List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines

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Maginoo, Wangs,Rajahs, Lakans, Datus and Sultans of the Philippines
A couple belong in maharlika (Noble class).
Details
Style	Maharlika Kamahalan Kapunuan
First monarch	Jayadewa (and other various rulers from the archipelago)
Last monarch	Mohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram (and other various rulers from the archipelago)
Formation	c. 900 (according to LCI)
Abolition	1986 (after last officially recognized Sultan dies)
Residence	Torogan
Appointer	Shaman
Pretender(s)	various

The types of sovereign state leaders in the Philippine archipelago have varied throughout the country's history, from heads of ancient chiefdoms, kingdoms and sultanates in the pre-colonial period, to the leaders of Spanish, American, and Japanese colonial governments, until the directly-elected President of the modern sovereign state of the Philippines.

Royal, noble and
chivalric ranks

Emperor

King

Archduke

Grand Prince Grand Duke

Prince / Infante

Duke

Sovereign Prince / Fürst

Marquess / Marquis / Margrave / Landgrave / Count palatine

Count / Earl

Viscount / Vidame

Baron

Baronet Hereditary Knight

Knight

Esquire

Gentleman

Pre colonial epoch

The rulers the many pre-Hispanic states and chiefdoms in what is now the Philippines are based on the oral traditions and written accounts of the Chinese and Spanish accounts.

Wang's of Ma-i

Name	Image	Title held	From	Until
Gat Sa Li-han		"王" Huang (King) according to Chinese records	1225?	?
Gat Maitan		"王" Huang (King)	-

Huangdom of Pangasinan (Luyag na Kaboloan)

Ruler	Image	Events	From	Until
Kamayin (細馬銀)		Tribute of silver and horses to China	1406	1408
Taymey		Embassy to China formally established	1408	1409
Liyu			1409	?
Yongle Emperor (Honorary)		Chinese Emperor holds a banquet in honor of Pangasinan	December 11, 1411	?
Warrior-Princess Urduja		The Huangdom enjoys prosperity	c. 1500s	?
Chinese Warlord Limahong		Pangasinan is sacked and a pirate-enclave is established	1575

Tondo Dynasty

Legendary rulers

• Legendary rulers can be found in the oral tradition in Philippine Mythology, which having an uncertain historical/archeological evidence of their reign.

Image	Name	Title held	From	Until
	Ama-ron	Like most of the male Filipino mythological heroes, he is described as an attractive well-built man who exemplifies great strength. Ama-ron is unique among other Filipino legends due to the lack of having a story on how he was born which was common with Filipino epic heroes.	Uncertain possibly Iron Age.
	Gat Pangil	Gat Pangil was a chieftain in the area now known as Laguna Province, He is mentioned in the origin legends of Bay, Laguna,Pangil, Laguna, Pakil, Laguna and Mauban, Quezon, all of which are thought to have once been under his domain.	Uncertain possibly Iron Age.

Historical rulers of Tondo

Image	Name	Title held	From	Until
	Jayadewa	Senapati (Admiral) (Known only in the LCI as the King who give the pardon to Lord Namwaran and his wife Dayang Agkatan and their daughter named Bukah for their excessive debts in 900 AD.)	900?	?
	Lakan Timamanukum	Father of Rajah Alon, he ruled when Tondo become a fortified Mandala at the mouth of Pasig River.	1150?	?
	Alon	Lakan Alon (Son of Timamanukum, he expanded the Tondo territory from Ilocandia to Bicolandia.)	1200?	?
	Gambang	Lakan Gambang another ruler who used the title Senapati or Admiral.	1390?	1417?
	Suko	Lakan Suko (or also known as Sukwu (朔霧) means "northern mist" , According to the Dongxi Yanggao (東西洋考) Abdicated .)	1417?	1430?
	Lontok	Lakan Lontok (later converted his faith to Islam).	1430?	1450?
	Kalangitan	Dayang Kaylangitan, Queen of Namayan and Tondo. (the only recorded queen regnant of the pre-Hispanic Philippine Kingdom of Tondo. The eldest daughter of Rajah Gambang and co-regent with her husband, Rajah Lontok, she is considered one of the most powerful rulers in the kingdom's history.)	1450?	1515?
	Salalila	Rajah Salalila or Rajah Sulayman I (A puppet Rajah installed by Sultan Bolkiah .)	1515?	1558?
	Matanda	Rajah Matanda or Rajah Sulayman II or Rajah Ache, King of Namayan	1558?	1571
	Lakan Dula	Banaw Lakandula, King of Tondo and Sabag	1558?	1571
	Sulayman	Rajah Sulayman, King of Tondo	1571	1575
	Magat Salamat	The last ruler of Tondo dynasty after the monarchy is dissolved by the Spanish authorities after he leads the Tondo conspiracy.	1575	1589

