bismarck (1871–1890)
- see also List of German rulers in 1878
Kingdom of Greece –
- Monarch – George I (1863–1913)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Alexandros Koumoundouros (1877–1878)
  2. Charilaos Trikoupis (1878)
  3. Alexandros Koumoundouros (1878–1880)
Holy See
1. Pope Pius IX (1846–1878)
2. Pope Leo XIII (1878–1903)
Kingdom of Italy
- Monarch -
  1. Vittorio Emanuele II (1861–1878)
  2. Umberto I (1878–1900)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Agostino Depretis (1876–1878)
  2. Benedetto Cairoli (1878)
  3. Agostino Depretis (1878–1879)
Principality of Liechtenstein – Johann II (1858–1929)
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
- Monarch – William III of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
- Prime Minister - Félix de Blochausen (1874–1885)
Principality of Monaco – Charles III (1856–1889)
Principality of Montenegro – Nicholas I (1860–1910/1918/1921)
Netherlands
- Monarch – William III, King of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
- Chairman of the Dutch Council of Ministers - Jan Kappeyne van de Coppello (1877–1879)
Sweden–Norway – United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Oscar II, King of Norway (1872–1905)
Ottoman (Turkish) Empire
- Sultan - Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909)
- Grand Vizier –
  1. Ibrahim Edhem Pasha (1877–1878)
  2. Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (1878)
  3. Ahmed Vefik Pasha (1878)
  4. Mehmed Sadik Pasha (1878)
  5. Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1878)
  6. Saffet Pasha (1878)
  7. Tunuslu Hayreddin Pasha (1878–1879)
Kingdom of Portugal
- Monarch – Luís I (1861–1889)
- President of the Council of Ministers -
  1. Marquess of Ávila (1877–1878)
  2. António Maria de Fontes Pereira de Melo (1878–1879)
United Principalities (Romania) – Carol I (1866–1881/1914)
Russian Empire – Alexander II (1855–1881)
San Marino –
1. Giuliano Belluzzi and Pietro Ugolini, Captains-General (1877–1878)
2. Domenico Fattori and Marino Babboni, Captains-General (1878)
3. Camillo Bonelli and Pietro Berti, Captains-General (1878–1879)
Principality of Serbia – Milan II (1868–1882/1889)
Kingdom of Spain –
- Monarch – Alfonso XII (1875–1885)
- Prime Minister - Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (1874–1875, 1875–1879, 1879–1881, 1884–1885, 1890–1892, 1895–1897)
Sweden – United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
- Monarch – Oscar II (1872–1907)
- Prime Minister - Louis Gerhard De Geer (1876–1880)
Switzerland – Karl Schenk, President of the Swiss Confederation (1878)
United Kingdom -
- Monarch – Victoria (1837–1901)
- Prime Minister - The Earl of Beaconsfield (1868, 1874–1880)

Middle East and North Africa

Abu Dhabi – Zaid ibn Khalifa, Shaikh of Abu Dhabi (1855–1909)
Khedivate of Egypt – Isma'il (1867–1879)
Sultanate of Morocco – Hassan I (1873–1894)
Sultanate of Oman – Turki ibn Sa'id (1871–1888)
Persia (Qajar dynasty) – Nasir ed-Din (1848–1896)
Beylik of Tunis (Under Ottoman Empire suzerainty)- Muhammad as-Sadiq (1859–1882)

North America and the Caribbean

Canada
- Monarch – Victoria, Queen of Canada (1837–1901)
- Governor General -
  1. Marquess of Dufferin and Ava (1872–1878)
  2. Marquess of Lorne (1878–1883)
- Prime Minister - Alexander Mackenzie (1873–1878); John A. Macdonald (1878–1891)
Costa Rica – Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez, President of Costa Rica (1877–1882)
Dominican Republic –
1. Buenaventura Báez, President of the Dominican Republic (1876–1878)
2. Cesáreo Guillermo, President of the Dominican Republic (1878)
3. Ignacio María González, President of the Dominican Republic (1878)
4. People's Military Chiefs (1878)
5. Jacinto del Rosario de Castro, acting President of the Dominican Republic (1878)
6. Council of Secretaries of State (1878–1879)
El Salvador – Rafael Zaldívar, President of El Salvador (1876–1885)
Guatemala – Justo Rufino Barrios, President of Guatemala (1873–1885)
Haiti – Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal, President of Haiti (1876–1879)
Honduras – Marco Aurelio Soto, President of Honduras (1876–1883)
Mexico - Porfirio Diaz, President of Mexico (1876–1880)
Nicaragua – Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Alfaro, President of Nicaragua (1875–1879)
United States - Rutherford B. Hayes, President of the United States (1877–1881)

Oceania

Kingdom of Hawaii – Kalākaua (1874–1891)
Mangareva – Bernardo Putairi, Regent of Mangareva (1873–1881)
Niue – Tui-toga, King of Niue (1875–1887)
Samoa – Malietoa Talavou Tonumaipe’a, Malietoa (1860–1880)
Tahiti –
1. Pōmare IV, Queen of Tahiti (1827–1877)
2. Pōmare V, King of Tahiti (1877–1880)
Tonga –
- Monarch – George Tupou I, King of Tonga (1845–1893)
- Prime Minister - Tevita 'Unga, (1876–1880)

South America

Argentina – Nicolás Avellaneda, President of Argentina (1874–1880)
Bolivia – Hilarión Daza, Provisional President of Bolivia (1876–1879)
Empire of Brazil –
- Monarch – Pedro II (1831–1889)
- Prime Minister –
  1. Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias, President of the cabinet of ministers (1875–1878)
  2. João Lins Cansanção, Viscount of Sinimbu, President of the cabinet of ministers (1878–1880)
Chile – Aníbal Pinto, President of Chile (1876–1881)
Colombia –
1. Aquileo Parra, President of Colombia (1876–1878)
2. Julián Trujillo Largacha, President of Colombia (1878–1880)
Ecuador – Ignacio de Veintemilla, Supreme Chief of Ecuador (1876–1878/1883)
Paraguay –
1. Higinio Uriarte, President of Paraguay (1877–1878)
2. Cándido Bareiro, President of Paraguay (1878–1880)
Peru – Mariano Ignacio Prado, President of Peru (1876–1879)
Uruguay – Lorenzo Latorre, President of Uruguay (1876–1879)
Venezuela –
1. Francisco Linares Alcántara, President of Venezuela (1877–1878)
2. Jacinto Gutiérrez Martínez, Acting President of Venezuela (1878–1879)

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