List of government space agencies

This is a list of government agencies engaged in activities related to outer space and space exploration.

As of 2017, 71 different government space agencies are in existence; 13 of those have launch capability. Six government space agencies - the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), the European Space Agency (ESA), the China National Space Administration (CNSA), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Russian Federal Space Agency (RFSA or Roscosmos) have full launch capabilities; these include the ability to launch and recover multiple satellites, deploy cryogenic rocket engines and operate extraterrestrial probes. Only three currently operating government space agencies in the world - RFSA and the CNSA and NASA are capable of human spaceflight as of 2017.

The name given is the English version, with the native language version below. The acronym given is the most common acronym: this can either be the acronym of the English version (e.g. JAXA), or the acronym in the native language. Where there are multiple acronyms in common use, the English one is given first.

The date of the founding of the space agency is the date of first operations where applicable. If the space agency is no longer running, then the date when it was terminated (i.e. the last day of operations) is given. A link to the Agency's primary website is also given.

List of space agencies

The capabilities of the space agencies are color-coded as follows
  Manned Lunar Exploration + Operates Space Station + Manned Space Flight + Operates Extraterrestrial Probes + Launch Capability + Operates Satellites
  Station + Manned Space Flight + Operates Extraterrestrial Probes + Launch Capability + Operates Satellites
  Manned Space Flight + Operates Extraterrestrial Probes + Launch Capability + Operates Satellites
  Operates Extraterrestrial Probes + Launch Capability + Operates Satellites
  Launch Capability + Operates Satellites
  None Of The Above
Name Initialisms/Acronym Country Founded Terminated Capabilities of the space agency Ref(s)
Astronauts Operates Satellites Sounding Rockets capable Recoverable Biological Sounding Rockets capable
Belarus Space Agency BSA  Belarus 2010 — No No Yes No [1]
Spanish: Asociación Centroamericana de Aeronáutica y el Espacio
(Central American Association for Aeronautics and Space)		 ACAE  Costa Rica 2010 — No Yes No No [2]
Aeronautics and Space Research and Diffusion Center
(Spanish: Centro de Investigación y Difusión Aeronáutico-Espacial)		 CIDA-E  Uruguay 5 August 1975 — No No No No —
Mexican Space Agency
(Spanish: Agencia Espacial Mexicana)		 AEM  Mexico 30 July 2010 — Yes Yes Yes No —
Algerian Space Agency
French: Agence Spatiale Algérienne
Berber: Tafullut Tadzayrit n Tallunt
Arabic: الوكالة الفضائية الجزائرية‎‎
 ASAL  Algeria 16 January 2002 — No Yes No No —
Asia Pacific Multilateral Cooperation in Space Technology and Applications
(Chinese: 亚太空间技术应用多边合作会议)		 AP-MCSTA February 1992 — No Yes No No —
Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum
(Japanese: アジア太平洋地域宇宙機関会議)		 APRSAF 1993 — No Yes No No —
Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization
Chinese: 亚太空间合作组织		 APSCO 28 October 2005 — No Yes No No —
German: Agentur für Luft- und Raumfahrt
(Aeronautics and Space Agency);
also Austrian Space Agency;
(Austrian Solar and Space Agency 1977–1987)		 ALR  Austria 12 July 1972 — No No No No [3][4]
Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Milli Aerokosmik Agentliyinin
(Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency)( Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency 1974–2013 AzerCosmos[5])		 AMAKA  Azerbaijan 21 February 1974 — No Yes No No —
Bahrain’s National Space Science Agency
(NSSA)		 NSSA  Bahrain 9 April 2014 — No No No No [6]
Dutch: Belgisch Instituut voor Ruimte-Aëronomie
French: Institut d’Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique
(Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy)		 BIRA
IASB
BISA		  Belgium 25 November 1964 — Yes No No No [7]
Spanish: Agencia Bolivariana para Actividades Espaciales
(Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities)		 ABAE  Venezuela 1 January 2008 — No Yes No No [8]
Portuguese: Agência Espacial Brasileira
(Brazilian Space Agency)		 AEB  Brazil 10 February 1994 — Yes Yes Yes[9] No [10]
UK Space Agency UKSA  United Kingdom 1 April 2010 — Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bolivian Space Agency Spanish: Agencia Boliviana Espacial
 ABE  Bolivia 2012 — No Yes No No [11][12][13]
Bulgarian: Българска академия на науките
(Space Research Institute, Solar-Terrestrial Influences Institute) Bulgarian Space Agency		 ИКИ-БАН
SRI-BAS
ИСЗВ-БАН
STIL-BAS		  Bulgaria 1987 — Yes Yes No No [14]
Canadian Space Agency
French: Agence spatiale canadienne		 CSA
ASC		  Canada 1 March 1989 — Yes Yes Yes No [15]
China National Space Administration
(Chinese: 国家航天局)		 CNSA  People's Republic of China 22 April 1993 — Yes Yes Yes Yes [16]
Spanish: Comisión Colombiana del Espacio
(Colombian Space Commission)		 CCE  Colombia 18 July 2006 — Yes Yes No No [17]
Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing CRISP  Singapore 1995 — No Yes No No
Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems CCSDS 1982 — No No No No —
Committee on Space Research COSPAR 1958 — No No No No [18][19][20]
Czech: Ministerstvo dopravy České republiky
(Ministry of Transport of the Czech Republic - Space Technologies and Satellite Systems Department[21])
Ministry of Transport of the Czech Republic		  Czech Republic 2003 — No No No No [21]
Danish: Danmarks Rumcenter
(Danish National Space Center)		 DRC
DNSC		  Denmark 1 January
1968 		31 December
2006 		Yes No No No
Danish: Dansk Rumforskningsinstitut
(Danish Space Research Institute)		 DRKI
DSRI		  Denmark 1 January
2005 		31 December
2006 		No Yes No No
European Space Agency
(French: Agence spatiale européenne)
(German: Europäische Weltraumorganisation)		 ESA
ASE
EWO		 31 May 1975 — Yes Yes Yes Yes [22][23]
Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency
(Thai: สำนักงานพัฒนาเทคโนโลยีอวกาศและภูมิสารสนเทศ)		 GISTDA
สทอภ		  Thailand 3 November 2002 — No Yes No No [24]
German: Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt
(German Aerospace Center)		 DLR  Germany 1969 — Yes Yes Yes No [25]
Hungarian: Magyar Űrkutatási Iroda
(Hungarian Space Office)		 MŰI
HSO		  Hungary January 1992 — No Yes No No
Indian Space Research Organisation
(Hindi: भारतीय अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन)		 ISRO
इसरो		  India 15 August 1969 — Yes Yes Yes Yes [26]
Greek: Ινστιτούτο Διαστημικών Εφαρμογών και Τηλεπισκόπησης
(Institute for Space Applications and Remote Sensing)		 ΙΔΕΤ
ISARS		  Greece 1955 — No Yes No No
Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial INTA  Spain 1942 — Yes Yes Yes No [27][28][29]
Iranian Space Agency
(Persian: سازمان فضایی ایران‎‎)		 ISA  Iran 2003 — No Yes Yes Yes [30][31][32]
Israeli Space Agency
(Hebrew: סוכנות החלל הישראלית‎‎)
 ISA
סל"ה		  Israel April 1983 — Yes Yes Yes No
Italian Space Agency
(Italian: Agenzia Spaziale Italiana)		 ASI  Italy 1988 — Yes Yes Yes No [33][34]
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
(Japanese: 宇宙航空研究開発機構)		 JAXA  Japan 1 October 2003 — Yes Yes Yes No [35]
National Space Agency (KazCosmos);
Kazakh Space Research Institute		 NSA (KazCosmos);
SRI		  Kazakhstan 1991 — Yes Yes No No —
New Zealand Space Agency
 NZSA  New Zealand April 2016 — No No No No —
Korean Committee of Space Technology
(Korean: 조선우주공간기술위원회)		 KCST  North Korea 1980s 2013 No Yes Yes No [36][37][38]
National Aerospace Development Administration
(Korean: 국가우주개발국)		 NADA  North Korea 2013 — No Yes Yes No [39]
Korea Aerospace Research Institute
(Korean: 한국항공우주연구원)		 KARI  South Korea 10 October 1989 — Yes Yes Yes No
Lithuanian Space Association LSA  Lithuania 2007 — No Yes No No [40]
Malaysian National Space Agency
(Malay: Agensi Angkasa Negara)		 ANGKASA  Malaysia 2002 — Yes Yes No No [41]
National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA  United States 1 October 1958 — Yes Yes Yes Yes [42]
National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences
(Arabic: الهيئة العامة للاستشعار عن بعد وعلوم الفضاء ‎‎)		 NARSS  Egypt 1994 — No Yes No No [43]
French: Centre National d’Études Spatiales
