List of oldest continuously inhabited cities

This is a list of present-day cities by the time period over which they have been continuously inhabited. The age claims listed are generally disputed. Differences in opinion can result from different definitions of "city" as well as "continuously inhabited" and historical evidence is often disputed. Caveats (and sources) to the validity of each claim are discussed in the "Notes" column.

World

Ruins of Port in Byblos

Several cities listed here, which are over 5000 years old, popularly claim to be "the oldest city in the world".

Africa

Northern and the Horn

Name Historical region Location Continuously inhabited since Notes
Luxor (as Waset, better known by its Greek name Thebes) Ancient Egypt Egypt -3200 c. 3200 BC First established as capital of Upper Egypt, Thebes later became the religious capital of the nation until its decline in the Roman period.
Carthage Carthage Tunisia -814 c. 814 BC Founded by the Phoenicians in 814 BC.[1]
Tripoli (as Oea) Libya -700 c. 700 BC Founded in the 7th century BC, by the Phoenicians.[2]
Constantine (as Cirta) Algeria -600 c. 600 BC Founded in the 6th century BC, by the Phoenicians.[3]
Benghazi (as Euesperides) Cyrenaica Libya -525 c. 525 BC Founded in the 5th century BC, by the Greeks.[4]
Tangier Carthage Morocco c. 500 BC Founded by the Carthageans, later chief city of the Roman Province of Mauretania Tingitana.
Axum Kingdom of Axum Ethiopia -400 ! c. 400 BC Ancient capital of the Kingdom of Axum.
Berbera Bilad al-Barbar Somalia -400 ! c. 400 BC The city was described as 800 stadia beyond the city of the Avalites, described in the eighth chapter of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, which was written by a Greek merchant in the 1st century AD.
Alexandria Ancient Egypt Egypt -332 !332 BC Founded by Alexander the Great.[5]
Mogadishu Bilad al-Barbar Somalia -200 ! c. 200 BC Successor of the ancient trading power of Sarapion.
Djenné-Jeno Mali -200 ! c. 200 BC One of the oldest known cities in sub-Saharan Africa.[6]
Old Cairo Egypt Egypt 100 ! c. 100 Babylon Fortress moved to its current location in the reign of Emperor Trajan, forming the core of Old or Coptic Cairo.[7]
Zeila/Avalite Bilad al-Barbar Somalia -400 ! c. 1st century AD Major trading city in the Horn of Africa.
Kismayo Bilad al-Barbar, after the 13th century part of the Ajuran Empre Somalia 100 ! 4th century The Kismayo area was originally a small fishing settlement and expanded to a major trading city on the Somali coast.[8]
Fes (as Fes-al-Bali) Morocco 789 !789 Founded as the new capital of the Idrisid Dynasty.[9]
Marrakesh (Murakuc) Morocco 1070 !1070 Founded by the Almoravid Dynasty.[10]

Sub-Saharan

Name Historical region Location Continuously inhabited since Notes
Igodomigodo Kingdom of Benin Nigeria -400 ! c. 400 BC City of Benin, the oldest cities in Nigeria.
Lagos Kingdom of Benin Nigeria 16th Century Initially established as a war camp for soldiers from the Kingdom of Benin.[11]
Ife Osun State Nig Nigeria -350 ! c. 350 BC Earliest traces of habitation date to the 4th century BC.[12]
Kano Kano State Nigeria 11th century The foundation for the construction of Kano City Walls was laid by Sakri Gijimasu from 1095 – 1134, and was completed in the middle of 14th Century during the reign of Zamnagawa.[13]
Zanzibar Swahili Coast Tanzania 1st–3rd centuries A Greco-Roman text between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, mentioned the island of Menuthias (Ancient Greek: Μενουθιάς), which is probably Unguja, an island suburb of the city.
Sofala Swahili Coast Mozambique 900 ! c. 700 One of the oldest harbours documented in Southern Africa.
Pate Swahili Coast Kenya 8th century According to the Pate Chronicle, the town of Pate was founded by refugees from Oman in the 8th century.
Mombasa Swahili Coast Kenya 900 AD The strategic location of this historical Swahili trading centre has seen it fall under the control of many countries.
Moroni Swahili Coast Comoros 10th century Founded by Arabic settlers, possibly during the 10th century, as the capital of a sultanate connected commercially to Zanzibar in Tanzania.
Malindi Swahili Coast Kenya 13th–14th centuries Once rivaled only by Mombasa for dominance in this part of East Africa, it was first referenced in writing by Abu al-Fida (1273–1331), a Kurdish geographer and historian.
Lamu Swahili Coast Kenya 1370 One of the original Swahili settlements along coastal East Africa and is the best preserved Swahili town being a UNESCO site, first attested in writing by an Arab traveller Abu-al-Mahasini, who met a judge from Lamu visiting Mecca in 1441.
Quelimane Swahili Coast Mozambique 1400 AD One of the oldest towns in the region, one tradition says that Vasco da Gama, in 1498, enquired about the name of the place from workers in the fields outside the settlement.
Tanga Swahili Coast Tanzania 1500 The earliest documentation about Tanga roots from the Portuguese who established a trading post as part of their East African coastal territory and controlled the region for over 200 years between 1500 and 1700.
Cape Town Dutch Cape Colony South Africa 1652 Founded by Dutch settlers from Dutch East India Company and is the oldest city in South Africa.
Kumasi Ashanti Empire Ghana c. 1680 Founded as Akan village and capital of the Kumaseman State, later becoming capital of Ashanti Empire.

Americas

North America

Name Historical region Location Continuously inhabited since Notes
Cholula Old Cholula Mexico -150 !~2nd century BC Pre-Columbian Cholula grew from a small village to a regional center during the 7th century. Oldest still-inhabited city in the Americas.
Oraibi, Arizona Puebloan peoples US ~1100
Acoma Pueblo Puebloan peoples US ~1200
Mexico City Mexica culture Mexico 1325 Founded as twin cities Tenōchtitlān (1325) and Tlāltelōlco (1337) by the Mexica. Name changed to Ciudad de México (Mexico City) after the Spanish conquest of the city in 1521. Several other pre-Columbian towns such as Azcapotzalco, Tlatelolco, Xochimilco and Coyoacán have been engulfed by the still growing metropolis and are now part of modern Mexico City. Oldest capital city in the Americas.
Santo Domingo New Spain Dominican Republic 1496 Oldest European settlement in the New World.
Panama City Cueva Civilisation. After European colonisation: New Spain Panama 15th century[14] Oldest European settlement on the Pacific.
Flores Maya civilisation, then New Spain Guatemala 1st millennium BC[15] Formerly Nojpetén, the capital of the Itza kingdom, it has been occupied continuously since prehispanic times.[16] Earliest archaeological traces date back to 900–600 BC, with major expansion of the settlement occurring around 250–400 AD.[17] Ethnohistoric documents claim the founding of Nojpetén in the mid-15th century AD.[18]
San Juan New Spain Puerto Rico 1508 Oldest continuously inhabited city in a US territory.
Nombre de Dios, Colón New Spain Panama 1510 Oldest European settlement on the mainlands of the Americas.
Baracoa New Spain Cuba 1511 Oldest European settlement in Cuba.
Vera Cruz New Spain Mexico 1519 Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement continental America.
St. Augustine, Florida New Spain US 1565 Oldest continuously inhabited European-founded city of the current 50 U.S. states; oldest city in state of Florida.
Havana New Spain Cuba 1592 Oldest major city in Cuba, granted city status in 1592 by Philip II of Spain.
Santa Fe, New Mexico New Spain US 1607 Oldest continuously inhabited state or territorial capital in the continental United States.
Quebec City New France Canada 1608 Second oldest city in Canada and oldest French-speaking city in the Americas.
Albany, New York New Netherlands US 1614 Followed by Jersey City, New Jersey (Communipaw) in 1617 and New York City (as New Amsterdam) in 1624 or 1625. (Note: While there was an abandonment in 1617 or 1618 of the Albany settlement, it was re-established within a few years; also, the Jersey City settlement was a factorij or trading post in the 1610s and did not become a "homestead" (bouwerij) until the 1630s. Settlements in New Netherlands sometimes moved around in the early years.)
Plymouth, Massachusetts Plymouth Colony US 1620 Fourth oldest continuously inhabited European-founded city in the United States[19]
St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland Colony Canada Incorporated in 1883; inhabited continuously since sometime after 1630. Some claims to being the oldest city in Canada.
Saint John New France Canada 1631 Oldest incorporated city in Canada.
Trois-Rivières New France Canada 1634 Fourth oldest city in Canada.
Montreal New France Canada 1642 Fifth oldest city in Canada.

