List of mnemonics

This article contains lists of mnemonics used to remember various objects, lists etc.

Art

To remember the Elements of Art: Space, Form, Texture, Shape, Line, Value, Color.

Astronomy

Mean Very Evil Men Just Shortened Up Nature[2]
Mary's "Virgin" Explanation Made Joseph Suspect Upstairs Neighbour[3]
Many Very Educated Men Justify Stealing Unique Ninth
My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos
obsolete (per the IAU definition of planet):
My Very Educated Mother Just Said Uh-oh! No Pluto (Stephen Colbert's tongue-in-cheek mnemonic[4])
My Very Easy Method Just Speeds Up Naming Planets[5]
My Very Easy Memory Jingle Seems Useful Naming Planets
My Very Earnest Mother Just Showed Us Nine Planets
My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Pies
My Very Eager Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas
Mary Visits Every Monday Just Stays Until Noon Period

Biology

Business and economics

To remember the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) "Principles of Professional Conduct" from the "Code of Professional Conduct" (Responsibility, The Public Interest, Integrity, Objectivity and Independence, Due Care, Scope and Nature of Services):

Formula for simple interest (Interest = Principal * Rate * Time):

Chemistry

Computing

There are many mnemonics for the seven layers of the OSI model in computing: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application.

Because the layers are numbered from the bottom-up, many mnemonics have been developed in both directions. Here are some mnemonics that start from the bottom up:

  • People Desperately Need To See Pamela Anderson,
  • Please Do Not Throw Sausage/Salami Pizza Away and
  • Programmers Like Networks That Seldom Postpone Anything.

From the top down: All People Seem To Need Data Processing.

The protocol data units (PDUs) for the OSI model (Data, Segment, Packet, Frame, Bit) can be remembered using the phrases Do Some People Fear Binary? and Don't Stop Pouring Free Beer.

The hard-to-remember PCMCIA standard was ironically encoded as "People Can't Memorize Computer Industry Acronyms".[12]

In the Linux kernel, here is a mnemonic to remember the Magic SysRq key sequence for safe reboot (unRaw, tErminate, kIll, Sync, Unmount, reBoot)

  • Raising Elephants Is So Utterly Boring.
  • Reboot Even If System Utterly Broken.

In CSS, a mnemonic for remembering the order of the shorthand versions of some selectors like border, padding and margin is TRouBLe (Top, Right, Bottom, Left; {margin: Tpx Rpx Bpx Lpx;} ).

Education

Engineering

Big brown rabbits often yield great big vocal groans when gingerly slapped [13]
Bad boys run our young girls behind victory garden walls[14]
Bad Beer Rots Our Young Guts But Vodka Goes Well – Get Some Now
B.B.ROY (of) Great Britain (has a) Very Good Wife (wearing) Gold and Silver Necklace

Film

How to punish bad Daleks before many million earthlings truly see clearly.

The Road Pictures: Seven Zany Movies Undertaken by the Renowned Bob Hope.

Geography

Latitude
Latus is Latin for "side" (latitude lines go from side to side, East-West).
"Lat is Fat" (latitude goes around the equatorial belt).
"Latitude is FLATitude".
Longitude
The "n" in longitude may stand for North (and South), the direction that Longitude lines cover on a map.
Arbitrary ordering: "HOMES" (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior)
Ordered by decreasing surface area: "Super Heroes Must Eat Oats". (Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, Ontario)
From west to east: Super Man Helps Every One (Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario)
Always Eat An Apple, Says A Nurse!