Recorded rulers of Namayan

Title	Name	Notes	Documented Period of Rule	Primary Sources
Lakan[1]	Tagkan[1]	Named "Lacantagcan" by Huerta and described as the ruler to whom the "original residents" of Namayan trace their origin[1]	exact years not documented; three generations prior to Calamayin	Huerta
(title not documented by Huerta[1])	Palaba	Noted by Huerta[1] as the "Principal Son" of Lakan Tagkan.	exact years not documented; two generations prior to Calamayin[1]	Huerta
(title not documented by Huerta[1])	Laboy	Noted by Franciscan genealogical records to be the son of Lakan Palaba, and the father of Lakan Kalamayin.[1]	exact years not documented; one generation prior to Calamayin[1]	Huerta
Rajah[2]	Kalamayin	Named only "Calamayin" (without title) by Huerta,[1] referred to by Scott (1984) as Rajah Kalamayin.[2] Described by Scott (1984)[2] as the paramount ruler of Namayan at the time of colonial contact.	immediately prior to and after Spanish colonial contact (ca. 1571–1575)[2]	Huerta
(no title documented by Huerta[1])	Martin*	*Huerta[1] does not mention if Kalamayin's son, baptized "Martin", held a government position during the early Spanish colonial period	early Spanish colonial period	Huerta

Legendary rulers of Namayan

Aside from the records of Huerta, a number of names of rulers are associated with Namayan by folk/oral traditions, as recounted in documents such as the will of Fernando Malang (1589) and documented by academics such as Grace Odal-Devora^[3] and writers such as Nick Joaquin.^[4]

Title	Name	Notes	Period of Rule	Primary Sources
Gat	Lontok	In Batangueño Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] husband of Kalangitan, serving as "rulers of Pasig" together.[3](p51)	Legendary antiquity[3]	Batangueño folk tradition (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000[3])
Dayang or Sultana[3][note 1]	Kalangitan[3]	Legendary "Lady of the Pasig"[3] in Batangueño Folk Tradition and "Ruler of Sapa" in Kapampangan Folk Tradition (as documented by Odal-Devora[3]). Either the mother in law (Batangueño Tradition) or grandmother (Kapampangan Tradition) of the ruler known as "Prinsipe Balagtas"[3]	Legendary antiquity[3]	Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000[3])
"Princess" or "Lady" (term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora[3])	Sasaban	In oral Tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and Leonardo Vivencio, a "lady of Namayan" who went to the Madjapahit court to marry Emperor Soledan, eventually giving birth to Balagtas, who then returned to Namayan/Pasig in 1300.[3](p51)	prior to 1300 (according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio)[3]	Batangueño folk tradition (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000[3]), and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3])
Prince[3] (term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora[3])	Bagtas or Balagtas	In Batangueño Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] the King of Balayan and Taal who married Panginoan, daughter of Kalangitan and Lontok who were rulers of Pasig.(p51) In Kapampangan[3] Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] the "grandson of Kalangitan" and a "Prince of Madjapahit" who married the "Princess Panginoan of Pampanga"(pp47,51) Either the son in law (Batangueño Tradition) or grandson (Kapampangan Tradition) of Kalangitan[3] In oral tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and Leonardo Vivencio, the Son of Emperor Soledan of Madjapahit who married Sasaban of Sapa/Namayan. Married Princess Panginoan of Pasig at about the year 1300 in order to consolidate his family line and rule of Namayan[3](pp47,51)	ca. 1300 A.D. according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3]	Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions cited by Odal-Devora, and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3])
"Princess" or "Lady" (term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora[3])	Panginoan	In Batangueño Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] the daughter of Kalangitan and Lontok who were rulers of Pasig, who eventually maried Balagtas, King of Balayan and Taal.(p51) In Kapampangan[3] Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] who eventually married Bagtas, the "grandson of Kalangitan."(pp47,51) In oral tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and Leonardo Vivencio, "Princess Panginoan of Pasig" who was married by Balagtas, the Son of Emperor Soledan of Madjapahit in 1300 AD in an effort consolidate rule of Namayan[3](pp47,51)	ca. 1300 A.D. according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3]	Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions cited by Odal-Devora, and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3])

The Datus of Madja-as

Commander-In-Chief	Image	Capital	From	Until
Datu Puti		Aklan	13th century	1212
Datu Sumakwel		Malandong (today in Antique)	1213	?
Datu Bangkaya		Aklan	?	?
Datu Paiburong		Irong-Irong	?	?
Datu Balengkaka		Aklan	?	?
Datu Kalantiaw		Batan	1365	1437
Datu Manduyog		Batkcan	1437	?
Datu Padojinog		Irong-Irong	?	?
Datu Kabnayag		Kalibo	?	1565
Datu Lubay		San Joaquín	?	?

The Datus of Dapitan

The Reigning Datu	Events	From	Until
Sumanga	Datu Sumanga raids China to win the hand of Dayang-dayang (Princess) Bugbung Humasanum	?	?
Dailisan	The Kedatuan was destroyed by the Sultanate of Ternate	1563	?
Pagbuaya	The Kedatuan is re-established in Mindanao	?	1564
Manooc	The Kedatuan is incorporated to the Spanish Empire	?	?