(National Center of Space Research)		 CNES  France 19 December 1961 — Yes Yes Yes No [44]
Spanish: Comisión Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Aeroespacial
(National Commission for Aerospace Research and Development)		 CONIDA  Peru 11 June 1974 — No Yes Yes No [45]
Spanish: Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Espaciales
(National Commission for Space Research)		 CNIE  Argentina 1961 1991 No No Yes Yes [46][47]
Spanish: Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales
(National Space Activities Commission)		 CONAE  Argentina 28 May 1991 — No Yes Yes No [46]
Indonesian: Lembaga Antariksa dan Penerbangan Nasional
(National Institute of Aeronautics and Space)		 LAPAN  Indonesia 27 November 1964 — Yes Yes Yes No
National Remote Sensing Center of Mongolia NRSC  Mongolia 1987 — No No No No [48]
French: Centre national de la cartographie et de la télédétection
(Arabic: المركز الوطني للإستشعار عن بعد‎‎)
(National Remote Sensing Center of Tunisia)		 CNT  Tunisia 1988 — No No No No —
Uzbek State Space Research Agency (UzbekCosmos) USSRA (UzbekCosmos)  Uzbekistan 2001 — No No No No [49]
Ukrainian: Національне космічне агентство України
(National Space Agency of Ukraine)		 НКАУ
NSAU		  Ukraine 2 March 1992 — Yes Yes Yes No
National Space Organization
(Chinese: 國家太空中心)		 NSPO  Republic of China 3 October 1991 — No Yes Yes No [50]
National Space Research and Development Agency NASRDA  Nigeria 1998 — No Yes No No
Dutch: Stichting Ruimteonderzoek Nederland
(Netherlands Institute for Space Research)		 SRON  Netherlands 1983 — Yes Yes No No
Norwegian: Norsk Romsenter
(Norwegian Space Centre)		 NRS
NSC		  Norway 1987 — No Yes Yes No [51]
Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission
(Urdu: پاکستان خلائی و بالا فضائی تحقی‍قاتی کمیشن‎)		 SUPARCO
سپارکو		  Pakistan 16 September 1961 — No Yes Yes No
Portuguese: Gabinete do Espaço da FCT
(FCT Space Office)		 [52]
FCT SO		  Portugal 2009 — No No No No —
Romanian: Agenţia Spaţială Română
(Romanian Space Agency)		 ASR
ROSA		  Romania 1991 — Yes Yes No No
former Egypt Remote Sensing Center EASRT-RSC  Egypt 1971 1994 No No No No [43]
French: Centre Royal de Télédétection Spatiale
Berber: Ammas Amrrukan n Tallunt
(Arabic: المركز الملكي للإستشعار البعدي الفضائي‎‎)
(Royal Center for Remote Sensing)		 CRTS  Morocco December 1989 — No No No No —
Russian: Федеральное космическое агентство
(Russian Federal Space Agency)		 ROSCOSMOS  Russia c.1992 — Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sri Lanka Space Agency SLSA  Sri Lanka 2010 (Proposed) — No Yes No No [53]
Turkish: TÜBİTAK Uzay Teknolojileri Araştırma Enstitüsü (TÜBİTAK UZAY)
(TUBITAK Space Technologies Research Institute)		 TÜBİTAK UZAY  Turkey 1985 — Yes Yes No No —
Russian: Советская космическая программа
(Soviet space program)		 СССР  Soviet Union ca. 1955 ca. 1991 Yes Yes Yes Yes
Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization SPARRSO  Bangladesh 1980 — No No No No [54]
Polish: Polska Agencja Kosmiczna POLSA
(Polish Space Agency)		 POLSA
POLSA		  Poland 2014 — Yes Yes No No
South African National Space Agency SANSA  South Africa 9 December 2010 — No No No No [55]
Space Research Institute of Saudi Arabia
(Arabic: معهد بحوث الفضاء ‎‎)		 KACST-SRI  Saudi Arabia — — No Yes No No —
Vietnamese: Viện Công nghệ vũ trụ Việt Nam
(Space Technology Institute (Vietnam))		 CNVT or STI
VAST-STI		  Vietnam 20 November 2006 — Yes Yes No No [56]
Swedish: Rymdstyrelsen
(Swedish National Space Board)		 SNSB  Sweden 1972 — Yes Yes Yes No
Swiss Space Office SSO   Switzerland — — No No No No
Turkmenistan National Space Agency  Turkmenistan 2011 — No No No No [57]
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs UNOOSA  United Nations 13 December 1958 — — — — — [58]
United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space UNCOPUOS 12 December 1959 — — — — — —
United Arab Emirates Space Agency
(Arabic: وكالةالإمارات للفضاء‎‎)		 UAESA  United Arab Emirates 2014 — No Yes No No [59]
Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre
(Arabic: على مركز محمد بن راشد للفضاء‎‎)		 MBRSC Dubai Dubai,  United Arab Emirates 6 February 2006 (as EIAST)
2015 (as MBRSC) 		— No Yes No No [60]

