List of military alliances

This is the list of military alliances.

Historical examples

Biblical

In Judges 1:3, the Israelite tribes of Judah and Simeon agreed to campaign together for their allotted territories in the Promised Land:

So Judah said to Simeon his brother, "Come up with me to my allotted territory, that we may fight against the Canaanites; and I will likewise go with you to your allotted territory". And Simeon went with him.

Hellenic Period

Confederate alliance of Greek city-states

502–449 BC Medic Wars
- Hellenic League – Athens, Lacedemonia, Macedon, others
431–404 BC Peloponnesian War
- League of Delos – Athens, Argos, Chios, Samos, Lesbos, others
- Peloponnesian League – Lacedemonia, Corinth, Thebes, Syracuse, others

634–1853 Christian–Islamic Wars
- Crusades – France, England, Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Jerusalem, Republic of Venice
- Reconquista – Portugal, Castile
- Jihad – Fatimid Caliphate, Sultanate of Damascus
- Ethio-Portuguese Treaties – Portugal, Ethiopia
1337–1453 100 Years War
- Auld Alliance – Scotland, France, Norway
- Treaty of Windsor – Portugal, England

Early modern period

1494–1559 Italian Wars
- League of Cambrai – The Papal States, France, Aragon, Holy Roman Empire
- Catholic League (Italian) – The Papal States, Venice, England, Aragon, Holy Roman Empire
1546–1547 Schmalkaldic War
- Schmalkaldic League – German Protestant States
1571 Christian–Islamic Wars
- Holy League – Papal States, Spain, Republic of Venice, others
1618–1648 Thirty Years' War
- Catholic League (German) – Bavaria, other Catholic German States
- Protestant Union – Protestant German States
- Treaty of Nonsuch – Dutch Republic, England
1683–1699 Great Turkish War (War of the Holy League)
- Holy League – Holy Roman Empire, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Republic of Venice and Tsardom of Russia
1688–1697 War of the Grand Alliance (Nine Years' War, King William's War, or War of the League of Augsburg)
- League of Augsburg – Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Austria, England, Piedmont-Savoy, Sweden, Scotland, versus
- France and Irish and Scottish Jacobites
1700–1721 Great Northern War
- Anti-Swedish alliance – Russia, Denmark–Norway, Saxony, Poland-Lithuania, Prussia and Hanover
1701–1714 War of the Spanish Succession (Queen Anne's War)
- Holy Roman Empire (including: Austria, Prussia, and Hanover), Kingdom of Great Britain (including Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland), Dutch Republic, Duchy of Savoy, Kingdom of Portugal, Spain loyal to Charles, Muscogee (Creek), Chickasaw, and Yamasee, versus
- Kingdom of France, Spain loyal to Philip, Bavaria, Wabanaki Confederacy, Caughnawaga Mohawk, Choctaw, Timucua, Apalachee, and Natchez, versus
- Iroquois Confederacy
1717 Christian–Islamic Wars
- Holy League – Portugal, Papal States, Republic of Venice, Malta
1718–1720 War of the Quadruple Alliance
- Spanish Empire and Jacobites, versus
- Kingdom of Great Britain, Kingdom of France, Holy Roman Empire, Dutch Republic, and Duchy of Savoy
1739–1748 War of the Austrian Succession (King George's War, War of Jenkin's Ear, First Carnatic War, First Silesian War, and Second Silesian War)
- Kingdom of France, Prussia, Spanish Empire, Bavaria, Electorate of Saxony, Sicily, Naples, Republic of Genoa, Sweden, and Kingdom of Sardinia, versus
- Habsburg Monarchy, Kingdom of Great Britain, Hanover, Dutch Republic, Electorate of Saxony, Kingdom of Sardinia, and Russian Empire
1754–1763 Seven Years' War (French and Indian War, Pomeranian War, Third Carnatic War, Fantastic War, or Third Silesian War)
- Alliance of Prussia, Great Britain, Hanover, Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Iroquois Confederacy, Portugal, Hesse-Kassel, Schaumburg-Lippe, versus
- Alliance of France, Austria, Russian Empire, Spanish Empire, Sweden, Saxony, Mughal Empire
1775–1783 American Revolutionary War
- Native Americans
  - Allied with Britain: Cayugas, Cherokees, Creeks, Mohawks, Onondagas, Senecas
  - Allied with Americans: Oneidas, Stockbridge, Tuscaroras
- Treaty of Alliance, 1778–1800 – United States, France
- Treaty of Aranjuez, 1779–1783 – France, Spain
- First League of Armed Neutrality, 1780–1783 – Russia, Denmark-Norway, Sweden, Prussia, the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, Portugal, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Ottoman Empire