-

 Philadelphia County Pennsylvania Colony US 1681
Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan New France US 1668 Oldest European-founded city in the Midwestern United States and third oldest US city west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Detroit, Michigan New France US 1701 First European settlement above tidewater in North America.
Winnipeg British America Canada 1738 Founded as Fort Rouge. Oldest city in the Canadian Prairies.
San Diego New Spain US 1769 Birthplace of California and oldest city on the West Coast of the United States.
Victoria British North America Canada 1843 Oldest city on the West Coast of Canada.

South America

Name Historical region Location Continuously inhabited since Notes
Quito Quitu culture Ecuador 980 Quito's origins date back to 2000 BC, when the Quitu tribe occupied the area.
Cusco Inca Empire Peru c. 1100 The Killke occupied the region from 900 to 1200, prior to the arrival of the Incas in the 13th century. Carbon-14 dating of Saksaywaman, the walled complex outside Cusco, has demonstrated that the Killke culture constructed the fortress about 1100.[20]
Cumaná New Granada Venezuela 1515 Oldest continuously-inhabited, European-established settlement in the continent.
Santa Marta New Granada Colombia 1525 Oldest still-inhabited city founded by Spaniards in Colombia.
São Vicente, São Paulo Governorate General of Brazil Brazil 1532 First Portuguese settlement in South America.
Cali New Granada Colombia 1536 On 25 July 1536 Belalcázar founded Santiago de Cali, first established a few kilometres north of the present location, near what are now the towns of Vijes and Riofrío.
Lima Peru Peru 1535 Second oldest continuously inhabited European-settled capital city in South America.
Piura Peru Peru 1532 Oldest European-founded city in Peru.[21]
Santiago Captaincy General of Chile Chile 1541 Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in Chile.
Santiago del Estero Río de la Plata Argentina 1553 Oldest continuously inhabited city in Argentina.

Asia

Central and Southern

Name Historical region Location Continuously inhabited since Notes
Varanasi Kashi Uttar Pradesh, India -600 ! 1800 BC Recent excavations at Aktha and Ramnagar, two sites very near to Varanasi, show them to be from 1800 BC.
Balkh (as Bactra) Bactria AfgBalkh Province, Afghanistan -1500 ! 1500 BC
Samarqand Sogdiana Uzbekistan -700 ! 700 BC
Ujjain Malwa Madhya Pradesh, India -600 ! c. 600 BC.[22] Rose to prominence in ca 600 BC as capital of Avanti.
Rajagriha (Rajgir) Magadha IndBihar, India -600 ! 600 BC
Vaisali Magadha IndBihar, India -500 ! 500 BC[23]
Patna Magadha IndBihar, India -450 ! 5th century BC[24] As Pataliputra was founded by Ajatashatru.
Tiruvannamalai Pallava dynasty or Hoysala Empire Tamil Nadu, India 800 !9th c. AD ? The recorded history of the town dates back to the ninth century, as seen from a Chola inscriptions in the temple.[25][26]
Dacca Dhaka Bangladesh 7th Century
Anuradhapura Kingdom of Rajarata North Central Province, Sri Lanka -300 ! 4th century BC[27]
Madurai Pandyan Kingdom Tamil Nadu, India at least 3rd century BC Megasthenes may have visited Madurai during the 3rd century BCE, with the city referred as "Methora" in his accounts.[28] The view is contested by some scholars who believe "Methora" refers to the north Indian city of Mathura, as it was a large and established city in the Mauryan Empire.[29]
Peshawar Gandhara PakKhyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan -350 ! c. 2nd century BC[30] Ongoing excavations in the Gor Khuttree region have uncovered evidence of the earliest building in the city.
Bamyan Bactria AfgBamyan Province, Afghanistan - 1st century AD ! 1st century AD
Kathmandu-Patan, Lalitpur Nepal Kathmandu valley, Nepal - 2nd century AD ! c. 2nd century AD The epigraphically attested history of Kathmandu valley begins in the 2nd century.

Eastern

Name Historical region Location Continuously inhabited since Notes
Luoyang (as Xibo, Luoyi, Zhongguo, Henan, Dongdu, Shendu) Shang Dynasty Chi Henan, China -1600 ! c. 1600 BC
Xi'an (as Haojing, Fenghao, Chang'an, Jingzhao, Daxing) Zhou Dynasty Chi Shaanxi, China -1100 ! c. 1100 BC
Handan Jin Chi Hebei, China -1080 ! c. 1080 BC
Beijing (as Ji, Youzhou, Fanyang, Yanjing, Zhongdu, Dadu) Ji, Yan Chi Beijing, China -1000 ! c. 1045 BC Paleolithic homo sapiens lived in the caves from about 27,000 to 10,000 years ago.[31]
Zibo (as Yingqiu, Linzi, Qiling, Zichuan, Boping) Qi Chi Shandong, China -1045 ! c. 1045 BC The Lord of Qi, Jiang Ziya, set the capital of his manor at Yingqiu(营丘), which is today's Linzi District.
Jingzhou (as Jinan, Yingdu, Jiangling, Jingsha, Nanjun) Chu Chi Hubei, China -689 ! c. 689 BC
Hefei (as Luyi, Ruyin, Luzhou, Hezhou, Lujiang) Zhou Dynasty ChiAnhui, China -650 ! c. 650 BC The Viscount of Lu was asked to set the capital of his manor at Luyi(庐邑), which is in the north of today's downtown Hefei.
Suzhou (as Gusu, Wu, Pingjiang) Wu Chi Jiangsu, China -514 !514 BC
Taiyuan (as Jinyang) Jin ChiShanxi, China -497 ! c. 497 BC
Nanjing (as Yecheng, Moling, Jianye, Jiankang, Jinling, Yingtian, Jiangning) Wu ChiJiangsu, China -495 ! c. 495 BC Fu Chai, Lord of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area.
Chengdu Shu ChiSichuan, China -400 ! c. 400 BC The 9th Kaiming king of the ancient Shu moved his capital to the city's current location from today's nearby Pixian.
Changsha (as Linxiang, Xiangzhou, Tanzhou, Tianlin) Chu Chi Hunan, China -365 ! c. 365 BC
Kaifeng (as Daliang, Bianzhou, Dongjing, Bianjing) Wei Chi }Henan, China -364 ! c. 364 BC The State of Wei founded a city called Daliang (大梁）as its capital in this area.
Liaoyang (as Xiangping, Changping, Liaodong, Pingzhou, Liaozhou, Dongdu, Dongjing) Yan Chi Liaoning, China -279 ! c. 279 BC
Guangzhou (as Panyu) Qin Dynasty ChiGuangdong, China -214 !214 BC
Hangzhou (as Lin'an, Yuhang, Qiantang) Qin Dynasty ChiZhejiang, China -200 ! c. 200 BC The city of Hangzhou was founded about 2,200 years ago during the Qin Dynasty.
Pyeongyang (as Wanggeom-seong) Gojoseon North Korea 194 BC Built as the capital city of Gojoseon in 194 BC.
Gyeongju Silla South Korea 57 BC Built as the capital city of Silla in 57 BC.
Seoul (as Wiryeseong) Baekjae South Korea 18 BC Built as the capital city of Baekjae in 18 BC.
Osaka (as Naniwa) Japan Japan C. 400 AD It was inhabited as early at the 6th–5th centuries BC, and became a port city during the Kofun period. It temporarily served as the capital of Japan from 645 to 655.
Nara (as Heijō-kyō) Japan Japan 710 AD Built as a new capital city in 710.
Kyoto (as Heian-kyō, and sometimes known in the west as Miyako) Japan Japan 794 AD Shimogamo Shrine was built in the 6th century, but the city was officially founded as Heian-kyō when it became the capital in 794.