List of space agencies with launch capability

Space agency Country Founded Terminated Capabilities of the space agency Ref(s)
Name Acronym Launch capable Multiple Satellites Launch capable Developed & Deployed Cryogenic Rocket Engines Operates Extraterrestrial Probe Recoverable Satellites capable
China National Space Administration
(Chinese: 中华人民共和国国家航天局)		 CNSA  People's Republic of China 22 April 1993 — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [16]
European Space Agency
(French: Agence spatiale européenne)
(German: Europäische Weltraumorganisation)		 ESA
ASE
EWO		 31 May 1975 — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [22][23]
Iranian Space Agency
(Persian: سازمان فضایی ایران‎‎)		 ISA
ISA		  Iran 2003 — Yes No No No No
Israeli Space Agency
(Hebrew: סוכנות החלל הישראלית‎‎)
(Arabic: وكالة الفضاء الإسرائيلية‎‎)		 ISA
סל"ה		  Israel April 1983 — Yes No No No No
Italian Space Agency
(Italian: Agenzia Spaziale Italiana)		 ASI  Italy 1988 — Yes Yes No No No [61]
Korean Committee of Space Technology
(Korean: 조선우주공간기술위원회)
(Hanja: 朝鮮宇宙空間技術委員會)		 KCST  North Korea 1980s — Yes No No No No
Korea Aerospace Research Institute
(Korean: 한국항공우주연구원)
(Hanja: 韓國航空宇宙硏究院)		 KARI
항우연		  South Korea October 1989 — Yes No No No No
Indian Space Research Organisation
(Hindi: भारतीय अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन)		 ISRO
इसरो		  India 15 August 1969 — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [62]
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
(Japanese: 宇宙航空研究開発機構)		 JAXA  Japan 1 October 2003 — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [35]
National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA  United States 1 October 1958 — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [42]
French: Centre National d’Études Spatiales
(National Center of Space Research)		 CNES  France 19 December 1961 — Yes Yes Yes No No [44]
Ukrainian: Національне космічне агентство України
(National Space Agency of Ukraine)		 НКАУ
NSAU		  Ukraine 2 March 1992 — Yes Yes No No No
Russian: Федеральное космическое агентство
(Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos))		 ROSCOSMOS
RFSA		  Russia ca. 1992 — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Russian: Советская космическая программа
(Soviet space program)		 СССР  Soviet Union ca. 1955 ca. 1991 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

