List of sequenced plastomes

The 156 kb plastome gene map of Nicotiana tabacum.
The highly reduced, 27 kb plastome map of the parasitic Hydnora visseri.

A plastome is the genome of a plastid, a type of organelle found in plants and in a variety of protoctists. The number of known plastid genome sequences grew rapidly in the first decade of the twenty-first century. For example, 25 chloroplast genomes were sequenced for one molecular phylogenetic study.[1]

The flowering plants are especially well represented in complete chloroplast genomes. As of January, 2017, all of their orders are represented except Commelinales, Picramniales, Huerteales, Escalloniales, Bruniales, and Paracryphiales.

A compilation of all available complete plastid genomes is maintained by the NCBI in a public repository.[2]

Plants

Bryophytes s.l.

Sequenced Plastomes
Species variety Base Pairs Genes Reference Notes
Aneura mirabilis 108,007 [3][4] parasitic liverwort; plastome contains many pseudogenes
Anthoceros formosae 161,162 122 [5] hornwort; extensive RNA editing of plastome
Marchantia polymorpha 121,024 [6] liverwort
Nothoceros aenigmaticus 153,208 124 [7] hornwort
Pellia endiviifolia 120,546 123 [8] liverwort
Physcomitrella patens 122,890 118 [9] moss
Ptilidium pulcherrimum 119,007 122 [10] liverwort
Tortula ruralis 122,630 [11] moss

Ferns and Lycophytes

Sequenced Plastomes
Species variety Base Pairs Genes Reference Family Notes
Adiantum capillus-veneris 150,568 [12] Pteridaceae
Alsophila spinulosa 156,661 117 [13] Cyatheaceae
Angiopteris evecta 153,901 [14] Marattiaceae
Equisetum arvense 133,309 Equisetaceae
Huperzia lucidula 154,373 [15] Lycopodiaceae
Isoetes flaccida 145,303 Isoetaceae
Psilotum nudum 138,829 117 [16] Psilotaceae
Selaginella uncinata 138,829 [17] Selaginellaceae
Sequenced fern and lycophyte plastomes without information about size, number of genes and / or references.
Species variety Base Pairs Genes Reference Family Notes
Equisetum hyemale Equisetaceae
Lygodium japonicum Lygodiaceae
Marsilea crenata Marsileaceae
Ophioglossum californicum Ophioglossaceae
Selaginella moellendorffii Selaginellaceae

Gymnosperms

Sequenced Plastomes
Species variety Base Pairs Genes Reference Family Notes
Cryptomeria japonica 131,810 114 [18] Cupressaceae
Cycas micronesica [19] Cycadaceae
Cycas taitungensis 163,403 133 [20] Cycadaceae
Ephedra equisetina Ephedraceae
Ginkgo biloba 156,945 134 [21] Ginkgoaceae
Gnetum parvifolium Gnetaceae
Pinus koraiensis 116,866 Pinaceae
Pinus thunbergii 119,707 [22] Pinaceae
Podocarpus macrophyllus Podocarpaceae
Welwitschia mirabilis 119,726 101 [23] Welwitschiaceae

Flowering plants

This sortable table is expected to compile complete plastid genomes representing the largest range of sizes, number of genes, and angiosperm families.