Nineteenth century

All the participants in the Napoleonic Wars. Blue: The Coalition and their colonies and allies. Green: The First French Empire, its protectorates, colonies, and allies.

1803–1815 Napoleonic Wars
- The Quadruple Alliance of 1814/15 – United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia and Russia.
- First through Seventh Coalitions
1812–1815 War of 1812
- United States and Allies – United States, Choctaw, Cherokee, Creek (White Sticks)
- British Empire and Allies – United Kingdom, Shawnee, Creek (Red Sticks), Ojibway, Chickamauga, Fox, Iroquois, Miami, Mingo, Ottawa, Kickapoo, Delaware (Lenape), Mascouten, Potawatomi, Sauk, Wyandot, Spain

Holy Alliance 1815.

1815–1825 Absolutist–Liberal conflicts
- Holy Alliance – Russia, Prussia, Austria
The Quadruple Alliance of 1834
1853–1856 Crimean War
- Alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire and Sardinia.
Triple Alliance of 1865 – Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina
1873–1878 & 1881–1887 League of the Three Emperors – Russian Empire, Austria-Hungary and German Empire
1879–1918 Dual Alliance – Austria-Hungary and German Empire
1882–1914 Triple Alliance – German Empire, Austria–Hungary and Kingdom of Italy
1886–1894 First Samoan Civil War
- Alliance of Mataafans and United States, versus
- Alliance of Tamasese and German Empire
1892–1917 Franco-Russian Alliance – French Third Republic and Russian Empire
1898–1899 Second Samoan Civil War
- Alliance of Samoa, United States, and United Kingdom versus
- Alliance of Mataafans and German Empire
1899–1901 Boxer Rebellion
- Eight-Nation Alliance – Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States

Twentieth century

First Balkan War
- 1912–1913 Balkan League – Greece, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Serbia

Alliances in the First World War

World War I
- 1902–1923 Anglo-Japanese Alliance – United Kingdom and Japan
- 1907–1918 the Entente and the Allies – Russian empire (to 1917), United Kingdom, France, Italy, Serbia, Romania, Portugal (from 1916)
- 1914–1918 the Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria
Interwar period
- 1920–1938 Little Entente – Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia
1931–1945 Second Sino-Japanese War (After Pearl Harbor, folded into the greater World War II.)
- 1931–1938 – Republic of China, Germany
- 1937–1941 Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact – Republic of China, Soviet Union
- 1941–1942 American Volunteer Group – Republic of China, United States

Alliances in the Second World War

World War II
- 1939–1945 the Allies – United States, United Kingdom and the Commonwealth, Soviet Union, Republic of China, Poland, France, Yugoslavia and many others.
- 1939–1945 Iberian Pact – Portugal, Spain
- 1940–1945 the Axis – Germany, Japan, Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Thailand, and their puppet states.

Alliances during the Cold War (1980)