Geology

  • Pregnant Camels Often Sit Down Carefully, Perhaps Their Joints Creak? Possibly Early Oiling Might Prevent Permanent Rheumatism[9]:62-63
  • Paleozoic to Cenozoic: Pregnant Camels Ordinarily Sit Down Carefully, Perhaps Their Joints Creak[15]
For Talc(=1) Gypsum(=2) Calcite(=3) Fluorite(=4) Apatite(=5) Orthoclase(=6) Quartz(=7) Topaz(=8) Corundum(=9) Diamond(=10)
  • Tall Girls Can Fight And Other Queer Things Can Develop[9]:64
  • TAll GYroscopes CAn FLy APart ORbiting QUickly TO COmplete DIsintegration[9]:64
  • Toronto Girls Can Flirt And Only Quit To Chase Dwarves
  • Terrible Giants Can Find Alligators Or Quaint Trolls Conveniently Digestible

History

  • All Boys Should Come Home Please[9]:103
  • All Beheadings Should Carry Heavy Penalties
  • Will a jolly man make a jolly visitor?
  • No plan like yours to study history wisely
  • She Shamefully Chose Chinese Hand Jingles and Sinfully Sweet Tango Songs: "You and Me, Chickadee!"
  • Lovely Cadbury Dairy Milk (L, C, D, M)
  • Lazy Cats Don't Move (L, C, D, M)
  • "In fourteen hundred and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue"
  • Why Just Remember Lincoln?!
  • Bring Your Record Breaking Guy/Girl!

Languages

Grammar

"If it's how you are, or where you are, always use estar."
devenir, revenir, monter, rester, sortir, venir, aller, naître, descendre, entrer, rentrer, tomber, retourner, arriver, mourir, partir[19]

Onomasty

Francis (him) and Frances (her)
Don (son) and Dawn (daughter)

Pronunciation

Ah we soon get old (AIUEO)
Pa let me go too (AEIOU)

Law

Mathematics

Order of operations

PEMDAS- Parenthesis, Exponents, Multiplication & Division, Addition & Subtraction can be remembered by the phrase: "Please excuse my dear Aunt Sally". In order from left to right. Multiplication then division which ever one comes first then, addition and subtraction which ever one comes first.

BEDMAS - Brackets (parenthesis), Exponents, Division & Multiplication, Addition & Subtraction

BIDMAS - Brackets, Indices (exponents), Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction

Quadratic equation

The articulation of the quadratic equation can be sung to the tune of various songs as a mnemonic device.[20]

Trigonometry

ASTC stands for All Students Take Calculus, and also pertains to the more simplified mnemonic Add Sugar To Coffee, which represents the trigonometric functions that are positive in each quadrant, beginning with the top right and continuing counterclockwise: All, sine, tangent, cosine. -All Science Teachers Are Crazy -All Silver Tea Cups -Annie Spewed Terrible Curses

Remembering the definitions of sine, cosine, and tangent can be done by memorizing SOHCAHTOA, which helps to encode Sine = Opposite over Hypotenuse, Cosine = Adjacent over Hypotenuse, and Tangent = Opposite over Adjacent. These mnemonics are more useful if they can be recited in three groups of three words.

Other ways to remember SOHCAHTOA are:

SOH-CAH-TOA can also be memorized directly, as the name of a fictitious Native American tribal chief or princess.

Other techniques group the abbreviations differently: SCT,O/H,A/H,O/A, which stands for Sine Cosine Tangent, Opposite/Hypotenuse, Adjacent/Hypotenuse, Opposite/Adjacent. This mnemonic, "SCTOHAHOA", can be committed to memory as "Sally Can Tell, Oscar Has A Hat On Always". Some students use "Hard On" as opposed to "Hat On", finding that sexual and humorous mnemonics are often easier to recall.

SPH-CBH-TPB (sine = perpendicular/hypotenuse, cosine = base/hypotenuse, tangent = perpendicular/base)

Another odd permutation:

In Hindi, there is a funny mnemonic — Sona Chandi Tole Pandit Badri Prasad Har Har Bole, where:

The sines, cosines and tangents of the special angles in the first quadrant are obtained by simplifying

sin 0° =√0/2, sin 30° =√1/2, sin 45° =√2/2, sin 60° =√3/2, sin 90° =√4/2,
cos 0° =√4/2, cos 30° =√3/2, cos 45° =√2/2, cos 60° =√1/2, cos 90° =√0/2, and
tan 0° =√3−∞, tan 30° =√3−1, tan 45° =√30, tan 60° =√31, tan 90° =√3∞.