Sequenced plastomes with complete genome size, number of unique genes, reference and publication year.
Species Size (base pairs) Genes Reference Year Family Notes
Acorus americanus 153,819 [19] 2007 Acoraceae
Agrostis stolonifera 135,584 110 [24] 2010 Poaceae
Alniphyllum eberhardtii 155,384 113 [25] 2017 Styracaceae
Alstroemeria aurea 155,510 112 [26] 2013 Alstroemeriaceae
Amborella trichopoda 162,686 [27] 2003 Amborellaceae
Anethum graveolens 153,356 [19] 2007 Apiaceae
Arabidopsis thaliana 154,478 [28] 1999 Brassicaceae
Atropa belladonna 156,687 [29] 2002 Solanaceae
Brachypodium distachyon 135,199 110 [24] 2010 Poaceae
Buxus microphylla 159,010 113 [30] 2007 Buxaceae
Calycanthus floridus var. glaucus 153,337 115 [31] 2003 Calycanthaceae
Carpinus tientaiensis 160,104 114 [32] 2017 Betulaceae
Chloranthus spicatus 157,772 113 [30] 2007 Chloranthaceae
Citrus sinensis var. 'Ridge Pineapple' 155,189 [33] 2006 Rutaceae
Cocos nucifera 154,731 130 [34] 2013 Arecaceae
Coffea arabica 155,189 [35] 2007 Rubiaceae
Coix lacryma-jobi 140,745 [36] 2009 Poaceae
Conopholis americana 45,673 42 [37] 2013 Orobanchaceae Non-photosynthetic parasite
Cucumis sativus 155,293 [38] 2007 Cucurbitaceae
Cuscuta exaltata 125,373 [39] 2007 Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta gronovii 86,744 86 [40] 2007 Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta reflexa 121,521 98 [40] 2007 Convolvulaceae
Cypripedium formosanum 178,131 [41] 2015 Orchidaceae
Cytinus hypocistis 19,400 23 [42] 2016 Cytinaceae Holoparasitic
Daucus carota 155,911 [43] 2006 Apiaceae
Dioscores elephantipes 152,609 112 [30] 2007 Dioscoreaceae
Drimys granadensis 160,604 113 [44] 2006 Winteraceae
Epifagus virginiana 70,028 42 [45] 1992 Orobanchaceae
Epipogium aphyllum 30,650 27 [46] 2015 Orchidaceae Mycoheterotrophic
Epipogium roseum 19,047 29 [46] 2015 Orchidaceae Mycoheterotrophic
Erodium carvifolium 116,935 107 [47] 2016 Geraniaceae
Erodium chrysanthum 168,946 96 [47] 2016 Geraniaceae
Erodium texanum 130,812 106 [48] 2011 Geraniaceae
Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus 160,286 [49] 2005 Myrtaceae
Fagopyrum esculentum ssp. ancestrale 159,599 [50] 2008 Polygonaceae
Geranium palmatum 155,794 105 [48] 2011 Geraniaceae
Glycine max 152,218 [51] 2005 Fabaceae
Gossypium barbadense 160,317 114 [52] 2006 Malvaceae
Gossypium hirsutum 160,301 [53] 2006 Malvaceae
Helianthus annuus 151,104 [54] 2007 Asteraceae
Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare 136,482 110 [24] 2010 Poaceae
Hydnora visseri 27,233 24 [55] 2016 Aristolochiaceae Non-photosynthetic holoparasite
Illicium oligandrum 148,552 113 [30] 2007 Schisandraceae (sensu APG III)
Ipomoea purpurea 162,046 [39] 2007 Convolvulaceae
Jasminum nudiflorum 165,121 [56] 2007 Oleaceae
Juglans regia 160,367 129 [57] 2017 Juglandaceae
Lactuca sativa 152,765 [54] 2007 Asteraceae
Lemna minor 165,955 [58] 2008 Araliaceae
Licania alba 162,467 112 [59] 2014 Chrysobalanaceae
Lilium longiflorum 152,793 114 [26] 2013 Liliaceae
Liriodendron tulipifera 159,866 [44][60] 2006 Magnoliaceae
Lolium perenne 135,282 110 [24] 2010 Poaceae
Lonicera japonica 155,078 [1] 2010 Caprifoliaceae
Lotus japonicus 150,519 [61] 2000 Fabaceae
Manihot esculenta 161,453 [62] 2008 Euphorbiaceae
Monotropa hypopitys 35,336 45 [63] 2016 Ericaceae Mycoheterotrophic
Monsonia speciosa 128,787 106 [48] 2011 Geraniaceae
Morus indica 156,599 [64] 2006 Moraceae
Musa balbisiana 169,503 113 [65] 2016 Musaceae
Nandina domestica 156,599 [66] 2006 Berberidaceae
Neottia nidus-avis 92,060 56 [67] 2011 Orchidaceae Mycoheterotrophic
Nelumbo nucifera 163,330 [1] 2010 Nelumbonaceae
Nicotiana tabacum 155,943 113 [68] 1986 Solanaceae
Nuphar advena 160,866 117 [69] 2007 Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaea alba 159,930 [70] 2004 Nymphaeaceae
Oenothera argillicola strain douthat 1 165,055 113 [71] 2008 Onagraceae
Oenothera biennis strain suaveolens Grado 164,807 113 [71] 2008 Onagraceae
Oenothera elata subsp. hookeri strain johansen 165,728 113 [71] 2008 Onagraceae
Oenothera glazioviana strain rr-lamarckiana Sweden 165,225 113 [71] 2008 Onagraceae
Oenothera parviflora strain atrovirens Standard 163,365 113 [71] 2008 Onagraceae
Oryza sativa indica 93-11 134,496 [72] 2005 Poaceae