Cold War
- 1947 Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Pact) – Most of the countries of the Americas.
- 1948–2011 Western European Union (WEU) – limited role. Merged with EU in 2009.
- 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) -- United States, Canada, most of Western Europe
- 1950 United Nations Command (UN) – South Korea, United States etc.
- 1951 ANZUS Treaty (ANZUS) – United States, Australia, New Zealand.
- 1954–1977 SEATO – United States, United Kingdom, France, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand, Philippines, South Vietnam
- 1955–1979 CENTO – United Kingdom, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan
- 1955–1980 Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty – United States, Republic of China
- 1955–1991 Warsaw Pact – Soviet Union, East Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania
- 1958 North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) – United States and Canada.
- 1970–1974 Alcora Exercise – Portugal, South Africa and Rhodesia.
- 1971 Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA) – United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore.
- 1981 Strategic Cooperation Agreement - Israel and United States.
- 1981 ECOMOG of Economic Community of West African States.
- 1982 Regional Security System (RSS) – several Eastern Caribbean countries.
1980–1988 Iran–Iraq War (First Persian Gulf War)
- 1987–1989 Tanker War – Kuwait, United States, Soviet Union, Saudi Arabia
1990–1991 Gulf War (Persian Gulf War, Second Persian Gulf War, First Gulf War, Gulf War I, Kuwait War, or First Iraq War)
- Coalition: United States, Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom, Egypt, France, Syria, Morocco, Kuwait, Oman, Pakistan, Canada, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bangladesh, Italy, Australia, Netherlands, Niger, Sweden, Argentina, Senegal, Spain, Bahrain, Belgium, Poland, South Korea, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Denmark, New Zealand, Hungary, and Norway
1991–1999 Yugoslav Wars
- 1991–1995 Croatian War of Independence
  - 1992–1995 United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR): Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States
  - 1995–1996 United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia (UNCRO): Argentina, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Indonesia, Jordan, Kenya, Nepal, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Ukraine, United States
- 1992–1995 Bosnian War
  - 1992 Allies: Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia
  - 1994–1995 Allies: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, NATO
  - 1992–1995 United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR): Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States
  - 1993–1995 Operation Deny Flight (NATO): Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States
  - 1995 Operation Deliberate Force (NATO): Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States
  - 1995–1996 Implementation Force (IFOR): Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States
  - 1996–2004 Stabilization Force SFOR: Albania Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States
  - 1996 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation – An economic, military and political organisation including the Russian Federation, People's Republic of China, Republic of Kazakhstan, Republic of Tajikistan, Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Uzbekistan and as of 2015, the Republic of India and Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Afghanistan, Belarus, Iran, Mongolia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Turkey, and Turkmenistan all hold the statuses of observer states, dialogue partners or guest attendees.
  - 2004–present European Union Force Althea (EUFOR Althea): Albania Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom
- 1992–2003 operations in Macedonia:
  - 1992–1995 United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR): Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States
  - 1995–1999 United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP): Argentina, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, Ghana, Indonesia, Ireland, Jordan, Kenya, Nepal, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United States
  - 2001 Operation Essential Harvest (NATO):
  - 2001–2002 Operation Amber Fox (NATO):
  - 2002–2003 Operation Allied Harmony (NATO):
  - 2003 European Union Force Concordia (EUFOR Concordia):
- 1997–1999 Kosovo War
  - Alliance: Kosovo Liberation Army, Armed Forces of the Republic of Kosovo, NATO (since 1999)
    - 1999 Operation Allied Force (NATO): Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States
  - 1999–present Kosovo Force (KFOR): Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States