Southeastern

Name Historical region Location Continuously inhabited since Notes
Hanoi Jiaozhou Vietnam 454 AD First mentioned as Tống Bình in 454 AD, the Đại La citadel was built in 767 during the reign of Emperor Daizong of Tang; Ly Cong Uan renamed it Thăng Long in 1010.
Palembang Srivijaya Indonesia 600 ! c. 600 AD Oldest city in the Malay Archipelago, capital of the Srivijaya empire.
Luang Prabang Muang Sua Laos 600 ! 698 AD
Siem Reap Khmer Empire Cambodia 800 ! 801 AD.[32] Capital of the Khmer Empire.
Bagan Kingdom of Pagan Myanmar 800 ! 849 AD.[33]
Manila Kingdom of Tondo and Kingdom of Maynila Philippines 900 !900 AD[34] Oldest known settlement in the Philippines as documented by the Laguna Copperplate Inscription; when the Spanish, led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, arrived, it was still inhabited and led by at least one datu.
Magelang Mataram Kingdom Indonesia 900 !907 AD Magelang was established on 11 April 907. Magelang was then known as a village called Mantyasih, which is now known as Meteseh.[35]
Bandar Seri Begawan Kingdom of Po-ni and Bruneian Empire Brunei 900 ! 977 AD[36] Oldest city in Borneo.
Butuan Kingdom of Butuan Philippines 1000 ! 1001 AD[37][38] Oldest city in Mindanao.
Yangon Konbaung Dynasty Myanmar 600 ! 1043 AD[39] Yangon was founded as Dagon in the early 11th century (circa 1028–1043) by the Mon but was renamed to "Yangon" after King Alaungpaya conquered Dagon.
Kediri Kediri Kingdom Indonesia 600 ! 1042 AD[40] Along with changes in name, it is essentially a union of the two capitals of Panjalu Kingdom and Janggala Kingdom. The settlements are always interspersed along both banks of Brantas River. Administratively, the Government of Indonesia divides Kediri into two political entities, Kediri Regency and the Town of Kediri which is located in the middle of the regency. Nevertheless, archaeological remains exist beyond administrative boundaries and settlements often spread disregarding administrative boundaries between both entities.
Singapore Kingdom of Singapura Singapore 1100 ! 1170 AD[41]
Banda Aceh Aceh Sultanate Indonesia 1205 AD

Originally named Kutaraja, which means "City of the King".

Surabaya Singhasari Indonesia 1293 AD

Derived its name from the words "suro" (shark) and "boyo" (crocodile), two creatures which are in a local myth.[42]

Muar Majapahit Malaysia 1361 AD[43]
Phnom Penh Khmer Empire Cambodia 1372 AD[44]
Malacca Malacca Sultanate Malaysia 900 ! 1396 AD[45]
Hội An Nguyễn dynasty Vietnam 14th century[46]
Bogor Sunda Kingdom Indonesia 1482 AD
Teluk Intan Perak Sultanate Malaysia 1511 AD[47]
Pattani Pattani Kingdom Thailand 1516 AD[47]
Jakarta Demak Sultanate Indonesia 1527 AD[48]
Medan Sultanate of Deli Indonesia 1590 AD[49]
Oudong Kingdom of Cambodia Cambodia 1601 AD
Makassar Sultanate of Gowa Indonesia 1607 AD
Klang Johor-Riau Sultanate Malaysia 900 ! 1643 AD[50] Klang remained under Johor's control until 1742.
Bangkok Ayutthaya Kingdom Thailand 900 ! 1688 AD[51] Modern Bangkok was built after the Siege of Bangkok from French imperialists.
Alor Setar Kedah Sultanate Malaysia 1735 AD[52]

Founded in 1735 by Kedah's 19th Ruler, Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II and is the state's eighth administrative centre since the establishment of the Kedah Sultanate in 1136.

Dili Portuguese Timor East Timor 900 ! 1769 AD[53] Dili was settled about 1520 by the Portuguese, who made it the capital of Portuguese Timor in 1769.
George Town Straits Settlements Malaysia 900 ! 1786 AD[54] Founded by Sir Captain Francis Light after the Penang was ceded from Kedah to British Colony.

Western

Ruins of ancient city of Damascus
Ruins of ancient city of Damascus
Ruins in Byblos
Ruins in Byblos
Ancient city of Aleppo
Ancient city of Aleppo

Continuous habitation since the Chalcolithic (or Copper Age) is vaguely possible but highly problematic to prove archaeologically for several Levantine cities (Damascus, Byblos, Aleppo, Jericho, Sidon and Beirut).

Cities became more common outside the Fertile Crescent with the Early Iron Age from about 1100 BC. The foundation of Rome in 753 BC is conventionally taken as one of the dates initiating Classical Antiquity.