Calculus

Another phrase that one may use is: "Bottom d Top, Top d bottom", where "d" stands for derivative (but this mnemonic does not include a reminder of the crucial dividing by the bottom squared).

A phrase memorable for sounding like a square dance call is "Low d high, Less high d low, Draw the line, O'er squared be low."

Pi (π)

The infinitude of digits in an expansion of the mathematical constant pi has inspired numerous literary and mnemonic writings. See the above referred article for many examples.

An excellent rational approximation of π is obtained by noting that 1 / π ≈ 1 1 3 / 3 5 5 .[21]

Medicine

'A OF A OF A'

Thenar (lateral to medial-palmar surface):

Abductor pollicis brevis
    Opponens pollicis
    Flexor pollicis brevis
    Adductor pollicis

Hypothenar (lateral to medial-palmar surface):

Opponens digiti minimi
    Flexor digiti minimi
    Abductor digiti minimi
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle
She Looks Too Pretty Try To Catch Her
So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb
Simply Learn The Positions That The Carpus Has
Send Louis To Paris To Tame Carnal Hungers
Stop Letting Those People Touch The Cadaver's Hands
VINDICATE
List of mnemonics for the cranial nerves, their respective type and foramen
NERVE: Olfactory nerve Optic nerve Oculomotor nerve Pathic (Trochlear) nerve Trigeminal (dentist) nerve Abducens nerve Facial nerve Vestibulo-cochlear (Auditory) nerve Glosso-pharyngeal nerve Vagus nerve Spinal Accessory nerve Hypoglossal nerve
Ophthalmic Maxillary Mandibular
Mnemonic:
(for nerve)[24]		 OLd OPen OCeans TROuble TRIbesmen ABout Fish VEnom Giving VArious ACute / SPlitting Headaches
TYPE: Sensory Sensory Motor Motor Both (sensory + motor) Motor Both Sensory Both Both Motor Motor
Mnemonic:
(for type)[25] 		Some Say Money Matters, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More
FORAMINA: Cribriform plate Optic canal Superior Orbital Fissure Superior Orbital Fissure Superior Orbital Fissure Foramen Rotundum Foramen Ovale Superior Orbital Fissure Internal Acoustic Meatus Internal Acoustic Meatus Jugular Foramen Jugular Foramen Jugular Foramen Hypoglossal Canal
Mnemonics:
(for foramina)		 Cleaners Only Spray Smelly Stuff Right On Smelly Idiots In Jumbled Junkyards Juggled High
Carl Only Swims South. Silly Roger Only Swims In Infiniti Jacuzzis. Jane Just Hitchhikes.

Music

Guitar

  • Every Average Dude Gets Better Eventually
  • Eggs Are Deliciously Good Breakfast Energy
  • Eddy Ate Dynamite Good Bye Eddy
  • Every Adult Dog Growls Barks Eats.
  • Every Acid Dealer Gets Busted Eventually
  • Even After Dinner Giant Boys Eat
  • Elephants And Donkeys Grow Big Ears
  • Every American Dog Gets Bones Easily
  • Every Angel Does Good Before Evil

Thus we get the names of the strings from 6th string to the 1st string in that order.

Conversely, a mnemonic listing the strings in the reverse order is:

  • Every Beginning Guitarist Does All Exercises!
  • Elvis' Big Great Dane Ate Everything
  • Every Big Girl Deserves An Elephant
  • Easter Bunny Gets Drunk At Easter

Ukulele

As for guitar tuning, there is also a mnemonic for ukuleles.

  • Good Cooks Eat A-lot
  • In the other direction it is Aunt Evy Cooks Grits

Reading music

  • Every Good Boy Does Fine.[27]
  • Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge (or Footie, Friendship, Fun, Fruit, etc.)
  • Every Green Bogey Deserves Flicking
  • Empty Garbage Before Dad Flips
  • Ernie Gave Bert Dead Fish
  • Every Good Bird Does Fly
  • Elvis's Guitar Broke Down Friday
  • Good Boys Do Fine Always
  • Grizzly Bears Don't Fly Airplanes
  • Great Basses Dig Fine Altos
  • Goblins Bring Death For All
  • All Cows Eat Grass
  • All Cars Eat Gas
  • Fat Alley Cat Eats Garbage
  • Green Birds Do Fly
Key signatures of C♯ major or A♯ minor (left) and C♭ major or A♭ minor (right)
  • Father Christmas Gave Dad An Electric Blanket.[28]
  • Fat Cats Go Down Alleys Eating Birds.
  • Blanket Exploded And Dad Got Cold Feet.[28]
  • Before Eating A Doughnut Get Coffee First.