Twenty-first century

2001–present Afghan War
- Coalition:
  - Invasion: United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Northern Alliance
  - Post-Invasion:
    - 2001–2014 International Security Assistance Force (ISAF):
      - NATO: Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States
      - Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC): Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Finland, Georgia, Ireland, Macedonia, Montenegro, Switzerland, Sweden, Ukraine
      - Others: Australia, Bahrain, El Salvador, Jordan, Malaysia, Mongolia, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea, Tonga, United Arab Emirates
    - 2015+ Resolute Support: NATO, United States
  - Other contributors: Afghanistan, Cyprus, Egypt, India, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Kuwait, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
2003–2011 Iraq War (Second Persian Gulf War, Third Persian Gulf War, Second Gulf War, Gulf War II, or Second Iraq War)
- Coalition:
  - Invasion: United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Poland, Iraqi National Congress, Peshmerga
  - Post-Invasion:
    - 2004–2011 Multi-National Force – Iraq: United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Romania, El Salvador, Estonia, Bulgaria, Moldova, Albania, Ukraine, Denmark, Czech Republic, South Korea, Japan, Tonga, Azerbaijan, Singapore, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Latvia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Mongolia, Georgia, Slovakia, Lithuania, Italy, Norway, Hungary, Netherlands, Portugal, New Zealand, Thailand, Philippines, Honduras, Dominican Republic, Spain, Nicaragua, and Iceland
    - 2004–2011 NATO Training Mission – Iraq: United States, Italy, Denmark, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Turkey, Romania, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland, Bulgaria, Albania, Czech Republic, Iceland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Norway, Hungary, Germany, Japan, United Arab Emirates, Canada, Philippines, France, Spain, Jordan, Egypt, Ukraine, and Latvia
    - 2003–2014 United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq (UNAMI): Fiji, Denmark, New Zealand, Australia, Jordan, Nepal, Romania, Georgia, Canada, Austria, United Kingdom, and United States
2014–present Global Coalition to Counter the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant^[1]
- Coalition:
  - in Iraq and Syria: Iraqi Kurdistan, Morocco, France, United States, Canada
  - in Iraq only: Australia, Belgium, Denmark, United Kingdom, Germany, Iraq, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey
  - in Syria only: Bahrain, Jordan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE
- Other anti-ISIL forces:
  - Iranian-led: Hezbollah, Iran, Shia militias in Iraq
  - in Iraq: Nineveh Plain Protection Units
  - in Syria: Syrian Opposition, Syrian Kurdistan, others
  - in Russia: Caucasus Emirate, Russia

Contemporary security alliances

Continental

Europe

Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, originally signed in 1373, is the oldest alliance still in force in the world.
BALTRON is a joint Estonian—Latvian—Lithuanian Naval Squadron.
Entente Cordiale / Defence and Security Co-operation Treaty is a joint Military alliance between France and the United Kingdom.
Franco-German Brigade is a joint French-German Brigade.
The European Union maintains a Common Security and Defence Policy
GUAM (Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova) cooperates on "international and regional security" and maintains a joint peacekeeping force.

North America

North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD)

Oceania

ANZAC is a joint military alliance between Australia and New Zealand.

Intercontinental

Africa and Asia

Arab League

Islamic Military Alliance (IMAFT), a 34-member alliance based at a joint command center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Its creation was first announced by Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud, the Saudi Minister of Defense, on December 14, 2015.

Africa and South America

South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone (ZPCAS)

Africa and North America

On 20 December 1777, Morocco became the first country to recognize the United States as an independent nation. The Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship, formalized in 1786, is the longest unbroken treaty relationship in U.S. history, and Tangier is home to the oldest U.S. diplomatic property in the world.

Eurasia

Collective Security Treaty Organization, Military alliance with 6 former Soviet republics: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan.

Asia and North America

Israel and the United States signed the Strategic Cooperation Agreement in 1981.
Japan and the United States entered into a security alliance following the allied occupation after WWII.
The Mutual Defense Treaty is a joint US-Philippine Defence Treaty.
South Korea and the United States entered into a defense treaty following the Korean War.
The Taiwan Relations Act obligates the United States to intervene militarily if the People's Republic of China (PRC) attacks or invades Taiwan (the Republic of China or ROC). It also obligates the United States to provide the ROC with weapons necessary to defend against the PRC.

Americas

Organization of American States Includes all 35 nations in the America's, although Venezuela has elected to withdraw and Cuba has chosen not to resume participation.
- Inter-American Defense Board
Rio Pact

North America and Oceania

ANZUS is a joint military alliance between the United States, Australia and New Zealand.

Tri-continental

ABCA Armies, Air and Space Interoperability Council and AUSCANNZUKUS
Five Power Defence Arrangements
NATO, Enlarged from 1999 to include eastern European states. Twenty nine countries including the United States and Canada in North America, much of Europe, and Turkey.

Global

Multinational Force and Observers
United Nations
- Department of Peacekeeping Operations
- United Nations Security Council
Major non-NATO Ally, allies of the United States, but not a member of NATO.

References

↑ https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/12/234627.htm

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