Name Historical region Location Continuously inhabited as a "city" since Notes
Damascus Levant Syria Chalcolithic 3rd millennium BC[55] Damascus is often claimed to be the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world. Excavations at Tell Ramad on the outskirts of the city have demonstrated that the general area was inhabited as early as 9000 BC. However, it is not documented as an important city until the arrival of the Aramaeans.[55][56]
Byblos (Jubayl) Levant Lebanon Chalcolithic (3000 BC)[57][58] Settled from the Neolithic (carbon-dating tests have set the age of earliest settlement around 7000[59]), a city since the 3rd millennium BC.[60][57] Byblos had a reputation as the "oldest city in the world" in Antiquity (according to Philo of Byblos).
Susa (Shush) Khuzestan Iran 4200 BC Archaeological excavations indicate that the site has been inhabited since at least 5000 BC.[61] The emergence of acropolis in Susa is determined by C14 dating from 4395–3955 BC,[62] roughly dated about 4200 BC as time of foundation.[63] Susa was a large city during Ancient and Medieval periods, but marginalized in the 13th century[61] due to Mongol invasion. The city further degraded from the 15th century when a majority of its population moved to Dezful and it remained as a small settlement until the 20th century.[64]
Gaziantep Anatolia Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey c. 3650 BC[65] Although most modern scholars place the Classical Antiochia ad Taurum at Gaziantep, some maintain that it was located at Aleppo. Furthermore, that the two cities occupy the same site is far from established fact.[66] Assuming this to be the case, the founding date of the present site would be about 1000 BC.[67]
Jericho Levant Palestine Chalcolithic (3000 BC or earlier) Traces of habitation from 9000 BC.[68][69] Fortifications date to 6800 BC (or earlier), making Jericho the earliest known walled city.[70]

Archaeological evidence indicates that the city was destroyed and abandoned several times (sometimes remaining uninhabited for hundreds of years at a time), with later rebuilding and expansion.[71][72]

Rey Media Iran 3000 BC[73] A settlement at the site goes back to the 3rd millennium BC. Rey (also Ray or Rayy) is mentioned in the Avesta (an important text of prayers in Zoroastrianism) as a sacred place, and it is also featured in the book of Tobit.[73]
Beirut Levant Lebanon 3000 BC[74]
Jerusalem (Old City) Levant Israel/Palestine 2800 BC[75]
Tyre Levant Lebanon 2750 BC[76]
Jenin Levant Palestine c. 2450 BC[77] Jenin's history goes back to 2450 BC, when it was built by the Canaanites. After 1244, Jenin flourished economically because of its location on the trade route, until a major earthquake completely destroyed the city.[78]
Aleppo Levant Syria possibly 2400 BC when there was a modest temple there.[79] the Temple of Hadad inside the Citadel date to c. 2400 BC.[79]
Homs Levant Syria (2,300 BC) Excavations at the Citadel of Homs indicate that the earliest settlement at the site dates back to around 2300 BC.[80]
Erbil Mesopotamia Iraqi Kurdistan, Iraq 2300 BC[81][82] The Citadel of Arbil is a fortified settlement in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan. The city corresponds to ancient Arbela. Settlement at Erbil (kurdish: Hewlêr) can be dated back to possibly 5000 BC, but not urban life until c. 2300.
Kirkuk (as Arrapha) Mesopotamia Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq 3000–2200 BC[83]
Jaffa Levant Israel c. 2000 BC Archaeological evidence shows habitation from 7500 BC.[84]
Sidon Levant Lebanon 2nd millennium BC Sidon becomes a city-state during the 2nd millennium BC.[85]
Hebron Levant Palestine c. 1500 BC "Hebron is considered one of the oldest cities and has been continuously inhabited for nearly 3500 years."[86]
Gaza Levant Palestine c. 1000 BC While evidence of habitation dates back at least 5,000 years, it is said to be continuously inhabited for a little more than 3,000 years.[87][88]
Hamadan (as Ecbatana) Media Iran c. 800 BC[89]
Lod Levant Israel 200 AD[90]
Tabriz Caucasus Iran Sometime between the 3rd and 7th century AD The earliest elements of the present Tabriz are claimed to be built either at the time of the early Sassanids in the 3rd or 4th century AD, or later in the 7th century.[91]
Yazd Media Iran 5th century AD[92] It has long been a haven for Zoroastrians. [93]

Australasia

Name Historical region Location Continuously inhabited since Notes
Sydney New South Wales Australia 1788 Oldest city in Australia and oldest city in Oceania. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity occurred in and around Sydney for at least 30,000 years, in the Upper Paleolithic period.[94][95] However, numerous Aboriginal stone tools found in Sydney's far western suburbs' gravel sediments were dated to be from 45,000 to 50,000 years BP, which would mean that humans could have been in the region earlier than thought.[96][97] The first people to occupy the Sydney region were an Indigenous Australian group called the Eora.[98][99]
Hobart Tasmania Australia 1803 Second oldest city in Australia. Prior to British settlement, the area had been occupied for at least 8,000 years, but possibly for as long as 35,000 years,[100] by the semi-nomadic Mouheneener tribe, a sub-group of the Nuennone, or South-East tribe.[101]
George Town Tasmania Australia 1804 Third oldest city in Australia.
Newcastle New South Wales Australia 1804 Fourth oldest city in Australia.
Launceston Tasmania Australia 1806 Fifth oldest city in Australia.
Kerikeri Northland New Zealand 1818 ! c. 1818 Oldest European-founded settlement in New Zealand.
Bluff Southland New Zealand 1824 Previously known as Campbelltown, the oldest European-founded settlement in the South Island.
Brisbane Queensland Australia 1825 Oldest city in Northern Australia, State Capital.
Albany Western Australia Australia 1827 Oldest city in the West Coast of Australia.
Perth Western Australia Australia 1829 The area had been inhabited by the Whadjuk Noongar people for over 40,000 years, as evidenced by archaeological findings on the Upper Swan River.[102]
Melbourne Victoria Australia 1835 Before the arrival of European settlers, the area was occupied for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years.[103] At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 20,000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous regional tribes: the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong.[104][105]
Adelaide South Australia Australia 1836 State Capital.
Wellington Wellington Region New Zealand 1839 New Zealand's capital city from 1865 until the present day.
Auckland Auckland Region New Zealand 1840 New Zealand's capital city from 1841 - 1865.
Darwin Northern Territory Australia 1869 State Capital.
Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia 1913 Capital city of Australia. Artefacts suggests early human activity occurred at some point in Canberra dating at around 21,000 years ago.[106]

