List of largest cosmic structures

An image of the massive galaxy cluster MACS J0454.1-0300.

This is a list of the largest cosmic structures so far discovered. The unit of measurement used is the light-year (distance traveled by light in one Julian year; approximately 9.46 trillion kilometres).

This list includes superclusters, galaxy filaments and large quasar groups (LQGs). The list characterizes each structure based on its longest dimension.

Note that this list refers only to coupling of matter with defined limits, and not the coupling of matter in general (as per example the cosmic microwave background, which fills the entire universe). All structures in this list are defined as to whether their presiding limits have been identified.

There are some speculations about this list:

List of largest structures

List of the largest cosmic structures
Structure name
(year discovered)
Maximum dimension
(in light-years)
Notes
Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall (2014)[1] 10,000,000,000[2][3][4] Discovered through gamma-ray burst mapping, and is the first structure to exceed 10 billion light-years.
Giant GRB Ring (2015)[5] 5,600,000,000[6] Discovered through gamma-ray burst mapping. Largest-known regular formation in the observable Universe.[6]
Huge-LQG (2012-2013) 4,000,000,000[7][8][9] Decoupling of 73 quasars. Largest-known large quasar group and the first structure found to exceed 3 billion light-years.
U1.11 LQG (2011) 2,500,000,000 Involves 38 quasars. Adjacent to the Clowes-Campusano LQG.
Clowes–Campusano LQG (1991) 2,000,000,000 Grouping of 34 quasars. Discovered by Roger Clowes and Luis Campusano.
Sloan Great Wall (2003) 1,370,000,000 Discovered through the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.
(Theoretical limit) 1,200,000,000 Structures larger than this size are incompatible with the cosmological principle according to all estimates
BOSS Great Wall (BGW) (2016) 1,000,000,000 Structure consisting of 4 superclusters of galaxies. The mass and volume exceeds the amount of Sloan Great Wall.[10]
Pisces-Cetus Supercluster Complex (1987) 1,000,000,000 Contains the Milky Way, and is the first galaxy filament to be discovered. (The first LQG was found earlier in 1982.) A new report in 2014 confirms the Milky Way as a member of Laniakea Supercluster.
Caelum Supercluster 910,000,000 Caelum Supercluster is a collection of over 550,000 galaxies. It is the largest of all galaxy supercluster.
Ophiuchus Supercluster 858,000,000
Draco Supercluster 808,000,000
CfA2 Great Wall (1989) 750,000,000 Also known as the Coma Wall
Boötis Supercluster 620,000,000
Horologium Supercluster (2005) 550,000,000 Also known as Horologium-Reticulum Supercluster.
Laniakea Supercluster (2014) 520,000,000 Galaxy supercluster in which the Earth is located
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 11 500,000,000 Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash[11][12]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 12 480,000,000 Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash[11][12]
Newman LQG (U1.54) 450,000,000
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 5 430,000,000 Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash[11][12]
Tesch–Engels LQG 420,000,000
The Great Attractor 400,000,000
Shapley Supercluster 400,000,000 First identified by Harlow Shapley as a cloud of galaxies in 1930, it was not identified as a structure until 1989.
Komberg–Kravstov–Lukash LQG 3 390,000,000 Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash[11][12]
U1.90 380,000,000
Lynx–Ursa Major Filament (LUM Filament) 370,000,000
Sculptor Wall 370,000,000 Also known as Southern Great Wall
Pisces-Cetus Supercluster 350,000,000
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 2 350,000,000 Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash[11][12]
z=2.38 filament around protocluster ClG J2143-4423 330,000,000
Webster LQG 320,000,000 First LQG (Large Quasar Group) discovered[12][13]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 8 310,000,000 Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash[11][12]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 1 280,000,000 Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash[11][12]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 6 260,000,000 Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash[11][12]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 7 250,000,000 Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash[11][12]
King LQG 235,000,000 Discovered by George King[14]
SCL @ 1338+27 228,314,341
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 9 200,000,000 Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash[11][12]
MOF 3501 200,000,000
Newfound Blob 200,000,000 A giant collection of Lyman-alpha blobs
Ursa Major Supercluster 200,000,000
Komberg-Kravtsov-Lukash LQG 10 180,000,000 Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash[11][12]

List of largest voids

Voids are immense spaces between galaxy filaments and other large-scale structures. Technically they are not structures. They are vast spaces which contain very few, or no galaxies. They are theorized to be caused by quantum fluctuations during the early formation of the universe.

A list of the largest voids so far discovered is below. Each is ranked according to its longest dimension.