Oryza sativa japonica Nipponbare 134,551 110 [73][24] 1989 Poaceae
Oryza sativa japonica PA64S 134,551 [72] 2005 Poaceae
Osyris alba 147,253 101 [74] 2015 Santalaceae Hemiparasitic
Panax ginseng 156,318 [75] 2004 Araliaceae
Pelargonium × hortorum 217,942 [76] 2006 Geraniaceae
Petrosavia stellaris 103,835 58 [77] 2014 Petrosaviaceae Mycoheterotrophic
Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana 148,964 [78] 2006 Orchidaceae
Phaseolus vulgaris 'Negro Jamapa' 150,285 [79] 2007 Fabaceae
Pilostyles aethiopica 11,348 5 [80] 2016 Apodanthaceae Endo-holoparasite
Pilostyles hamiltonii 15,167 5 [80] 2016 Apodanthaceae Endo-holoparasite
Piper cenocladum 160,624 113 [44] 2006 Piperaceae
Platanus occidentalis 161,791 [66] 2006 Platanaceae
Populus alba 156,505 [81] 2006 Salicaceae
Ranunculus macranthus 155,158 117 [69] 2007 Ranunculaceae
Rhizanthella gardneri 59,190 33 [82] 2011 Orchidaceae Subterranean mycoheterotroph
Saccharum officinarum 141,182 110 [24] 2010 Poaceae
Sciaphila densiflora 21,485 28 [83] 2015 Triuridaceae Mycoheterotrophic
Solanum tuberosum 155,298 [84] 2006 Solanaceae
Sorghum bicolor 140,754 110 [24] 2010 Poaceae
Spinacia oleracea 150,725 [85] 2001 Amaranthaceae
Trachelium caeruleum 162,321 [86] 2008 Campanulaceae
Trifolium subterraneum 144,763 111 [87] 2008 Fabaceae
Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring 134,545 110 [88][89][24] 2000 Poaceae
Typha latifolia 165,572 113 [24] 2010 Typhaceae
Vaccinium macrocarpon 176,045 147 [90] 2013 Ericaceae
Viscum album 128,921 96 [74] 2015 Viscaceae Hemiparasitic
Viscum minimum 131,016 99 [74] 2015 Viscaceae Hemiparasitic
Vitis vinifera 160,928 [91] 2006 Vitaceae
Yucca schidigera 156,158 [21] 2005 Asparagaceae (sensu APG III)
Zea mays 140,384 110 [92][24] 2010 Poaceae
Sequenced plastomes without information about size, number of genes and / or references.
Species Size (base pairs) Genes Reference Year Family Notes
Acorus calamus 153,821 Acoraceae
Aethionema cordifolium Brassicaceae
Aethionema grandiflorum Brassicaceae
Antirrhinum majus [1] 2010 Plantaginaceae
Arabis hirsuta Brassicaceae
Aucuba japonica [1] 2010 Garryaceae
Bambusa oldhamii 139,350 Poaceae
Barbarea verna Brassicaceae
Berberidopsis corallina [1] 2010 Berberidopsidaceae
Brassica rapa Brassicaceae
Bulnesia arborea [1] 2010 Zygophyllaceae
Capsella bursa-pastoris Brassicaceae
Carica papaya Caricaceae
Ceratophyllum demersum [93] 2007 Ceratophyllaceae
Cornus florida [1] 2010 Cornaceae
Crucihimalya wallichii Brassicaceae
Cuscuta obtusiflora Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta reflexa Convolvulaceae
Dendrocalamus latiflorus 139,365 Poaceae
Dillenia indica [1] 2010 Dilleniaceae
Draba nemorosa Brassicaceae
Ehretia acuminata [1] 2010 Boraginaceae
Elaeis oleifera [19] 2007 Arecaceae
Euonymus americanus [1] 2010 Celastraceae
Festuca arundinacea Poaceae
Ficus sp. [1] 2010 Moraceae
Guizotia abyssinica Asteraceae
Gunnera manicata [1] 2010 Gunneraceae
Hedyosmum unpublished Chloranthaceae
Heuchera sanguinea [1] 2010 Saxifragaceae
Ilex cornuta [1] 2010 Aquifoliaceae
Lepidium virginicum Brassicaceae
Liquidambar styraciflua (syn. Altingia styraciflua) [1] 2010 Altingiaceae
Lobularia maritima Brassicaceae
Lotus corniculatus Fabaceae
Medicago truncatulata 124,033 Fabaceae
Megaleranthis saniculifolia 159,924 Ranunculaceae
Meliosma cuneifolia [1] 2010 Sabiaceae
Nasturtium officinale Brassicaceae
Olimarabidopsis pumila Brassicaceae
Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae
Nerium oleander 154,903 Apocynaceae
Nicotiana sylvestris 155,941 Solanaceae
Nicotiana tomentosiformis 155,745 Solanaceae
Oryza nivara 134,494 Poaceae
Oxalis latifolia [1] 2010 Oxalidaceae
Passiflora biflora [19] 2007 Passifloraceae
Phoradendron leucarpum [1] 2010 Viscaceae
Plumbago auriculata [1] 2010 Plumbaginaceae
Populus trichocarpa [94] 2006 Salicaceae
Quercus nigra [1] 2010 Fagaceae
Rhododendron simsii [1] 2010 Ericaceae
Scaevola aemula [19] 2007 Goodeniaceae
Solanum bulbocastanum 155,371 Solanaceae
Solanum lycopersicum 155,460 Solanaceae
Staphylea colchica [1] 2010 Staphyleaceae
Trithuria (syn. Hydatella) unpublished Hydatellaceae
Trochodendron aralioides [1] 2010 Trochodendraceae
Ximenia americana 2010 Ximeniaceae [95]