Rulers of the Maynila

Name	Image	Events	From	Until
Sultan Bolkiah		The 5th Sultan of Brunei who also ruled Tondo after he defeated Rajah Suko which widened Brunei's influence in the Philippines.	c. 1500	1571
Rajah Sulayman		He also inherited rule of nearby Tondo and Namayan, becoming the first sovereign to hold all three realms in personal union.	1571	1575

Monarchs of the Butuan Rajahnate

The Royal Title of the Reigning Rajah	Image	Events	From	Until
Rajah Kiling		The Embassy of I-shu-han (李竾罕)	989	1009
Sri Bata Shaja		Mission by Likanhsieh (李于燮)	1011	?
Rajah Siagu		Annexation by Ferdinand Magellan	?	1521

Raja's of Cebu

The Royal Title of the Reigning Rajah	Image	Events	From	Until
Sri Lumay		Founded the rajahnate, he is a minor prince of the Chola dynasty which occupied Sumatra. He was sent by the Maharajah to establish a base for expeditionary forces but he rebelled and established his own independent rajahnate.	c. 1200	?
Rajah Humabon		The Rajah of Cebu at the time Ferdinand Magellan arrived at Cebu and is the first Filipino chieftain to embrace Christianity.	?	?
Rajah Tupas		Last Rajah of Cebu, he ceded the Rajahnate to the Spanish Empire when he is defeated by Miguel López de Legazpi's forces in 1565.	?	1565

Sultans of Maguindanao

Reign	Sultan	Other name(s)
1520–1543	Shariff Kabungsuwan	A Johore (Singapore) Makdum Prince who fled to Malabang, Lanao del Sur and seated as Sharif Kabungsuwan. Married the daughter of Chieftain Aliwya of the Maguindanao family clan at Dulawan, Cotabato. Took over the father inlaw's political powers establishing the Sultanate of Maguindanao later called by the Spanish as Mindanao. He is the second Makdum known as Karim Ul-Makdum who reinforced Islam and His brother Sulu Sultan Shariful Hashim promulgated Kor'anic studies or Madrassahs. The said Sharif is buried at Simunul Island Tamppat.
1543–1574	Sultan Maka-alang Saripada
1574–1578	Sultan Bangkaya
1578–1585	Sultan Dimasangcay Adel
1585–1597	Sultan Gugu Sarikula		Datu Salikala
1597–1619	Sultan Laut Buisan		Datu Katchil
1619–1671?	Sultan Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat		Datu Qudratullah Katchil
1671?–1678?	Sultan Dundang Tidulay		Sultan Saif ud-Din (Saifud Din)
1678?–1699	Sultan Barahaman		Sultan Muhammad Shah Minulu-sa-Rahmatullah
1699–1702	Sultan Kahar ud-Din Kuda		Maulana Amir ul-Umara Jamal ul-Azam
1702–1736	Sultan Bayan ul-Anwar { Maruhom Batua }		Dipatuan Jalal ud-Din Mupat Batua (posthumously)
1710–1736 (in Tamontaka)	Sultan Amir ud-Din		Paduka Sri Sultan Muhammad Jafar Sadiq Manamir Shahid Mupat (posthumously)
1736–1748 (in Sibugay, Buayan, Malabang)		Sultan Muhammad Tahir ud-Din	Dipatuan Malinug Muhammad Shah Amir ud-Din
1733–1755 (paramount chief of Maguindanao by 1748)		Sultan Rajah Muda Muhammad Khair ud-Din	Pakir Maulana Kamsa Amir ud-Din Itamza Azim ud-Din Amir ul-M'umimin
1755–1780?	Sultan Pahar ud-Din		Datu Panglu/Pongloc Mupat Hidayat (posthumously)
1780?–1805?	Sultan Kibad Sahriyal		Muhammad Azim ud-Din Amir ul-Umara
1805?–1830?	Sultan Kawasa Anwar ud-Din		Muhammad Amir ul-Umara Iskandar Jukarnain
1830–1854	Sultan Qudratullah Untung		Iskandar Qudratullah Muhammad Jamal ul-Azam Iskandar Qudarat Pahar ud-Din. Properly place, his name was Ullah Untong and seated as Sultan Ashrf Samalan Farid Quadratullah or better known as Sultan Qudarat. www.royalsultanate.weebly.com
1854–1884	Sultan Muhammad Makakwa
1884–1888	Sultan Wata		Sultan Muhammad Jalal ud-Din Pablu
1888–1896	No sultan Sultan Anwar ud-Din contested Datu Mamaku (son of Sultan Qudratullah Untung) of Buayan for the throne versus the then sultan Datu Mangigin of Sibugay.
1896–1898	Sultan Taha Colo		Sultan Rabago sa Tiguma
1908-1933	Sultan Mastura Kudarat		Sultan Muhammad Hijaban Iskandar Mastura Kudarat, Sultan Mastura

The Sultans of Sulu (1405–present)

Sultans	Image	From	Until
Sharif ul-Hashim of Sulu		1480	1505
Sultan Kamalud-Din		1505	1527
Sultan Amirul-Umara		1893	1899
Jamal ul-Kiram I		1893	1899
Mahakuttah Kiram		1974	1986
Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram		1986