Philosophy

Physics

"Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain"
"Riding On Your Granny's Bike Is Vile"
Roy G. Biv is also used as a fictitious name
Mnemonic for microwave frequency bands in the increasing wavelengths (decreasing frequencies), which are Ku band, X band, C band, S band, L band, respectively is given by, King Xerxes Can Seduce Lovely princesses"[29]

Religion

  • God's Eternal Love Never Dies.
  • Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.
  • History Books
  • Joshua Judges Ruth. Son 'a Sam Keeps Killing Career Criminals Every Nine Evenings.
  • Joshua, Judges, Ruth. 1 Samuel, 2 Samuel, 1 Kings, 2 Kings, 1 Chronicles, 2 Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther.
  • Jesus Provides People Everlasting Strength.
  • Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song.
  • I Just Love Every Day.
  • Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel.
  • Having Jesus Always Offers Joy. My New Happy Zookeeper Hosts Zebra Manicures.
  • Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah. Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi.
Bartholomew, Andrew, Philip, Thomas, James, John, James, Jude, Judas, Simon Peter, Simon, and Matthew
  • Use the phrase SLAP EGG
Sloth, Lust, Anger (wrath), Pride, Envy, Greed (avarice), Gluttony
  • Or use the phrase PALE GAS[32]
Pride, Avarice (greed), Lust, Envy, Gluttony, Anger (wrath), Sloth
  • Or to keep all the traditional words, including "Wrath", use the mnemonic "PEG'S LAW"
Pride, Envy, Gluttony, Sloth, Lust, Avarice (greed), Wrath
Spectacles (forehead), testicles (stomach), wallet (left shoulder - as when a man's wallet would be carried in the left breast pocket of his jacket), and watch (right shoulder - as when a pocket watch was carried in the right vest pocket)

Spelling

Characteristic sequence of letters

In most words like friend, field, piece,pierce, mischief, thief, tier, it is "i" which comes before "e". But on some words with c just before the pair of e and i, like receive, perceive, "e" comes before "i". This can be remembered by the following mnemonic,

I before E, except after C

But this is not always obeyed as in case of weird and weigh,weight,height,neighbor etc. and can be remembered by extending that mnemonic as given below

I before E, except after C
Or when sounded "A" as in neighbor, weigh and weight
Or when sounded like "eye" as in height
And "weird" is just weird

Another variant, which avoids confusion when the two letters represent different sounds instead of a single sound, as in atheist or being, runs

When it says ee
Put i before e
But not after c

Most frequently u follows q. e.g.: Que, queen, question, quack, quark, quartz, quarry, quit, Pique, torque, macaque, exchequer. Hence the mnemonic:

Where ever there is a Q there is a U too[34] (But this is violated by some words; see:List of English words containing Q not followed by U)

For words like "oat" or "eat", here the second letter a is silent and first letter o and e respectively are pronounced in the examples

Letters of specific syllables in a word

Do not believe a lie.[34]
A secretary must keep a secret[34]
There is an ache in every teacher.[34]
Be sure of your measurements before you start work.[34]
Fri the end of your friend[34]
The CIA have special agents[34]
Big Elephants Are Ugly[35]
Always smell a rat when you spell separate[34]
There was a farmer named Sep and one day his wife saw a rat. She yelled, “Sep! A rat – E!!!”[36]

Distinguishing between similar words

Advice, Practice, Licence etc. (those with c) are nouns and Advise, Practise, License etc. are verbs.