Green algae

Sequenced Plastomes
Species variety Base Pairs Genes Reference
Bryopsis plumosa 106,859 115 [96]
Chaetosphaeridium globosum 131,183 124 [97]
Chara vulgaris
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 203,395 99
Chlorella vulgaris 150,613 209 [98]
Chlorokybus atmophyticus 201,763 70 [99]
Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/18 269,044 102 [100]
Emiliania huxleyi 105,309 150
Helicosporidium 37,454 54 [101]
Leptosira terrestris 195,081 117 [102]
Mesostigma viride 42,424
Monomastix 114,528 94 [103]
Nephroselmis olivacea 200,799 127 [104]
Oedogonium cardiacum 196,547 103 [105]
Oltmannsiellopsis viridis 151,933 105 [106]
Ostreococcus tauri 71,666 86 [107]
Pseudendoclonium akinetum 195,867 105 [108]
Pycnococcus provasolii 80,211 98 [103]
Pyramimonas parkeae 101,605 110 [103]
Scenedesmus obliquus 161,452 96 [109]
Staurastrum punctulatum [110]
Stigeoclonium helveticum 223,902 97 [111]
Tydemania expeditionis 105,200 125 [96]
Ulva sp. UNA00071828 99,983 102 [112]
Volvox carteri 420,650 91 [113]
Zygnema circumcarinatum