List of space agencies with human spaceflight capability

Space agency Country Founded Terminated Accomplished tasks by the Space Agency Ref(s)
Name Acronym Manned Spaceflight capable Manned Space launch capable Spacewalk capable Space Rendezvous and Docking capable Operates Space Station
China National Space Administration
(Chinese: 中华人民共和国国家航天局)		 CNSA  People's Republic of China 22 April 1993 — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [16][63]
National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA  United States 1 October 1958 — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [42]
Russian: Федеральное космическое агентство
(Russian Federal Space Agency)		 ROSCOSMOS
RFSA		  Russia ca. 1992 — Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [64]
Russian: Советская космическая программа
(Soviet space program)		 СССР  Soviet Union ca. 1955 ca. 1991 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes [64]

List of space agencies with lunar soft-landing capability

Space agency Country Founded Terminated Accomplished tasks by the Space Agency Ref(s)
Name Acronym Circumlunar Manned Spaceflight Unmanned Moon Soft Landing Unmanned (automated) lunar rover operation Automated Lunar sample return mission Manned Moon Landing and sample return
China National Space Administration
(Chinese: 中华人民共和国国家航天局)		 CNSA  People's Republic of China 22 April 1993 — No YesYes No No
National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA  United States 1 October 1958 — Yes Yes No[65] No[66] Yes [42]
Russian: Советская космическая программа
(Soviet space program)		 СССР  Soviet Union ca. 1955 ca. 1991 No YesYes[67] Yes[68][69] No [70]

Expected and proposed future space agencies

Space agency Country Possible expected date of foundation Current status Ref(s)
Name Acronym
Pan-Arab Space Agency
 PASA Arab League Arab League — At proposal stage [71]
African Space Agency AfriSpace African Union — At proposal stage [72][73][74][75]
South American Space Agency South America — At proposal stage [76]
Philippine Space Agency PSA  Philippines — At proposal stage [77]
Sri Lanka Aeronautics and Space Agency SLASA  Sri Lanka Immediate goal is to construct and launch two satellites. Sri Lankan Telecommunications Regulatory Commission has signed an agreement with Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd to get relevant help and resources. [78][79]

Budgets

The annual budgets listed are the official budgets for national space agencies available in public domain. The budgets are not normalized to the expenses of space research in different countries, i.e. higher budget does not necessarily mean more activity or better performance in space exploration.[80][81] Note also that budget could be used for different projects: e.g. GPS is maintained from the US defence budget, whereas ESA's money is used for developing the European Galileo positioning system. The data for authoritarian countries are unreliable. For European contributors to ESA, the national budgets shown include also their contributions to ESA.

Budgets of different space agencies.
Agency (country/region) Budget (in millions of US $)
NASA (USA)
19,500
Roscosmos (Russia)
3,272
ESA (Europe)
6,271
CNES (France)
2,500
JAXA (Japan)
2,030
DLR (Germany)
2,389
ASI (Italy)
1,800
CNSA (China)
1,780
ISRO (India)
1,400
CSA (Canada)
488.7
UKSA (UK)
414
KARI (South Korea)
366
ASA (Algeria)
360
SSAU (Ukraine)
250
CoNAE (Argentina)
180
ISA and ISRC (Iran)
139
INTA (Spain)
135
NSO (Netherlands)
110
SNSB (Sweden)
100
SUPARCO (Pakistan)
82
SANSA (South Africa)
11.8
SSO (Switzerland)
10
AEM (Mexico)
8.34
Country/
region		 Agency Budget
(in millions of US $)		 Year
 United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration 19,500[82][83] 2017
 Russia Russian Federal Space Agency 3,272[84] 2015
European Space Agency 6,271[85] 2017
 Japan Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 2,030[86] 2013
 France French Space Agency 2,170[87] 2014
 Germany German Aerospace Center 2,389[88] 2014
 Italy Italian Space Agency 1,800[89] 2014
 China China National Space Administration 1,300 (Euroconsult) [90]
500 (official)
 India Indian Space Research Organisation 1,400[91][92] 2017-18
 Canada Canadian Space Agency 488.7[93]
 United Kingdom UK Space Agency 414[94]
 South Korea Korea Aerospace Research Institute 366[95] FY 2007
 Algeria Algerian Space Agency 360[96] FY 2002
 Ukraine State Space Agency of Ukraine 250[97]
 Argentina Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales 180[98] 2016
 Iran Iranian Space Agency and Iranian Space Research Center 72 + 67 = 139[99] 2014-15
 Spain Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial 135[100] 2009
 Netherlands Netherlands Space Office 110[101]
 Sweden Swedish National Space Board 100[102] 2011
 Brazil Brazilian Space Agency 100/R$ 299[103] 2015
 Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission 75.1[104] 2010-11
 South Africa South African National Space Agency 11.8[105] 2014-15
  Switzerland Swiss Space Office 10[106]
 Mexico Mexican Space Agency 8.34[107]
  World All space agencies (Total of listed budgets) About 41,800