One way of remembering this is that the word ‘noun’ comes before the word ‘verb’ in the dictionary; likewise ‘c’ comes before ‘s’, so the nouns are ‘practice,licence,advice’ and the verbs are ‘practise,license,advise’.[37]
We hear with our ear.
complement adds something to make it enough
compliment puts you in the limelight[34]
Your principal is your pal
A rule can be called a principle[36]
Remedial work is meant to remedy.
Menial work is boring but it's mean (-ial) to complain.
Theirs is not mine even though 'I' is in it.
There is where we'll be.
They're is a contraction of 'they are.'
Stationery contains er and so does paper; stationary (not moving) contains ar and so does car[34]
A for "at rest", e for envelope

First letter mnemonics of spelling

Dashing In A Rush, Running Harder (or) Else Accident!
Dining In A Rough Restaurant: Hurry, (otherwise)Expect Accidents!
Diarrhea Is A Really Runny Heap (of) Endless Amounts[35]
A Rat In The House May Eat The Ice Cream[38]
A Red Indian Thought He Might Eat Tulips In Class
Not Every Cat Eats Sardines (Some Are Really Yummy)[38]
Never Eat Crisps, Eat Salad Sandwiches, And Remain Young![36]
Big Elephants Can Always Understand Small Elephants
Big Elephants Cause Accidents Under Small Elephants
Big Elephants Can't Always Use Small Exits
Big Elephants Can’t Always Use Small Entrances[38]
Because e Cannot Always (get) Under Smaller es
Mnemonics Now Erase Man's Oldest Nemesis, Insufficient Cerebral Storage[36]
George's Elderly Old Grandfather Rode A Pig Home Yesterday.[36]
Trails Of My Old Red Rose Over Window[35]
Rhythm Helps Your Two Hips Move[38]

Transportation

  • "Red, Right, Return" reminds the skipper entering ("returning to") an IALA region B port to keep red markers to the starboard of the vessel.
  • The phrase "there's always some red port (wine) left" is used to remember the basics in seafaring. "Red" refers to the color of navigation lights on the port (left) side of a vessel (as opposed to green on the starboard side).[39]
  • "Nuclear Restrictions Constrain Fishing and Sailing, People Say" is used to encode the "order of priority" for which vessels have right of way (earlier in the list has priority over later): Not under command; Restricted; Constrained by draft; Fishing vessel; Sailboat; Powerboat; Seaplane.[39]

  • pre-landing: GUMPS - Gas, Undercarriage, Mixture, Propeller, Speed.
  • pre-final: MARTHA - Missed (procedure), Altitude (limit), Radios (set), Time (limit), Heading (final), Airspeed (descent)
  • pre-high-altitude - FLOWER - Flow (enabled), Lights (test), Oxygen (charged), Water (humidity), Electricity (on), Radio (check)
  • pre-flight-paperwork - ARROW - Airworthiness (certificate), Registration, Required (charts), Operating (checklists), Weight and balance
  • night collision avoidance: Red, Right, Returning - Red nav light on Right implies target is Returning (closing)
  • radio loss Instrument course - CDEF - as Cleared, else Direct to last fix, else as directed to Expect, else as flight plan Filed
  • spin recovery - POKER - Power (off), Opposite (full rudder), Klean (flaps, ...), Elevator (briskly forward), Recover (from dive)