Red algae

Sequenced Plastomes
Species variety Base Pairs Genes Reference Notes
Cyanidioschyzon merolae 149,987 243 [114]
Cyanidium caldarium RK1 [115]
Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui 183,883 238 [116]
Porphyra purpurea
Porphyra yezoensis

Glaucophytes

Sequenced Plastomes
Species variety Base Pairs Genes Reference
Cyanophora paradoxa

Meta-algae and apicomplexans

Meta-algae are organisms with photosynthetic organelles of secondary or tertiary endosymbiotic origin, and their close non-photosynthetic, plastid-bearing, relatives. Apicomplexans are a secondarily non-photosynthetic group of chromalveoates which retain a reduced plastid organelle.

Photosynthetic chromalveolates

Dinoflagellate plastid genomes are not organised into a single circular DNA molecule like other plastid genomes, but into an array of mini-circles.

Sequenced Plastomes
Species variety Base Pairs Genes Reference Notes
Chromera velia
Guillardia theta 121,524 167 [117]
Heterosigma akashiwo
Odontella sinensis 119.7kb 175
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Thalassiosira pseudonana 129kb [118]
Rhodomonas salina

Chlorarachniophytes

Sequenced Plastomes
Species variety Base Pairs Genes Reference
Bigelowiella natans 69,166 87 [119]

Euglenophytes

Sequenced Plastomes
Species variety Base Pairs Genes Reference
Astasia longa 73.2kb 84
Euglena gracilis 143.2kb 128 [120]

Apicomplexans

Sequenced Plastomes
Species variety Base Pairs Genes Reference
Eimeria tenella Penn State 34.8kb 65 [121]
Plasmodium falciparum 34.7kb 68
Theileria parva Mugaga 39.6kb 71
Toxoplasma gondii RH 35.0kb 65

Nucleomorph genomes

In some photosynthetic organisms that ability was acquired via symbiosis with a unicellular green alga (chlorophyte) or red alga (rhodophyte). In some such cases not only does the chloroplast of the former unicellular alga retain its own genome, but a remnant of the alga is also retained. When this retains a nucleus and a nuclear genome it is termed a nucleomorph.

Sequenced Nucleomorph Genomes
Species variety Base Pairs Genes Reference
Bigelowiella natans
Cryptomonas paramecium
Guillardia theta 551,264
Hemiselmis andersenii

Cyanelle genomes

The unicellular eukaryote Paulinella chromatophora possesses an organelle (the cyanelle) which represents an independent case of the acquisition of photosynthesis by cyanobacterial endosymbiosis. (Note: the term cyanelle is also applied to the plastids of glaucophytes.)