Rulers during the Spanish colonization

• Rajah Colambu – King of Limasawa in 1521, brother of Rajah Siagu of Butuan. He befriended Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and guided him to Cebu on April 7, 1521.
• Rajah Humabon – King of Cebu who became an ally of Ferdinand Magellan and the Spaniards. Rival of Datu Lapu-Lapu. In 1521, he and his wife were baptized as Christians and given Christian names Carlos and Juana after the Spanish royalty, King Carlos and Queen Juana.
• Sultan Kudarat – Sultan of Maguindanao.
• Lakan Dula or Lakandula – King of Tondo, one of the last princes of Manila.
• Datu Lapu-Lapu – King of Mactan Island. He defeated the Spaniards on April 27, 1521.
• Datu Sikatuna – King of Bohol in 1565. He made a blood compact with Spanish explorer, Miguel López de Legazpi.
• Datu Pagbuaya – King of Bohol. He governed with his brother Datu Dailisan, a settlement along the shorelines between Mansasa, Tagbilaran and Dauis, which was abandoned years before the Spanish colonization due to Portuguese and Ternatean attacks. He founded Dapitan in the northern shore of Mindanao.
• Datu Dailisan – King of Mansasa, Tagbilaran and Dauis and governed their kingdom along with his brother Datu Pagbuaya. His death during one of the Portuguese raids caused the abandonment of the settlement.
• Datu Manooc – Christian name – Pedro Manuel Manooc, son of Datu Pagbuaya who converted to Christianity, defeated the Higaonon tribe in Iligan, Mindanao. He established one of the first Christian settlements in the country.
• Datu Macabulos – King of Pampanga in 1571.
• Rajah Siagu – King of the Manobo in 1521.
• Apo Noan – Chieftain of Mandani (present day Mandaue) in 1521.
• Apo Macarere – Famous Chieftain of the Tagbanwa warrior tribe in Corong Island (Calis).
• Rajah Sulaiman III – One of the last King of Manila, was defeated by Martín de Goiti, a Spanish soldier commissioned by López de Legazpi to Manila.
• Rajah Tupas – King of Cebu, conquered by Miguel López de Legazpi.
• Datu Urduja – Female Leader in Pangasinan.
• Datu Zula – Chieftain of Mactan, Cebu. Rival of Lapu-lapu
• Datu Kalun – Ruler of the Island of the Basilan and the Yakans in Mindanao, converted his line to Christianity
• Datu Sanday – Ruler of Marawi City
• Datu Saiden Borero – King of Antique
• unnamed Datu – King of Taytay Palawan. Mentioned by Pigafetta, chronicler of Magellan. The king, together with his wife were kidnapped by the remnant troops from Magellan's fleet after fleeing Cebu to secure provisions for their crossing to the Moluccas.
• Datu Cabaylo (Cabailo) – The last king of the Kingdom of Taytay

Colonial Governor-Generals

Under New Spain (1565–1761)

From 1565 to 1898, the Philippines was under Spanish rule. From 1565–1821, The governor and captain-general was appointed by the Viceroy of New Spain upon recommendation of the Spanish Cortes and governed on behalf of the Monarch of Spain. When there was a vacancy (e.g. death, or during the transitional period between governors), the Royal Audiencia in Manila appoints a temporary governor from among its members.

After 1821, the country was no longer under the Viceroyalty of New Spain (present-day Mexico) and administrative affairs formerly handled by New Spain were transferred to Madrid and placed directly under the Spanish Crown.

  Ad interim   Real Audiencia

#	Picture	Name	From	Until	Monarch
1		Miguel López de Legazpi	April 27, 1565	August 20, 1572	Philip II (25 July 1554 – 13 September 1598)
2		Guido de Lavezaris	August 20, 1572	August 25, 1575
3		Francisco de Sande	August 25, 1575	April 1580
4		Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa	April 1580	March 10, 1583
5		Diego Ronquillo	March 10, 1583	May 16, 1584
6		Santiago de Vera	May 16, 1584	May 1590
7		Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas	June 1, 1590	October 25, 1593
8		Pedro de Rojas	October 1593	December 3, 1593
9		Luís Pérez Dasmariñas	December 3, 1593	July 14, 1596
10		Francisco de Tello de Guzmán	July 14, 1596	May 1602
					Philip III (13 September 1598 – 31 March 1621)
11		Pedro Bravo de Acuña	May 1602	June 24, 1606
12		Cristóbal Téllez de Almanza (Real Audiencia)	June 24, 1606	June 15, 1608
13		Rodrigo de Vivero y Aberrucia	June 15, 1608	April 1609
14		Juan de Silva	April 1609	April 19, 1616
15		Andrés Alcaraz (Real Audiencia)	April 19, 1616	July 3, 1618
16		Alonso Fajardo de Entenza	July 3, 1618	July 1624
					Philip IV (31 March 1621 – 17 September 1665)
17		Jeronimo de Silva (Real Audiencia)	July 1624	June 1625
18		Fernándo de Silva	July 1624	June 29, 1626
19		Juan Niño de Tabora	June 29, 1626	July 22, 1632
20		Lorenzo de Olaza (Real Audiencia)	July 22, 1632	1633
21		Juan Cerezo de Salamanca	August 29, 1633	June 25, 1635
22		Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera	June 25, 1635	August 11, 1644
23		Diego Fajardo Chacón	August 11, 1644	July 25, 1653
24		Sabiniano Manrique de Lara	July 25, 1653	September 8, 1663
25		Diego de Salcedo	September 8, 1663	September 28, 1668
					Charles II (17 September 1665 – 1 November 1700)
26		Juan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz	September 28, 1668	September 24, 1669
27		Manuel de León	September 24, 1669	September 21, 1677
28		Francisco Coloma y Maceda (Real Audiencia)	April 11, 1677	September 25, 1677
29		Francisco Sotomayor y Mansilla (Real Audiencia)	September 21, 1677	September 28, 1678
30		Juan de Vargas y Hurtado	September 28, 1678	August 24, 1684
31		Gabriel de Curuzealegui y Arriola	August 24, 1684	April 1689
32		Alonso de Avila Fuertes (Real Audiencia)	April 1689	July 1690
33		Fausto Cruzat y Gongora	July 25, 1690	December 8, 1701
					Philip V November 1700 – 15 January 1724
34		Domingo Zabálburu de Echevarri	December 8, 1701	August 25, 1709
35		Martín de Urzúa y Arizmendi, count of Lizárraga	August 25, 1709	February 4, 1715
36		José Torralba (Real Audiencia)	February 4, 1715	August 9, 1717
37		Fernando Manuel de Bustillo Bustamante y Rueda	August 9, 1717	October 11, 1719
-		Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta (acting)	October 11, 1719	August 6, 1721
38		Toribio José Cosio y Campo	August 6, 1721	August 14, 1729
					Louis I (15 January – 31 August 1724)
					Philip V (6 September 1724 – 9 July 1746)
39		Fernándo Valdés y Tamon	August 14, 1729	July 1739
40		Gaspar de la Torre	July 1739	September 21, 1745
-		Archbishop Juan Arrechederra (acting)	September 21, 1745	July 20, 1750
					Ferdinand VI (9 July 1746 – 10 August 1759)
41		Francisco José de Ovando, 1st Marquis of Brindisi	July 20, 1750	July 26, 1754
42		Pedro Manuel de Arandía Santisteban	July 26, 1754	May 31, 1759
-		Bishop Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta (acting)	June 1759	May 31, 1761
					Charles III (10 August 1759 – 14 December 1788)
-		Archbishop Manuel Rojo del Río y Vieyra (acting)	July 1761	October 6, 1762	Charles III