List of the largest voids
Void name/designation Maximum dimension
(in light-years)
Notes
KBC Void 2,000,000,000 Void containing the Milky Way galaxy and Local Group
Giant Void 1,300,000,000 Also called as Canes Venatici Supervoid
Tully-11 void 880,000,000 Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
Tully-10 void 792,000,000 Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
Tully-9 void 746,000,000 Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
B&B Abell-20 void 684,000,000
B&B Abell-9 void 652,000,000
Tully-7 void 567,240,000 Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
Tully-4 void 564,000,000 Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
Tully-6 void 557,460,000 Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
Tully-8 void 554,200,000 Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
B&B Abell-21 void 521,600,000
B&B Abell-28 void 521,600,000
Eridanus Supervoid 489,000,000
(most likely value)
A recent analysis of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) in 2007 has found an irregularity of the temperature fluctuation of the cosmic microwave background within the vicinity of the constellation Eridanus with analysis found to be 70 microkelvins cooler than the average CMB temperature. One speculation is that a void could cause the cold spot, with the possible size on the left. However, it may be as large as 1 billion light-years, close to the size of the Giant Void.
B&B Abell-4 void 489,000,000
B&B Abell-15 void 489,000,000
Tully-3 void 489,000,000 Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
1994EEDTAWSS-10 void 469,440,000
Tully-1 void 456,400,000 Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
B&B Abell-8 void 456,000,000
B&B Abell-22 void 456,000,000
Tully-2 void 443,360,000 Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
B&B Abell-24 void 423,800,000
B&B Abell-27 void 423,800,000
B&B Abell-7 void 391,200,000
B&B Abell-12 void 391,200,000
B&B Abell-29 void 391,200,000
1994EEDTAWSS-21 void 378,160,000
Southern Local Supervoid 365,120,000
B&B Abell-10 void 358,600,000
B&B Abell-11 void 358,600,000
B&B Abell-13 void 358,600,000
B&B Abell-17 void 358,600,000
B&B Abell-19 void 358,600,000
B&B Abell-23 void 358,600,000
1994EEDTAWSS-19 void 342,100,000
Boötes void 330,000,000
1994EEDTAWSS-12 void 328,000,000

See also

References

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  2. Horvath, Istvan; Hakkila, Jon; Bagoly, Zsolt (2014). "Possible structure in the GRB sky distribution at redshift two". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 561: id.L12. Bibcode:2014A&A...561L..12H. arXiv:1401.0533Freely accessible. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201323020. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  3. Horvath, I.; Hakkila, J.; Bagoly, Z. (2013). "The largest structure of the Universe, defined by Gamma-Ray Bursts". 7th Huntsville Gamma-Ray Burst Symposium, GRB 2013: paper 33 in eConf Proceedings C1304143. 1311: 1104. Bibcode:2013arXiv1311.1104H. arXiv:1311.1104Freely accessible.
  4. Klotz, Irene (2013-11-19). "Universe's Largest Structure is a Cosmic Conundrum". discovery. Retrieved 2013-11-22.
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  6. 1 2 Balazs, L.G.; Bagoly, Z.; Hakkila, J.E.; Horvath, I.; Kobori, J.; Racz, I.; Toth, L.V. "A giant ring-like structure at 0.78<z<0.86 displayed by GRBs". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 452: 2236–2246. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.452.2236B. arXiv:1507.00675Freely accessible. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1421.
  7. Aron, Jacob. "Largest structure challenges Einstein's smooth cosmos". New Scientist. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
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  9. Clowes, Roger; Harris, Kathryn A.; Raghunathan, Srinivasan; Campusano, Luis E.; Söchting, Ilona K.; Graham, Matthew J. (2013-01-11). "A structure in the early Universe at z ∼ 1.3 that exceeds the homogeneity scale of the R-W concordance cosmology". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1211 (4): 6256. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.429.2910C. arXiv:1211.6256Freely accessible. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts497. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  10. H.Lietzen; E.Tempel; L. J.Liivamägi (20 March 2016). "Discovery of a massive supercluster system at z ~ 0.47". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 588: L4. Bibcode:2016A&A...588L...4L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628261.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Komberg, Boris V.; Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Lukash, Vladimir N. "The search and investigation of the Large Groups of Quasars": 2090. Bibcode:1996astro.ph..2090K. arXiv:astro-ph/9602090Freely accessible.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 R.G.Clowes; "Large Quasar Groups - A Short Review"; 'The New Era of Wide Field Astronomy', ASP Conference Series, Vol. 232.; 2001; Astronomical Society of the Pacific; ISBN 1-58381-065-X ; Bibcode: 2001ASPC..232..108C
  13. Webster, Adrian (May 1982). "The clustering of quasars from an objective-prism survey". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 199: 683–705. Bibcode:1982MNRAS.199..683W. doi:10.1093/mnras/199.3.683.
  14. "1996MNRAS.282..713K Page 713". adsabs.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
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