Europe

Name Historical region Location Continuously inhabited since Notes
Argos Neolithic, Mycenaean Greece Greece -5000 ! 6th–5th millennium BC[107] The city has been cycling between village and city status for 7,000 years. Recorded history begins in latter 1st millennium BC.
Athens Neolithic, Mycenaean Greece GreAttica, Greece -4500 !5th–4th millennium BC[108][109][110] Recorded history begins in 1400 BC.
Plovdiv Thrace BulPlovdiv Province, Bulgaria 479 BC Thracian foundation.
Kutaisi Colchis Imereti province, Georgia -6006th to 4th century BC Archaeological evidence indicates that the city functioned as the capital of the kingdom of Colchis in the sixth to fifth centuries BC.[111]
Chania Crete GreCrete, Greece -1700 ! c. 1700–1500 BC[112] Minoan foundation as Kydonia.
Thebes Mycenaean Greece GreBoeotia, Greece -1600 ! c. 1600–1250 BC[113] Mycenaean foundation.
Larnaca Alashiya Cyprus -1400 ! c. 1400 BC Mycenaean, then Phoenician colony.
Trikala Mycenaean Greece GreThessaly, Greece -1201 ! before 1200 BC Founded as Trikke.
Chalcis Mycenaean Greece Greece -1201 !before 1200 BC Mentioned by Homer.
Lisbon Iron Age Iberia Portugal -1200 ! c. 1200 BC A settlement since the Neolithic. Allis Ubbo, arguably a Phoenician name, became Olissipo(-nis) in Greek and Latin (also Felicitas Julia after Roman conquest in 205 BC).
Cádiz Iron Age Iberia SpaAndalusia, Spain -1100 !1100 BC founded as Phoenician Gadir, "Europe's oldest city".[114][115]
Patras Mycenaean Greece Greece c. 1100 BC Founded by Patreus.
Chios Chios GreNorth Aegean, Greece c. 1100 BC
Nicosia Cyprus c. 1050 BC Mycenaean foundation as Ledra. Archeological evidence of continuous habitation since the beginning of the Bronze Age 2500 years BC.
Zadar Illyricum Croatia c. 1000 BC Founded by Liburnians. Oldest continusly inhabited city in Croatia. Main Liburnian settlement.
Mtskheta Caucasian Iberia Georgia 1000 ! c. 1000 BC Remains of towns at this location have been dated to earlier than the year 1000 BC, and Mtskheta was capital of the early Georgian Kingdom of Iberia during the 3rd century BC – 5th century AD. It was the site of early Christian activity, and the location where Christianity was proclaimed the state religion of Georgia in 337.
Mytilene Lesbos GreNorth Aegean, Greece 10th century BC
Vani Colchis Geo Imereti, Georgia -800! before 8 century BC[116][117]
Yerevan Urartu Armenia -800 ! 782 BC[118] Founded as Erebuni. The Shengavit Settlement in the southwestern district of Yerevan was founded in the late 4th millennium BC, during the Calcolithic period.
Seville Iron Age Iberia Spa Andalusia, Spain -750 ! 8th century BC founded as Tartessian Spal.[119]
Málaga Iron Age Iberia Spa Andalusia, Spain -800 ! 8th century BC founded as Phoenician Malaka.[120]
Mdina Antiquity Malta Mlt Malta -750 ! 8th century BC[121] founded as Phoenician Melite.
Cagliari Sardinia ItaSardinia, Italy -750 ! 8th century BC Founded by Phoenicians from Tyre as Krly, Caralis in Roman times, Callaris in Middle Ages.
Rome Latium ItaLazio, Italy -753 !753 BC Continuous habitation since approximately 1000 BC.; pastoral village on the northern part of the Palatine Hill dated to the 9th century BC; see also History of Rome and Founding of Rome.
Messina (as Zancle) Sicily ItaSicily, Italy -750 !8th century BC
Reggio di Calabria (as Rhégion) Magna Graecia ItaCalabria, Italy -743 !743 BC[122] Continuous habitation since approximately 1500 BC, as we have notice about the Ausonian-Italic pre-Greek settlement and about the sculptor Léarchos of Reggio (late 15th century BC)[123] and King Iokastos (early 13th century BC).[124]
Palermo (as זִיז, Ziz) Phoenicia ItaSicily, Italy -734 !734 BC Settlement presence since approximately 8000 BC, as we know through cave drawings in the area now known as Addaura, but continuous documented habitation since the Phoenician times (734 BC is traditionally considered as the founding year).
Syracuse Sicily ItaSicily, Italy -734 !734 BC A colony of the Greek city of Corinth.
Volterra Tuscany ItaTuscany, Italy -725 ! c. 725 BC An Etruscan mining settlement.[125]
Crotone (as Kroton) Calabria ItaMagna Graecia, Italy -710 !710 BC Greek colony.
Taranto (as Taras) Magna Graecia ItaApulia, Italy -706 !706 BC Founded as the only Spartan colony by the Partheniae, children of unmarried Spartan women and perioikoi, free non-citizen residents of Sparta and her territories.
Corfu, Kerkyra Corfu GreIonian Islands, Greece -700 !700 BC A colony of the Greek city of Corinth.
Naples Magna Graecia Italy -680 ! c. 680 BC[126] Actually the date at which an older settlement close by, called Parthenope, was founded by settlers from Cumae. This eventually merged with Neapolis proper, which was founded c. 470 BC.
Istanbul/Byzantion Thrace Anatolia Turkey -667 ! 685 BC Anatolia
667 BC Thrace		 Neolithic site dated to 6400 BC, over port of Lygos by Thracians c. 1150 BC. Greek colony.
Ibiza (as 'Ybsm) Balearic Islands Spain -654 ! 654 BC Founded by the Phoenicians, according to Diodorus Siculus, book 5, chap. 16. Date consistent with archaeological finds.[127]
Durrës Illyria Albania -627 !627–625 BC[128] Formery Epidamnos.
Kerch (as Panticapaeum) pre-Roman Crimea Ukraine -600 !7th century BC Greek colony.
Feodosiya (as Theodosia) pre-Roman Crimea Ukraine -600 ! 7th century BC Greek colony.
Edessa, Greece Macedonia Greece -601 !before the 6th century BC Greek city, capital of the kingdom of Macedon up to the 6th century BC.
Marseilles (as Massilia) Gaul France -600 !600 BC A colony of the Greek city of Phocaea.
Varna Thrace BulBulgarian Black Sea Coast, Bulgaria -570 !585 BC – 570 BC Founded[129] as Odessos by settlers from the Greek city of Miletus.
Sant Martí d'Empúries (as Emporion) Iberia Catalonia, Spain -575 !ca. 575 BC A colony of the Greek city of Phocaea. Present Sant Martí is on the ancient Palaiopolis of Emporion, in an island next to the coast; in 550 BC, the inhabitants moved to the mainland, creating the Neapolis: Palaiapolis remained as a small neighbourhood.
Kavala Macedonia Greece -550 !6th century BC Greek colony. Founded as Neapolis.
Mangalia Dacia Romania -550 !6th century BC Founded as Callatis.
Constanţa Dacia Romania -550 !6th century BC Founded as Tomis.
Mantua Po Valley ItaLombardy, Italy -550 !6th century BC Village settlement since c. 2000 BC; became an Etruscan city in the 6th century BC.
Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi (as Tyras) Pontic Greeks Bessarabia, Ukraine -550 !6th century BC
Serres Macedonia Greece -450 !5th century BC Greek city. First mentioned in the 5th century BC as Siris.
Lamia Greece -501 !before the 5th century BC Greek city. First mentioned 424 BC
Veria Macedonia Greece -432 ! c. 432 BC Greek city. First mentioned by Thucydides in 432 BC.
Rhodes Rhodes, Aegean Sea GreDodecanese, Greece -408 ! c. 408 BC Greek city.
Sofia Moesia BulSofia Valley, Bulgaria -350 !4th century BC Celtic foundation as Serdica.[130]
Metz Gaul France -350 !4th century BC Founded as the oppidum of Celtic Mediomatrici. However, Human permanent presence has been established in the site since 2500 BC.
Roses (as Rhode) Iberia SpaCatalonia, Spain -350 !4th century BC The exactly origin of the city is unknown, but there are remains of a Greek colony from the 4th century BC, although some historians consider the foundation earlier, at the 8th century BC. However, permanent human presence has been established in the site since 3000 BC as evidenced by the different megalithic monuments surrounding the city.