British Occupation of Manila (1761–1764)

Great Britain occupied Manila and the naval port of Cavite as part of the Seven Years' War.

#	Picture	Name	From	Until	Monarch
43		Simón de Anda y Salazar (Provisional Government in Bacolor, Pampanga)	October 6, 1762	February 10, 1764	Charles III
44		Dawsonne Drake	November 2, 1762	May 31, 1764	George III

Under New Spain (1764–1821)

#	Picture	Name	From	Until	Monarch
45		Francisco Javier de la Torre	March 17, 1764	July 6, 1765	Charles III
46		José Antonio Raón y Gutiérrez	July 6, 1765	July 1770
(43)		Simón de Anda y Salazar	July 1770	October 30, 1776
47		Pedro de Sarrio	October 30, 1776	July 1778
48		José Basco y Vargas	July 1778	September 22, 1787
(47)		Pedro de Sarrio	September 22, 1787	July 1, 1788
49		Félix Berenguer de Marquina	July 1, 1788	September 1, 1793
					Charles IV
50		Rafael María de Aguilar y Ponce de León	September 1, 1793	August 7, 1806
51		Mariano Fernández de Folgueras	August 7, 1806	March 4, 1810
					Ferdinand VII
					Joseph Bonaparte
52	|	Manuel Gonzalez de Aguilar	March 4, 1810	September 4, 1813
53		José Gardoqui Jaraveitia	September 4, 1813	December 10, 1816
					Ferdinand VII
(51)		Mariano Fernández de Folgueras	December 10, 1816	September 15, 1821

Direct Spanish control (1821–1898)

After the 1821 Mexican War of Independence, Mexico became independent and was no longer part of the Spanish Empire. The Viceroyalty of New Spain ceased to exist. The Philippines, as a result, was directly governed from Madrid, under the Crown.