Sequenced Cyanelle Genomes
Species variety Base Pairs Genes Reference
Paulinella chromatophora 1.02Mb 867 [122]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Moore MJ, Soltis PS, Bell CD, Burleigh JG, Soltis DE (2010). "Phylogenetic analysis of 83 plastid genes further resolves the early diversification of eudicots". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107 (10): 4623–8. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.4623M. PMC 2842043 Freely accessible. PMID 20176954. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907801107.
  2. ↑ "Index of /refseq/release/plastid". ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
  3. ↑ Wickett NJ, Zhang Y, Hansen SK, Roper JM, Kuehl JV, Plock SA, Wolf PG, DePamphilis CW, Boore JL, Goffinet B (February 2008). "Functional gene losses occur with minimal size reduction in the plastid genome of the parasitic liverwort Aneura mirabilis". Mol. Biol. Evol. 25 (2): 393–401. PMID 18056074. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm267.
  4. ↑ Plastid genome evolution of the non-photosynthetic liverwort Aneura mirabilis (Malmb.) Wickett & Goffinet (Aneuraceae)
  5. ↑ Masanori Kugita; Akira Kaneko, Yuhei Yamamoto, Yuko Takeya, Tohoru Matsumoto and Koichi Yoshinaga (1986). "The complete nucleotide sequence of the hornwort (Anthoceros formosae) chloroplast genome: insight into the earliest land plants". Nucleic Acids Research. 31 (2): 572–4. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg155.
  6. ↑ K Ohyama, Fukuzawa, H., Kohchi, T., Shirai, H., Sano, T., Chang Z, Aota S, Inokuchi H, Ozeki H (2003). "Chloroplast gene organization deduced from complete sequence of liverwort Marchantia polymorpha chloroplast DNA". Nature. 322 (6079): 716–721. Bibcode:1986Natur.322..572O. doi:10.1038/322572a0.
  7. ↑ Juan Carlos Villarreal; Laura Lowe Forrest, Norman Wickett and Bernard Goffinet (2013). "The plastid genome of the hornwort Nothoceros aenigmaticus (Dendrocerotaceae): Phylogenetic signal in inverted repeat expansion, pseudogenization, and intron gain" (PDF). Am.J.Bot. 103 (3): 467–477. doi:10.3732/ajb.1200429.
  8. ↑ Christopher Grosche; Helena T. Funk, Uwe G. Maier and Stefan Zauner (2012). "The Chloroplast Genome of Pellia endiviifolia: Gene Content, RNA-Editing Pattern, and the Origin of Chloroplast Editing" (PDF). Genome Biology and Evolution. 4 (12): 1349–1357. doi:10.1093/gbe/evs114.
  9. ↑ Sugiura C, Kobayashi Y, Aoki S, Sugita C, Sugita M (2003). "Complete chloroplast DNA sequence of the moss Physcomitrella patens: evidence for the loss and relocation of rpoA from the chloroplast to the nucleus". Nucleic Acids Res. 31 (18): 5324–31. PMC 203311 Freely accessible. PMID 12954768. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg726.
  10. ↑ Laura L. Forrest; Norman J. Wickett, Cymon J. Cox & Bernard Goffinet (2011). "Deep sequencing of Ptilidium (Ptilidiaceae) suggests evolutionary stasis in liverwort plastid genome structure" (PDF). Plant Ecology and Evolution. 144 (1): 29–43.
  11. ↑ Melvin J Olive; Andrew G Murdock, Brent D Mishler, Jennifer V Kuehl, Jeffrey L Boore, Dina F Mandoli, Karin DE Everett, Paul G Wolf, Aaron M Duffy and Kenneth G Karol (2010). "Chloroplast genome sequence of the moss Tortula ruralis : Gene content, polymorphism, and structural arrangement relative to other green plant chloroplast genomes". BMC Genomics. 11: 143. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-11-143.
  12. ↑ Wolf PG, Rowe CA, Sinclair RB, Hasebe M (2003). "Complete nucleotide sequence of the chloroplast genome from a leptosporangiate fern, Adiantum capillus-veneris L". DNA Res. 10 (2): 59–65. PMID 12755170. doi:10.1093/dnares/10.2.59.
  13. ↑ Gao L, Yi X, Yang YX, Su YJ, Wang T (2009). "Complete chloroplast genome sequence of a tree fern Alsophila spinulosa: insights into evolutionary changes in fern chloroplast genomes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 130. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-130.