Qabala (as Kabalaka) Caucasian Albania Azerbaijan -350 !4th century BC Archeological evidence indicates that the city functioned as the capital of the Caucasian Albania as early as the 4th century BC.[131]
Stara Zagora Thrace Bulgaria -342 !342 BC It was called Beroe in ancient times and was founded by Phillip II of Macedon[132][133][134][135] although a Thracian settlement neolithic inhabitation have been discovered as well.
Thessaloniki Macedonia (ancient kingdom) Greece -315 !315 BC Greek city. Founded as a new city in the same place of the older city Therme.
Berat Macedonia (ancient kingdom) Albania -314 !314 BC Founded[136] by Cassander as Antipatreia.
Vukovar Illyria Croatia 300 BC300 BC Vučedol culture.
Belgrade Illyria Serbia -279 !279 BC[137] The present day territory of Belgrade continuously inhabited for more than 7000 years. Proto-urban Vinča culture prospered around Belgrade in the 6th millennium BC. The fortified city of Belgrade founded around 279 BC as Singidunum.
Niš Illyria Serbia -279 !279 BC Founded as Navissos. Neolithic settlements date to 5000–2000 BC.
Cartagena (as Carthago Nova) Iberia Spain -228 !228 BC Carthaginian colony, founded by Hasdrubal Barca.
Barcelona (as Barcino) Iberia SpaCatalonia, Spain -250 !3rd century BC Unknown origin. Several neolithics tombs (5000–4500 BC) and remains from the Iberian period have been found, as well as several drachma coins inscribed with the word "Barkeno". There is also a hypothesis about a small Greek settlement called Kallípolis to have existed in the area. However, the first archaeological remains of buildings are from the Roman period.
Tarragona (as Tarraco) Iberia SpaCatalonia, Spain -250 !218 BC Roman colony, founded by Gnaeus and Publius Cornelius Scipio.
Stobi/Gradsko Macedonia Republic of Macedonia -217 !217 BC Founded as Stobi by Philip V of Macedon.
Valencia Iberia Valencia, Spain 138 BC Roman colony founded as Valentia Edetanorum.
Bratislava Pannonia Slovakia 2nd century BC Founded by Celtic Boii tribe. The first written reference to a Slavic settlement dates to 907.
Sremska Mitrovica Illyria Serbia -50 !1st century BC Founded as Sirmium. Neolithic settlements date to 5000 BC and are with other archeological findings evidence to continuous habitation.
Smederevo Illyria Serbia -50 !1st century BC Founded as Semendria.
Ptuj Pannonia Slovenia 1st century BC !1st century BC Ptuj is the oldest city in Slovenia. There is evidence that the area was settled in the Stone Age. In the Late Iron Age it was settled by Celts. By the 1st century BC, the settlement was controlled by Ancient Rome.
Évora Lusitania Portugal -53 !53 BC (Roman conquest) Evidence of Lusitanian settlement prior to Roman occupation.
Paris Lutetia France -52 !52 BC Archaeological evidence indicates human habitation as early as 4200 BC.[138] During the Gallic Wars, Caesar's armies set fire to Lutetia "a town of the Parisii, situated on an island on the river Seine."[139] While only a garrison at best on the Île de la Cité during some periods after 1st and 2nd century, was renamed Paris in 360 AD[140][141]
Ljubljana Italia Slovenia 50 BC !50 BC Area first settled by people living in pile dwellings around 2000 BC. Around 50 BC, the Romans built a military encampment that later became a permanent settlement called Iulia Aemona.
Zürich (Lindenhof) Gaul Switzerland -50 ! c. 50 BC Lakeside settlement traces dating to the Neolithic.
Cologne Germania Inferior Germany 38 ! 38 BC Founded in 38 BC by the Ubii, a Germanic tribe, as Oppidum Ubiorum. In 50 AD, the Romans adopted the location as Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium and the city became in 85 AD the capital of the Roman province "Germania Inferior".
Trier Galia Belgica Germany -30 !30 BC Oldest Roman city in Germany.
Augsburg Raetia, Roman Empire Germany 15 BC Second oldest city in Germany after Trier. Located in the Swabian region of Bavaria. Founded by the Romans as Augusta Vindelicorum.
Chur Raetia Prima SwiGrisons, Switzerland -15 !15 BC habitation since the 4th millennium BC (Pfyn culture).
Worms Germania Superior Germany -14 ! 14 BC The name of the city derives from the Latin designation Borbetomagus which is of Celtic origin.
Tongeren Germania Inferior Belgium -10 !10 BC Oldest city in Belgium.
Solothurn Gaul Switzerland 20 ! c. 20 AD Evidence of pre-Roman, Celtic settlement; newly founded by the Romans between 14 and 37 AD, called the "oldest city in Gaul besides Trier" in a verse on the city's clock tower.
London (as Londinium) Britannia England 43 !43 AD Archaeological evidence near Vauxhall Bridge indicates that the wider area has been occupied for at least 3,500 years.[142]
Bath (as Aquae Sulis) Britannia England 43 !43 AD The city was established as a spa town by the Romans in 43 AD.[143]
Winchester (as Venta Belgarum) Britannia England 70 ! c. 70 AD Winchester was built as a Roman town in c. 70 AD.[144]
Maastricht Germania Inferior Netherlands 70 ! c. 70 AD Oldest city in the Netherlands.
York (as Eboracum) Britannia England 72 ! c. 72 AD The city was founded in or around AD 72 when the 9th Roman Legion set up camp there.[145]
Skopje Macedonia (Roman province) Republic of Macedonia 96 !81–96 AD Founded in the time of Domitian as Scupi.
Novi Sad Illyria Serbia 50 !1st century AD Founded as Cusum.
Baku Absheron peninsula Azerbaijan The 1st century AD The first written evidence for Baku dates to the 1st century AD.[146]
Trenčín (as Laugaricio) Slovakia Before 179 AD First mentioned in 179 AD on a roman inscription on Trenčín castle rock, when roman army was stationed in settlement Laugaricio. Settlement was probably Germanic, and since the 7th century Slavic.
Vienna Pannonia Austria c. 300 AD "It is uncertain when Vindobona became a municipium; this elevation seems to have taken place at the beginning of the 3d c. A.D."[147]
Verdun Lotharingia France 350 ! 4th century Seat of the bishop of Verdun from the 4th century, but populated earlier.
Kiev State of the Antes Ukraine 482 !482 AD[148] Founded by Slavic tribe leader Kyi. Some sources suggest Kiev was founded in 640 BC.
Tbilisi Caucasian Iberia Kartli province, Georgia 500 ! c. 500 According to the widely accepted legend the city was founded by King Vakhtang I Gorgasali of Georgia. New archaeological studies of the region have revealed that the territory of Tbilisi was settled by humans as early as the 4th millennium BC. The earliest actual (recorded) accounts of settlement of the location come from the 4th century, when a fortress was built during King Varaz-Bakur's reign.
Aberdeen Pictland Scotland 580 ! c. 580 A settlement was established by c. 580 when records show the city's first church was built then. However, there is archaeological evidence of settlements in the area dating back to 6000 BC.[149]
Edinburgh as Din Eidyn Gododdin Scotland 580 ! c. 580 Edinburgh is mentioned as a settlement in the poem Y Gododdin, traditionally dated to around the late 6th and early 7th centuries.[150] The Poem uses The Brythonic name Din Eidyn (Fort of Eidyn) for Edinburgh and describes it as the capital of Gododdin. It is not until around 638 that the city starts being referred to as Edin-burh or Edinburgh, after the city was conquered by the Angles of Bernicia.[151]
Prague Bohemia Czech Republic 550 ! c. 6th century The first written record dates back to the 10th century.