#	Picture	Name	From	Until	Monarch
(51)		Mariano Fernández de Folgueras	September 16, 1821	October 30, 1822	Ferdinand VII
54		Juan Antonio Martínez	October 30, 1822	October 14, 1825
55		Mariano Ricafort Palacín y Abarca	October 14, 1825	December 23, 1830
56		Pasqual Enrile y Alcedo	December 23, 1830	March 1, 1835
					Isabella II
57		Gabriel de Torres	March 1, 1835	April 23, 1835
58		Joaquín de Crámer	April 23, 1835	September 9, 1835
59		Pedro Antonio Salazar Castillo y Varona	September 9, 1835	August 27, 1837
60		Andrés García Camba	August 27, 1837	December 29, 1838
61		Luis Lardizábal	December 29, 1838	February 14, 1841
62		Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri	February 14, 1841	June 17, 1843
63		Francisco de Paula Alcalá de la Torre	June 17, 1843	July 16, 1844
64		Narciso Clavería, 1st Count of Manila	July 16, 1844	December 26, 1849
65		Antonio María Blanco	December 26, 1849	July 29, 1850
66		Antonio de Urbistondo y Eguía	July 29, 1850	December 20, 1853
67		Ramón Montero y Blandino	December 20, 1853	February 2, 1854
68		Manuel Pavía, 1st Marquis of Novaliches	February 2, 1854	October 28, 1854
(67)		Ramón Montero y Blandino	October 28, 1854	November 20, 1854
69		Manuel Crespo y Cebrían	November 20, 1854	December 5, 1856
(67)		Ramón Montero y Blandino	December 5, 1856	March 9, 1857
70		Fernándo Norzagaray y Escudero	March 9, 1857	January 12, 1860
71		Ramón María Solano y Llanderal	January 12, 1860	August 29, 1860
72		Juan Herrera Dávila	August 29, 1860	February 2, 1861
73		José Lemery e Ibarrola Ney y González	February 2, 1861	July 7, 1862
74		Salvador Valdés	July 7, 1862	July 9, 1862
75		Rafaél de Echagüe y Bermingham	July 9, 1862	March 24, 1865
76		Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez	March 24, 1865	April 25, 1865
77		Juan de Lara e Irigoyen	April 25, 1865	July 13, 1866
78		José Laureano de Sanz y Posse	July 13, 1866	September 21, 1866
79		Juan Antonio Osorio	September 21, 1866	September 27, 1866
(76)		Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez	September 27, 1866	October 26, 1866
80		José de la Gándara y Navarro	October 26, 1866	June 7, 1869
					No Monarch
81		Manuel Maldonado	June 7, 1869	June 23, 1869
82		Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada	June 23, 1869	April 4, 1871
					Amadeo I (December 16, 1870 – February 11, 1873)
83		Rafael de Izquierdo y Gutíerrez	April 4, 1871	January 8, 1873
84		Manuel MacCrohon	January 8, 1873	January 24, 1873
85		Juan Alaminos y Vivar	January 24, 1873	March 17, 1874
					No Monarch
-		Manuel Blanco Valderrama (acting)	March 17, 1874	June 18, 1874
86		José Malcampo y Monje	June 18, 1874	February 28, 1877
					Alfonso XII (December 29, 1874 – November 25, 1885)
87		Domingo Moriones y Murillo	February 28, 1877	March 20, 1880
88		Rafael Rodríguez Arias	March 20, 1880	April 15, 1880
89		Fernando Primo de Rivera, 1st Marquis of Estella	April 15, 1880	March 10, 1883
-		Emilio Molíns 1st term, (acting)	March 10, 1883	April 7, 1883
90		Joaquín Jovellar	April 7, 1883	April 1, 1885
-		Emilio Molíns 2nd term, (acting)	April 1, 1885	April 4, 1885
91		Emilio Terrero y Perinat	April 4, 1885	April 25, 1888
					Alfonso XIII (May 17, 1886)
-		Antonio Moltó (acting)	April 25, 1888	June 4, 1888
-		Federico Lobatón (acting)	June 4, 1888	June 5, 1888
92		Valeriano Wéyler	June 5, 1888	November 17, 1891
93		Eulogio Despujol	November 17, 1891	March 1, 1893
-		Federico Ochando (acting)	March 1, 1893	May 4, 1893
94		Ramón Blanco, 1st Marquis of Peña Plata	May 4, 1893	December 13, 1896
-		Camilo de Polavieja, 1st Marquis of Polavieja (acting)	December 13, 1896	April 15, 1897
-		José de Lachambre (acting)	April 15, 1897	April 23, 1897
95		Fernando Primo de Rivera, 1st Marquis of Estella	April 23, 1897	April 11, 1898
96		Basilio Augustín[5]	April 11, 1898	July 24, 1898
-		Fermín Jáudenes[5] (acting)	July 24, 1898	August 13, 1898
-		Francisco Rizzo[5] (acting)	August 13, 1898	September 1898
-		Riego de Dios[5] (acting)	September 1898	June 3, 1899

United States Military Government (1898–1901)

The American military government was established following the defeat of Spain in the Spanish–American War. During the transition period, executive authority in all civil affairs in the Philippine government was exercised by the military governor.

#	Picture	Name	From	Until	President
1		Wesley Merritt	August 14, 1898[6]	August 30, 1898[7]	William McKinley
2		Elwell S. Otis	August 28, 1898	May 5, 1900
3		Arthur MacArthur, Jr.	May 5, 1900	July 4, 1901
4		Adna Chaffee[8]	July 4, 1901	July 4, 1902

Insular Government (1901–1935)

On July 4, 1901, executive authority over the islands was transferred to the president of the Second Philippine Commission who had the title of Civil Governor, a position appointed by the President of the United States and approved by the United States Senate. For the first year, a Military Governor, Adna Chaffee, ruled parts of the country still resisting the American rule, concurrent with civil governor, William Howard Taft.^[9] Disagreements between the two were not uncommon.^[10] The following year, on July 4, 1902, Taft became the sole executive authority.^[8] Chaffee remained as commander of Philippine Division until September 30, 1902.^[11]

The title was changed to Governor General in 1905 by an act of Congress (Public 43 - February 6, 1905).^[8] The term "insular" (from insulam, the Latin word for island)^[12] refers to U.S. island territories that are not incorporated into either a state or a federal district. All insular areas was under the authority of the U.S. Bureau of Insular Affairs, a division of the US War Department.^[13][14]