Units of measure

  • King Henry Died Drinking Chocolate Milk[42]
  • Every person that gave me kisses has diarrhea.
  • Dairy cows make milk, not pink fruit, asshole.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "AST 101: The Great Mnemonic Contest". www.astro.sunysb.edu. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
  2. ↑ Brown, Micheal. How I killed Pluto and Why it Had it Coming.
  3. ↑ xkcd: Mnemonics
  4. ↑ All You Need to Know - Proper Condom Use - The Colbert Report - Video Clip | Comedy Central
  5. ↑ Feltonfleet School, Surrey - Where individuals really matter
  6. ↑ E.D. Hirsch, Jr., The Dictionary of Cultural Literacy (Houghton Mifflin, 1993); E.D. Hirsch, Jr., "What Your Fifth Grader Needs to Know: Fundamentals of a Good Fifth-grade Education" (Doubleday, 2005) p308
  7. ↑ Scott Hagwood, Memory Power: You Can Develop a Great Memory--America's Grand Master Shows You How (Simon & Schuster, 2007)
  8. ↑ Robert A. Wallace, et al., Biology, the Science of Life (Scott, Foresman, 1986) p398
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Parkinson, Judy (2008). I before E (except after C) : old-school ways to remember stuff. Pleasantville, N.Y.: Reader's Digest Association. ISBN 978-07621-0917-3.
  10. ↑ "Life processes - MRS GREN". KS3 Bitesize. BBC. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  11. ↑ Psychology: Concepts and Connections, Spencer Rathus
  12. ↑ "People Can't Memorize Computer Industry Acronyms". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
  13. ↑ ^ Jack G. Ganssle, Tammy Noergaard, Fred Eady, Lewin Edwards, David J. Katz, Rick Gentile, Ken Arnold, Kamal Hyder, and Bob Perrin (2008). Embedded Hardware: Know It All. Newnes. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7506-8584-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=HLpTtLjEXqcC&pg=PA17&dq=resistor+color-code+mnemonic+%22big+brown%22&lr=&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ei=tzaiSZigOZvgkASsy6GNAg
  14. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=ApXSoagqrxcC&pg=PA297&dq=resistor+color-code+mnemonic+"big+brown"&lr=&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ei=tzaiSZigOZvgkASsy6GNAg
  15. ↑ Mnemonic: Eras of Life
  16. ↑ Mnemonic: Mineral Hardness
  17. ↑ Mnemonic: Stalactites and Stalagmites
  18. ↑ Mnemonics in English Language Teaching
  19. ↑ Être Verbs - Mnemonic Devices
  20. ↑ "Quadratic formula song". Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  21. ↑ The first 3 odd numbers, repeated, with a division symbol in the middle.
  22. ↑ LBCC - Memory Tricks, Scott Brueckner
  23. ↑ Mnemonic- Intrinsic muscles of hand
  24. ↑ Textbook of Basic Nursing by Caroline Bunker Rosdahl and Mary T. Kowalski (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007) p194; Medical Terminology for Dummies by Beverley Henderson and Jennifer Dorsey (For Dummies, 2008) p327
  25. ↑ Caroline Bunker Rosdahl and Mary T. Kowalski, Textbook of Basic Nursing (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007) p194
  26. ↑ Welcome englishguitarschool.com - Justhost.com
  27. ↑ Every Good Boy Does Fine - What does EGBDF stand for?
  28. 1 2 Schonbrun, Marc (2005). The Everything Music Theory Book, p.68. ISBN 1-59337-652-9.
  29. ↑ chemistrydaily.com - chemistrydaily Resources and Information
  30. 1 2 http://s3.amazonaws.com/spacenookie/MentatHandbook.pdf Page No 40
  31. ↑ Duodecim Apostoli
  32. ↑ PALE GAS | The Stationary Missionary
  33. ↑ "Great Mnemonics". Fun-with-words.com. Retrieved 29 Aug 2011.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 http://www.kidsandlearning.com/mnemonics.html
  35. 1 2 3 http://www.skillsworkshop.org/sites/skillsworkshop.org/files/resources/word/e1l2mnemonic.pdf
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 http://www.audiblox2000.com/spelling-mnemonics.htm
  37. ↑ Is it practise or practice? - Future Perfect
  38. 1 2 3 4 Mnemonics > Useful mnemonics
  39. 1 2 3 Kuenning, Geoff. "Definitions and Mnemonics for Sailors and Powerboaters". Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  40. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-09-02. Retrieved 2011-09-06. in the section "The coming in going out rule"
  41. ↑ Useful Aviation Mnemonics (published by Dauntless Software, Inc.)
  42. ↑ Schaeffer, Randy S. (April 16, 2007). "Math Mnemonics". Faculty pages for R.S. Schaeffer. Kutztown PA: Kutztown University. Retrieved November 26, 2011.

Further reading

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