  14. ↑ Roper, Jessie M.; Kellon Hansen, S.; Wolf, Paul G.; Karol, Kenneth G.; Mandoli, Dina F.; Everett, Karin D. E.; Kuehl, Jennifer; Boore, Jeffrey L. (2007). "The Complete Plastid Genome Sequence of Angiopteris evecta (G. Forst.) Hoffm. (Marattiaceae)". American Fern Journal. 97 (2): 95–106. doi:10.1640/0002-8444(2007)97[95:TCPGSO]2.0.CO;2.
  15. ↑ Wolf PG, Karol KG, Mandoli DF, Kuehl J, Arumuganathan K, Ellis MW, Mishler BD, Kelch DG, Olmstead RG, Boore JL (2005). "The first complete chloroplast genome sequence of a lycophyte, Huperzia lucidula (Lycopodiaceae)". Gene. 350 (2): 117–28. PMID 15788152. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2005.01.018.
  16. ↑ Tatsuya Wakasugi, A. Nishikawa, Kyoji Yamada, and Masahiro Sugiura. 1998. "Complete nucleotide sequence of the plastid genome from a fern, Psilotum nudum". Endocytobiology and Cell Research 13(supplement):147. see External links below.
  17. ↑ Tsuji S, Ueda K, Nishiyama T, Hasebe M, Yoshikawa S, Konagaya A, Nishiuchi T, Yamaguchi K (2007). "The chloroplast genome from a lycophyte (microphyllophyte), Selaginella uncinata, has a unique inversion, transpositions and many gene losses". J. Plant Res. 120 (2): 281–90. PMID 17297557. doi:10.1007/s10265-006-0055-y.
  18. ↑ Hirao T, Watanabe A, Kurita M, Kondo T, Takata K (2008). "Complete nucleotide sequence of the Cryptomeria japonica D. Don. chloroplast genome and comparative chloroplast genomics: diversified genomic structure of coniferous species". BMC Plant Biol. 8: 70. PMC 2443145 Freely accessible. PMID 18570682. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-8-70.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Jansen RK, Cai Z, Raubeson LA, Daniell H, Depamphilis CW, Leebens-Mack J, Müller KF, Guisinger-Bellian M, Haberle RC, Hansen AK, Chumley TW, Lee SB, Peery R, McNeal JR, Kuehl JV, Boore JL (2007). "Analysis of 81 genes from 64 plastid genomes resolves relationships in angiosperms and identifies genome-scale evolutionary patterns". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (49): 19369–74. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10419369J. PMC 2148296 Freely accessible. PMID 18048330. doi:10.1073/pnas.0709121104.
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  22. ↑ Wakasugi T, Tsudzuki J, Ito S, Nakashima K, Tsudzuki T, Sugiura M (1994). "Loss of all ndh genes as determined by sequencing the entire chloroplast genome of the black pine Pinus thunbergii". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (21): 9794–8. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.9794W. PMC 44903 Freely accessible. PMID 7937893. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.21.9794.
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  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Guisinger et al, Implications of the Plastid Genome Sequence of Typha (Typhaceae, Poales) for Understanding Genome Evolution in Poaceae, J Mol Evol 70: 149–166 (2010)
  25. ↑ Yan, Minghui; Moore, Michael J.; Meng, Aiping; Yao, Xiaohong; Wang, Hengchang (2016-09-21). "The first complete plastome sequence of the basal asterid family Styracaceae (Ericales) reveals a large inversion". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 303 (1): 61–70. ISSN 0378-2697. doi:10.1007/s00606-016-1352-0.
  26. 1 2 Kim, Jung Sung; Kim, Joo-Hwan (2013-06-18). "Comparative Genome Analysis and Phylogenetic Relationship of Order Liliales Insight from the Complete Plastid Genome Sequences of Two Lilies (Lilium longiflorum and Alstroemeria aurea)". PLOS ONE. 8 (6): e68180. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3688979 Freely accessible. PMID 23950788. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068180.
  27. ↑ W Goremykin; Hirsch-Ernst KI; Wolfl S; Hellwig FH (2003). "Analysis of the Amborella trichopoda chloroplast genome sequence suggests that Amborella is not a basal angiosperm". Mol Bio Evol. 20: 1445–1454.
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