#	Picture	Name	From	Until	President
1		William Howard Taft	July 4, 1901	February 1, 1904	William McKinley To September 1901 Theodore Roosevelt From September 1901
2		Luke Edward Wright	February 1, 1904	November 3, 1905	Theodore Roosevelt
3		Henry Clay Ide	November 3, 1905	September 19, 1906
4		James Francis Smith	September 20, 1906	November 11, 1909
5		William Cameron Forbes	November 11, 1909	September 1, 1913	William Howard Taft
-		Newton W. Gilbert (Acting Governor-General)	September 1, 1913	October 6, 1913	Woodrow Wilson
6		Francis Burton Harrison	October 6, 1913	March 5, 1921
-		Charles Yeater (Acting Governor-General)	March 5, 1921	October 14, 1921	Warren G. Harding To September 1923 Calvin Coolidge
7		Leonard Wood	October 14, 1921	August 7, 1927
-		Eugene Allen Gilmore (Acting Governor-General)	August 7, 1927	December 27, 1927	Calvin Coolidge
8		Henry L. Stimson	December 27, 1927	February 23, 1929
-		Eugene Allen Gilmore (Acting Governor-General)	February 23, 1929	July 8, 1929	Herbert Hoover
9		Dwight F. Davis	July 8, 1929	January 9, 1932
-		George C. Butte (Acting Governor-General)	January 9, 1932	February 29, 1932
10		Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.	February 29, 1932	July 15, 1933
11		Frank Murphy	July 15, 1933	November 14, 1935 Became High Commissioner to the Philippines	Franklin D. Roosevelt

On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated as a transitional government to prepare the country for independence. The office of President of the Philippine Commonwealth replaced the Governor-General as the country's chief executive. The Governor-General became the High Commissioner of the Philippines with Frank Murphy, the last governor-general, as the first high commissioner. The High Commissioner exercised no executive power but rather represented the colonial power, the United States Government, in the Philippines. The high commissioner moved from Malacañang Palace to the newly built High Commissioner's Residence, now the Embassy of the United States in Manila.

After the Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, the last High Commissioner, Paul McNutt, became the first United States Ambassador to the Philippines.

Japanese military governors (1942–1945)

In December 1941, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was invaded by Japan as part of World War II. The next year, the Empire of Japan sent a military governor to control the country during wartime, followed by the formal establishment of the puppet second republic.^[15]

#	Picture	Name	From	Until	Emperor
1		Masaharu Homma	January 3, 1942	June 8, 1942	Emperor Hirohito
2		Shizuichi Tanaka	June 8, 1942	May 28, 1943
3		Shigenori Kuroda	May 28, 1943	September 26, 1944
4		Tomoyuki Yamashita	September 26, 1944	September 2, 1945

Emperor (Defunct)

Philippines

Emperor	Image	From	Until	Notes
Andrés Novales		1814	1823	His discontentment with the treatment of creole soldiers led him to start a revolt in 1823 that inspired even the ranks of José Rizal. He successfully captured Intramuros and was proclaimed Emperor of the Philippines by his followers. However, he was defeated within the day by Spanish reinforcements from Pampanga.[16]

Other revolutionary republics and states

The Ruling Leaders during Philippine Revolution

Tagalog Republic

President	Image	From	Until
Andres Bonifacio		1896	1897

Biak-na-Bato – 1897

President	Image	From	Until
Emilio Aguinaldo		1897	December 15, 1897

First Philippine Republic – Continuation 1901-1902

President	Image	From	Until
Emilio Aguinaldo		1897	1901
Miguel Malvar		1901	1902

Tagalong Republic – Continuation 1902-1906

President	Image	From	Until
Macario Sakay		1902	1906

Republic of Zamboanga – 1899-1903

President	Image	From	Until
Vicente Alvarez		1899	1899
Isidro Midel		1899	1901
Mariano Arquiza		1901	1903

Negros Republic – 1898-1901

President	Image	From	Until
Aniceto Lacson		1898	1899
Melecio Severino		1899	1901

Presidents

1899–1901: First Republic (Malolos Republic)

The First Philippine Republic was inaugurated on January 23, 1899 at Malolos, and ended on March 23, 1901 when President Emilio F. Aguinaldo was captured by the Americans at Palanan.

President of the First Philippine Republic (Malolos Republic)^[17]

No. overall [note 2]	No. in era	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Took office	Left office	Party		Term [note 5] Upon the death of fifth president, Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino became the sixth president even though he simply served out the remainder of Roxas' term and was not elected to the presidency in his own right.</ref>	Vice President	Refs.
1	1		Emilio F. Aguinaldo 1869–1964 (Lived: 94 years) "[23]	January 23, 1899 [note 7][note 8]</ref>	March 23, 1901 [note 9]</ref> [note 11]</ref>		Non-partisan	(1899) 1 (1899)	None [note 13]	[31] [36]

1935–46: Commonwealth

The Commonwealth was inaugurated on November 15, 1935 at Manila, and ended upon independence on July 4, 1946.

Presidents of the Philippine Commonwealth^[17]

No. overall [note 2]	No. in era	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Took office	Left office	Party		Term [note 5]	Vice President	Refs.
2	1		Manuel L. Quezon 1878–1944 (Lived: 65 years)	November 15, 1935 [note 14]	August 1, 1944 [note 15] [note 16]		Nacionalista	(1935) 2 (1935)	Sergio Osmeña	[40] [41] [42] [39]
								(1941) 3 (1941) (1944)
4 [note 17]	2		Sergio Osmeña 1878–1961 (Lived: 83 years)	August 1, 1944	May 28, 1946 [note 18] [note 19]		Nacionalista		Vacant [note 20]	[44] [45] [39]
5	3		Manuel Roxas 1892–1948 (Lived: 56 years)	May 28, 1946	July 4, 1946		Liberal [note 21]	(1946) 5 (1946) [note 17]	Elpidio Quirino May 28, 1946 – July 4, 1946	[48] [49] [46]

1943–45: Second Republic

The Second Republic was inaugurated on October 14, 1943 in Manila, and ended when President Jose P. Laurel dissolved the republic on August 17, 1945, in Tokyo.