Inverness Pictland Scotland 550 ! c. 6th century A settlement was established by the 6th century when St Columba visited the Pictish King Brude at his fortress there.[152]
Glasgow Dál Riata or Alt Clut Scotland 550 ! c. 6th century A settlement was founded in the 6th century[153] by St Mungo, who is the city's patron Saint.[154]
Ioannina Byzantine Empire Greece 565 !527–565 Founded by emperor Justinian I.
Kraków (Wawel Hill) Lesser Poland Poland 650 !8th century[155] The first written record dates back to the 10th century.
Aarhus Denmark 700 ! c. 770[156]
Deventer Netherlands 700 !956
Ribe Jutland Denmark 710 ! 704–710[157] Oldest town in Denmark.
Staraya Ladoga Russia 753 !753
Kalisz Greater Poland Poland 9th century Founded as a provincial capital castellany and a minor fort. Kalisz has long been considered the oldest city of Poland, having been mentioned by Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD, but the claim is now doubted by some (cf. Calisia).
Heraklion Crete Greece 824 !824 Founded by the Saracens.
Nitra Principality of Nitra Slovakia c. 828 Slavic settlement since 5th century reached its peak when it became centre of Principality of Nitra. There was built first known Christian church in Central and Eastern Europe.
Dublin Ireland IreIreland 841 !841 Dublin was founded as a city by the Vikings in the 9th century, but there were two older Irish settlements which existed on the same spot several centuries before they arrived; Áth Cliath ("ford of hurdles") and Duiblinn ("Black Pool").
Madrid Castile Spain mid. 9th century Developed around a fortress built by emir Muhammad I of Cordoba.
Veliky Novgorod Russia 859 !859
Polatsk Belarus 862 !862
Xanthi Thrace Greece 878 !before 879 First medieval reference as Xantheia.
Uzhhorod (as Ungvar) Duchy of Laborec Ukraine 898 ! before 895 First mentioned in Gesta Hungarorum.
Halych Galicia Ukraine 898 ! 898 First mentioned in Gesta Hungarorum.
Gniezno Greater Poland Poland Before 940 Early Slavonic settlements are dated to the 8th century.[158] An important Piast stronghold that gave birth to a medieval town is believed to be erected at least around 940 AD[159]
Vitebsk Belarus 947 !947
Poznań Greater Poland Poland before 968 Settled from at least the 9th century AD,[160] Poznań is one of the suggested places of the AD 966 Baptism of Poland.[161] Poznań Cathedral was raised to the status of a cathedral around 968.
Brussels Belgium 979 Founded by Charles, duke of Lower Lorraine. A chapel on an island in the river Senne was built around 580.
Sigtuna Sweden 980 !980 Is reputed as the oldest town in Sweden, the name is derived from an old royal estate Fornsigtuna situated nearby.
Skara Sweden 988 !988
Lund Denmark Sweden 990 ! c. 990[162]
Västerås Sweden 990 !990[163]
Trondheim Norway Norway 997 !997 Founded by king Olav Tryggvason. Archaeological findings of city settlement back to the 8th century.
Gdańsk Pomerania Poland 997 !997[164] Gdańsk became capital of Duchy of Pomerania (approximate date).[164]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Sabatino Moscati (January 2001). The Phoenicians. I.B.Tauris. p. 654. ISBN 978-1-85043-533-4.
  2. ↑ Anthony R. Birley, Septimus Severus Routledge 2002 ISBN 978-1-134-70746-1), p. 2
  3. ↑ fr:Constantine (Algérie)#P.C3©riode antique
  4. ↑ Economou, Maria (August 1993). Euesperides: A Devastated Site. Digital Library and Archives, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
  5. ↑ "Historic cities – Africa". City Mayors. Retrieved 2013-01-19.
  6. ↑ McIntosh, Susan Keech; McIntosh, Roderick J. "Jenne-jeno, an ancient African city". Rice University Anthropology
  7. ↑ "Fort Babylon In Cairo". Touregypt.net. Retrieved 2013-01-19.
  8. ↑ Lee V. Cassanelli, The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600–1900, (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p. 75.
  9. ↑ "Fes". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 3 March 2007
  10. ↑ "Embassy of The Kingdom of Morocco in London". Moroccanembassylondon.org.uk. Retrieved 2013-01-19.
  11. ↑ Mann, Kristin (2007). Slavery and the Birth of an African City. Indiana University Press.
  12. ↑ "Ife (from ca. 350 B.C.) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art". Metmuseum.org. Retrieved 2013-01-19.
  13. ↑ http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5171/
  14. ↑ Arango, J.; Durán, F.; Martín, J.G.; Arroyo, S. (Eds.). Panamá Viejo. De la aldea a la urbe. Patronato Panamá Viejo, Panamá, 2007.
  15. ↑ Gámez, Laura (2007). J.P. Laporte; B. Arroyo; H. Mejía), eds. "Salvamento arqueológico en el área central de Petén: Nuevos resultados sobre la conformación y evolución del asentamiento prehispánico en la isla de Flores" (PDF). Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala (in Spanish). Guatemala City, Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología. XX, 2006: 259–260, 269. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  16. ↑ Gámez, Laura (2007). J.P. Laporte; B. Arroyo; H. Mejía), eds. "Salvamento arqueológico en el área central de Petén: Nuevos resultados sobre la conformación y evolución del asentamiento prehispánico en la isla de Flores" (PDF). Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala (in Spanish). Guatemala City, Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología. XX, 2006: 258–259. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  17. ↑ Gámez, Laura (2007). J.P. Laporte; B. Arroyo; H. Mejía), eds. "Salvamento arqueológico en el área central de Petén: Nuevos resultados sobre la conformación y evolución del asentamiento prehispánico en la isla de Flores" (PDF). Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala (in Spanish). Guatemala City, Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología. XX, 2006: 261. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  18. ↑ Rice, Prudence M. (2009). "The Kowoj in Geopolitical-Ritual Perspective". In Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.). The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala. Boulder, Colorado, US: University Press of Colorado. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-87081-930-8. OCLC 225875268.
  19. ↑ Santa Fe, New Mexico, which is sometimes cited for this, was abandoned due to Indian raiding from 1680 to 1692, and its inhabitants did not succeed in living in the area continuously until after 1692.
  20. ↑ Kelly Hearn, "Ancient Temple Discovered Among Inca Ruins", National Geographic News, 31 March 2008, accessed 12 January 2010
  21. ↑ Marzal, M. (1996). Historia de la antropología indigenista: México y Perú. Ed. Anthropos, Extremadura
  22. ↑ Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger, eds. (2012). Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. p. 835. ISBN 9781136639791.
  23. ↑ Irows.ucr.edu
  24. ↑ "Pataliputra". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
  25. ↑ "Tiruvannamali Historical moments". Tiruvannamalai Municipality. 2011. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  26. ↑ Southern Circle (1903). Epigraphy. Madras: Archaeological Survey of India. p. 5.
  27. ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "Sacred City of Anuradhapura". Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  28. ↑ Harman, William. P (1992). The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 30–36. ISBN 978-81-208-0810-2.