World maps

See also

References

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  2. ↑ "Central American Association for Aeronautics and Space – ACAE". Retrieved 18 Feb 2014.
  3. ↑ Besser, Bruno (January 2004). "Austria’s History in Space" (PDF). pp. 25–28. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  4. ↑ "ESA – Human Spaceflight and Exploration – Other space agencies". 3 January 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
  5. ↑ "Azercosmos official site". Retrieved 2015-12-11.
  6. ↑ "Bahrain: Launch of National Space Science Agency". Retrieved 2015-12-11.
  7. ↑ "Aeronomy.be – Contact – Who are we?". Retrieved 7 March 2008.
  8. ↑ Magan, Veronica (2013-08-23). "Venezuela: Latin America’s Next Space Pioneer?". Satellite Today. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
  9. ↑ Brazil's Atlantic Spaceports SpaceToday. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
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  14. ↑ Space research in Bulgaria is coordinated by the Inter-Department Commission for Space Research (Bulgarian: Междуведомствена комисия по космически изследвания) which is composed of the deputy ministers of several ministries and representatives of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
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  16. 1 2 3 "China National Space Administration – Organization and Function". Archived from the original on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
  17. ↑ "Colombian Space Commission – CCE". Retrieved 1 April 2009.
  18. ↑ Committee headquartered in France, within the International Council for Science (ICSU).
  19. ↑ "COSPAR National Committee Members". Retrieved 1 April 2009.
  20. ↑ "International Scientific Union Members and their Representatives to COSPAR". Retrieved 1 April 2009.
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  23. 1 2 "ESA – About ESA – History of the European Space Agency". ESA. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
  24. ↑ "Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency - About Us".
  25. ↑ "Das DLR im Überblick".
  26. ↑ "About ISRO".
  27. ↑ El astronauta español de la ESA vuelve al espacio (in Spanish)
  28. ↑ Programas de Alta Tecnología de Nanosatélites, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial
  29. ↑ Sounding Rocket Station El Arenosillo
  30. ↑ Iran Test-fires Rocket Carrying Experimental Biological Capsule
  31. ↑ "Iran tests sounding rocket, unveils first homemade satellite | World | RIA Novosti". En.rian.ru. 28 October 2005. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
  32. ↑ "Iran launches homegrown satellite". BBC News. 3 February 2009.
  33. ↑ ASI official site "ASI MISSIONS AND PROJECTS-ACTIVITY". Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  34. ↑ ASI official site "ASI MISSIONS AND PROJECTS-CASSINI". Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  35. 1 2 "JAXA HISTORY". Retrieved 5 December 2006.
  36. ↑ "朝鲜宣布发展太空计划抗衡"西方强权"". 民族网. 8 February 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2009.
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  38. ↑ N. Korea's launch causes worries about nukes, Iran and the Pacific
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  41. ↑ "Malaysian National Space Agency, Official Website – Background". Retrieved 7 March 2008.
  42. 1 2 3 4 "NASA History in Brief". NASA. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
  43. 1 2 "NARSS official site". Retrieved 1 April 2009.
  44. 1 2 "About CNES". Retrieved 1 April 2009.
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  47. ↑ "IIAE Orion". Retrieved 20 June 2009.
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