President of the Second Philippine Republic^[17]

No. overall [note 2]	No. in era	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Took office	Left office	Party		Term [note 5]	Vice President	Refs.
3	1		José P. Laurel 1891–1959 (Lived: 68 years)	October 14, 1943 [note 22]	August 17, 1945 [note 23]</ref> [note 11]		KALIBAPI [note 25]	(1943) 4 (1943)	None [note 26]	[55] [58]

1946–72: Third Republic

The Third Republic started when independence was granted by the Americans on July 4, 1946, and ended upon the imposition of martial law by President Ferdinand Marcos on September 21, 1972.

Presidents of the Third Philippine Republic^{[17][note 27]}

No. overall [note 2]	No. in era	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Took office	Left office	Party		Term [note 5]	Vice President	Refs.
5	1		Manuel Roxas 1892–1948 (Lived: 56 years)	July 4, 1946	April 15, 1948 [note 28]		Liberal [note 21]	(1946) 5 (1946) (1948)	Elpidio Quirino July 4, 1946 – April 17, 1948	[48] [49] [46]
Vacant April 15–17, 1948										[61]
6	2		Elpidio Quirino 1890–1956 (Lived: 65 years)	April 17, 1948	December 30, 1953 [note 18]		Liberal [note 29]		Vacant [note 20] April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1949	[63] [64] [46] [62]
								(1949) 6 (1949)	Fernando Lopez December 30, 1949 – December 30, 1953
7	3		Ramon Magsaysay 1907–1957 (Lived: 49 years)	December 30, 1953	March 17, 1957 [note 30]		Nacionalista	(1953) 7 (1953) (1957)	Carlos P. Garcia	[67] [68] [69]
8	4		Carlos P. Garcia 1896–1971 (Lived: 74 years)	March 18, 1957	December 30, 1961 [note 18]		Nacionalista		Vacant [note 20] March 18 – December 30, 1957	[70] [71] [69] [72]
								(1957) 8 (1957)	Diosdado Macapagal December 30, 1957 – December 30, 1961
9	5		Diosdado Macapagal 1910–1997 (Lived: 86 years)	December 30, 1961	December 30, 1965 [note 18]		Liberal	(1961) 9 (1961)	Emmanuel Pelaez	[73] [74] [75]
10	6		Ferdinand Marcos 1917–1989 (Lived: 72 years)	December 30, 1965	February 25, 1986 [note 18] [note 31]</ref>		Nacionalista	(1965) 10 (1965)	Fernando Lopez December 30, 1965 – September 23, 1972 [note 33]	[79] [80] [81] [82] [32]
								(1969) 11 [note 36] [note 37]</ref> (1969)
									None [note 38] September 23, 1972 – February 25, 1986
							KBL	(1981) 12 [note 39] (1981)

1987–present: Fifth Republic

President Corazon Aquino inaugurated the Fifth Republic after the present constitution was ratified. The plebiscite happened on February 2, 1987.

Presidents of the Fifth Philippine Republic^{[17][note 40]}

No. overall [note 2]	No. in era	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Took office	Left office	Party		Term [note 5]	Vice President	Refs.
11	1		Corazon C. Aquino 1933–2009 (Lived: 76 years)	February 25, 1986 [note 41]	June 30, 1992		UNIDO	(1986) 13 (1986)	Salvador H. Laurel	[86] [87]
12	2		Fidel V. Ramos Born 1928 (89 years old)	June 30, 1992	June 30, 1998		Lakas–NUCD	(1992) 14 (1992)	Joseph Ejercito Estrada	[88] [89] [90]
13	3		Joseph Ejercito Estrada Born 1937 (80 years old)	June 30, 1998	January 20, 2001 [note 42] [note 11]		LAMMP	(1998) 15 (1998) (2001)	Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo	[92] [93] [94]
14	4		Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Born 1947 (70 years old)	January 20, 2001	June 30, 2010		Lakas–NUCD		Vacant [note 20] January 20 – February 7, 2001	[95] [96] [94] [97]
									Teofisto Guingona Jr. February 7, 2001 – June 30, 2004
							Lakas–Kampi–CMD	(2004) 16 (2004)	Noli L. de Castro [note 43] June 30, 2004 – June 30, 2010
15	5		Benigno S. Aquino III Born 1960 (57 years old)	June 30, 2010	June 30, 2016		Liberal	(2010) 17 (2010)	Jejomar C. Binay	[98] [99] [100]
16	6		Rodrigo Roa Duterte Born 1945 (72 years old)	June 30, 2016	Incumbent		PDP–Laban	(2016) 18 (2016)	Maria Leonor G. Robredo	[101]

See also

• President of the Philippines
• List of Unofficial presidents of the Philippines
• Vice President of the Philippines
• List of Vice presidents of the Philippines
• Prime Minister of the Philippines (now defunct)
• Seal of the President of the Philippines
• List of current heads of state and government

Notes

References

External links

• Office of the President of the Philippines
• The Presidential Museum and Library
• Philippine Heads of State Timeline at www.worldstatesmen.org