  29. ↑ Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura, Ca. 150 BCE-100 CE. Concept Publishing Company. p. 2. ISBN 90-04-15537-6.
  30. ↑ "Ruins of 2,000-year-old city found near Peshawar".
  31. ↑ The Peking Man World Heritage Site at Zhoukoudian
  32. ↑ "Angkor National Museum website". Angkornationalmuseum.com. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  33. ↑ Business: The promise—and the pitfalls
  34. ↑ "Expert on past dies; 82". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 2008-10-21. Archived from the original on 2008-10-24. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
  35. ↑ According to a local act number 6 (1989)
  36. ↑ History for Brunei (2009). History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past. Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education. ISBN 99917-2-372-2.
  37. ↑ "Timeline of history". Archived from the original on 2009-11-23. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
  38. ↑ Scott, William Prehispanic Source Materials: For the Study of Philippine History, p. 66
  39. ↑ Founded during the reign of King Pontarika, per Charles James Forbes Smith-Forbes (1882). Legendary History of Burma and Arakan. The Government Press. p. 20.; the king's reign was 1028 to 1043 per Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. p. 368.
  40. ↑ Bullough, Nigel (1995). Mujiyono PH, ed. Historic East Java: Remains in Stone (Indonesian 50th independence day commemorative ed.). Jakarta: ADLine Communications. p. 19.
  41. ↑ Abdul Rahman, Haji Ismail; Abdullah Zakaria, Ghazali; Zulkanain, Abdul Rahman (2011), A New Date on the Establishment of Melaka Malay Sultanate Discovered (PDF), Institut Kajian Sejarah dan Patriotisme ( Institute of Historical Research and Patriotism ), retrieved 2012-11-04
  42. ↑ Irwan Rouf & Shenia Ananda. Rangkuman 100 Cerita Rakyat Indonesia dari Sabang sampai Merauke: Asal Usul Nama Kota Surabaya (in Indonesian). MediaKita. p. 60. ISBN 9786029003826. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  43. ↑ The story is recorded in JMBRAS magazine, October 1935, Volume XIII Part 2, page 15 to 16.
  44. ↑ Peace of Angkor Phnom Penh. Retrieved July 27, 2007.
  45. ↑ History for Malaysia (2010). Melaka from the Top. De Witt, Dennis. ISBN 978-983-43519-2-2.
  46. ↑ Spencer Tucker, "Vietnam", University Press of Kentucky, 1999, ISBN 0-8131-0966-3, p. 22
  47. 1 2 History of the Malay Kingdom of Patani, Ibrahim Syukri, ISBN 0-89680-123-3
  48. ↑ "History of Jakarta". BeritaJakarta. Archived from the original on 2011-08-20.
  49. ↑ "Guru Patimpus: The Ancestor and Founder of Medan". iqbalrahdika. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  50. ↑ A History of Malaysia – Barbara Watson Andaya, Leonard Y. Andaya – Google Books. Books.google.com.au. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
  51. ↑ Van Beeck, Steve (1995). The Chao Phya, River in Transition. p. 39. Quoted in "History of Ayutthaya: Historical events: Timeline 1500–1599". ayutthaya-history.com. Ayutthaya Historical Research. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  52. ↑ Simon Richmond; Damian Harper (December 2006). Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei. Ediz. Inglese. Lonely Planet. pp. 200–. ISBN 978-1-74059-708-1.
  53. ↑ "Brief History of Timor-Leste". Official Web Gateway to the Government of Timor-Leste. Government of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. 2006. Archived from the original on 2008-10-29.; A. Barbedo de Magalhães (October 24, 1994). "Population Settlements in East Timor and Indonesia". University of Coimbra website. University of Coimbra. Archived from the original on 2007-02-11.
  54. ↑ "Sir James Lancaster (English merchant) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
  55. 1 2 , Ancient City of Damascus – UNESCO
  56. ↑ Burns, Ross (2007). Damascus: A History (New ed.). Routledge. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-415-41317-6.
  57. 1 2 Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E.; Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (2006). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa. ABC-CLIO. p. 104. ISBN 1-57607-919-8. Retrieved 2009-07-22. Archaeological excavations at Byblos indicate that the site has been continually inhabited since at least 5000 B.C.
  58. ↑ Mark, Joshua J. (2009). "Byblos". Ancient History Encyclopedia.
  59. ↑ Ciasca, Antonia (2001). "Phoenicia". In Sabatino Moscati. The Phoenicians. I.B.Tauris. p. 170. ISBN 1-85043-533-2.
  60. ↑ Lorenzo Nigro (2007). "Aside the spring: Byblos and Jericho from village to town". In Nigro, Lorenzo. Byblos and Jericho in the early bronze I : social dynamics and cultural interactions : proceedings of the international workshop held in Rome on March 6th 2007 by Rome "La Sapienza" University. Università di Roma "La Sapienza". p. 35. ISBN 978-88-88438-06-1. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
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  63. ↑ Paul A. Tucci; Mathew T. Rosenberg (2009). Handy Geography Answer Book. Detroit: Visible Ink Press. p. 92. ISBN 9781578592159. OCLC 262886502.
  64. ↑ M. Streck, Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1997). Encyclopaedia of Islam, San-Sze. IX. Leiden: Brill. pp. 898–899. ISBN 9789004104228.
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  67. ↑ Tore Kjeilen. "Gaziantep – LookLex Encyclopaedia". Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  68. ↑ Gates, Charles (2003). "Near Eastern, Egyptian, and Aegean Cities". Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome. Routledge. p. 18. ISBN 0-415-01895-1. Jericho, in the Jordan River Valley in Israel, inhabited from ca. 9000 BC to the present day, offers important evidence for the earliest permanent settlements in the Near East.
  69. ↑ Martell, Hazel Mary (2001). "The Fertile Crescent". The Kingfisher Book of the Ancient World: From the Ice Age to the Fall of Rome. Kingfisher Publications. p. 18. ISBN 0-7534-5397-5. People first settled there from around 9000 B.C., and by 8000 B.C., the community was organised enough to build a stone wall to defend the city.
  70. ↑ Michal Strutin, Discovering Natural Israel (2001), p. 4.
  71. ↑ Ryan, Donald P. (1999). "Digging up the Bible". The Complete Idiot's Guide to Lost Civilizations. Alpha Books. p. 137. ISBN 0-02-862954-X. The city was walled during much of its history and the evidence indicates that it was abandoned several times, and later expanded and rebuilt several times.
  72. ↑ Kenneth Kitchen, "On the Reliability of the Old Testament" (Eerdmans 2003), pp. 187
  73. 1 2 "Rayy", Encyclopædia Britannica
  74. ↑ "Under Beirut's Rubble, Remnants of 5,000 Years of Civilization". 23 February 1997. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  75. ↑ Freedman, David Noel (2000-01-01). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 694–695. ISBN 0-8028-2400-5.
  76. ↑ Аli Кhadra. "Tyre (Sour) City, Lebanon". Retrieved 15 October 2015.
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  79. 1 2 , hadad temple
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  81. ↑ Tore Kjeilen. "Irbil – LookLex Encyclopaedia". Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  82. ↑ "Revitalization Project of Erbil Citadel". UNESCO. UNESCO. Retrieved 2014-10-16.
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